基于水量与水质的太湖流域水生态服务供需关系及多情景评估

耦合水量供给与水质净化的水生态服务供需关系的多尺度空间量化评估,有助于刻画和识别丰水区水质性缺水问题,并丰富水生态服务研究。在构建水量供给和水质净化服务供需评估方法的基础上,利用空间分析方法在现状情景基础上分别设置提升用水效率、改善土地管理方式和优化土地利用空间配置三种优化情景,并在栅格、子流域和县域三个尺度上开展基于水量供给和水质净化的水生态服务供需关系的定量评估,分别探讨了不同情景不同尺度下的水生态服务供需变化、空间响应及其机制特征。研究结果表明：(1)太湖流域的水量供需状况显著优于水质供需状况,节水能够有效改善流域内的水量赤字,而减量施肥和优化土地利用配置能够显著改善流域内的水质赤字。(2)多尺度的水量供给与水质净化服务供需解析,有助于精准识别不同尺度下亟需治理的关键区域。(3)水量赤字区主要集中在建设用地分布区域,耕地仍是引致水质赤字的主要原因,但随着尺度的逐渐增大,水质赤字区的建设用地面积也在不断增加。(4)优化土地利用结构方案是解决水质性缺水的最有效方法,但需要突破现有政策尤其是耕地保护政策的刚性约束,故耦合提升用水效率等方法是当前治理太湖流域“水质性缺水”问题首选措施。     

滇水金凤转录因子TT8的克隆及表达分析

为探究滇水金凤(Impatiens uliginosa L.)TT8(TRANSPARENT TESTA 8)基因的功能和表达特性,并解析其对滇水金凤花色的影响,研究以滇水金凤花器官为材料,通过RT-PCR等技术克隆IuTT8基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析;利用qRT-PCR分析该基因在不同花色和不同花发育阶段的表达模式。结果表明,(1)成功克隆得到滇水金凤IuTT8基因,其编码区全长为2 136 bp,编码711 aa,为亲水性不稳定蛋白,gDNA全长为3 938 bp,共有6个内含子;结构域分析发现该蛋白属于bHLH超家族成员,与喜马拉雅凤仙花、山茶等物种的TT8蛋白同源且Motif基序相似。(2)IuTT8与同属植物喜马拉雅凤仙花的聚在一支,相似性约86.34%;多序列比对和系统进化分析显示TT8蛋白的结构域高度保守。(3)IuTT8基因在4种不同花色滇水金凤及其4个不同发育阶段均有表达,除白色外,其表达量均随花发育的进行呈先升后降的趋势;且IuTT8基因的表达量与花色呈正相关,其中以深红色表达量最高,白色表达量最低,深红色S3的表达量约为白色S2时期的48倍。研究表明滇水金凤I...     

小麦HMW-GS1Dx5基因的克隆及其特异性表达

显微切割了普通小麦钢８２－１２２（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ２ｎ＝４２）具有１Ｄｘ５＋１Ｄｙ１０亚基的１Ｄ染色体长臂端,利用ＰＣＲ扩增得到了ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５亚基的５（端４００ｂｐ序列片段．以此作为探针从基因的组织特异性和特定发育阶段的表达两个方面研究了ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因表达的规律．结果表明,干种子及萌发种子中存在此基因,而在发育的幼苗中此基因未表达．ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因可能从开花初期开始表达．ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因在籽粒成熟期表达,然而在营养器官如叶片中未表达,其表达存在组织特异性．ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因在蜡熟期籽粒表达水平最高,其次是乳熟期籽粒．从开花１５ｄ至蜡熟期籽粒,表达趋于增加．开花１５ｄ其ｍＲＮＡ水平是蜡熟期籽粒ｍＲＮＡ的２８％,灌浆期为４０％、乳熟期为７２％、完熟期为５４％．这为进一步研究其表达调控和改善小麦品质打下基础     

HEN1 functions pleiotropically in Arabidopsis development and acts in C function in the flower

Four classes of floral homeotic MADS domain proteins specify the identities of the four organ types in an Arabidopsis flower. While the activities of the MADS domain proteins are essentially confined to the flower or to the inflorescence, several genes, such as APETALA2, HUA1 and HUA2, also act outside the flower in addition to their organ identity functions inside the flower. We identified a new gene, HUA ENHANCER 1 (HEN1) from a sensitized genetic screen in the hua1-1 hua2-1 background that is compromised in floral homeotic C function. We showed that HEN1, like the C function gene AGAMOUS, acts to specify reproductive organ identities and to repress A function. HEN1 also shares AG's non-homeotic function in controlling floral determinacy. HEN1 may achieve these functions by regulating the expression of AG. hen1 single mutants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes such as reduced organ size, altered rosette leaf shape and increased number of coflorescences, during most stages of development. Therefore, HEN1, like the A function gene AP2, plays multiple roles in plant development as well as acting in organ identity specification in the flower. HEN1 codes for a novel protein and is expressed throughout the plant.     

LEAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis.

The first step in flower development is the generation of a floral meristem by the inflorescence meristem. We have analyzed how this process is affected by mutant alleles of the Arabidopsis gene LEAFY. We show that LEAFY interacts with another floral control gene, APETALA1, to promote the transition from inflorescence to floral meristem. We have cloned the LEAFY gene, and, consistent with the mutant phenotype, we find that LEAFY RNA is expressed strongly in young flower primordia. LEAFY expression procedes expression of the homeotic genes AGAMOUS and APETALA3, which specify organ identify within the flower. Furthermore, we demonstrate that LEAFY is the Arabidopsis homolog of the FLORICAULA gene, which controls floral meristem identity in the distantly related species Antirrhinum majus.     

Genomic approach to study floral development genes in Rosa sp

Cultivated for centuries, the varieties of rose have been selected based on a number of flower traits. Understanding the genetic and molecular basis that contributes to these traits will impact on future improvements for this economically important ornamental plant. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy and sections of meristems and flowers to establish a precise morphological calendar from early rose flower development stages to senescing flowers. Global gene expression was investigated from floral meristem initiation up to flower senescence in three rose genotypes exhibiting contrasted floral traits including continuous versus once flowering and simple versus double flower architecture, using a newly developed Affymetrix microarray (Rosa1_Affyarray) tool containing sequences representing 4765 unigenes expressed during flower development. Data analyses permitted the identification of genes associated with floral transition, floral organs initiation up to flower senescence. Quantitative real time PCR analyses validated the mRNA accumulation changes observed in microarray hybridizations for a selection of 24 genes expressed at either high or low levels. Our data describe the early flower development stages in Rosa sp, the production of a rose microarray and demonstrate its usefulness and reliability to study gene expression during extensive development phases, from the vegetative meristem to the senescent flower.     

Genetic and linkage analysis of purple-blue flower in soybean

Flower color of soybean is primarily controlled by genes W1, W3, W4, Wm, and Wp. In addition, the soybean gene symbol W2, w2 produces purple-blue flower in combination with W1. This study was conducted to determine the genetic control of purple-blue flower of cultivar (cv). Nezumisaya. F(1) plants derived from a cross between Nezumisaya and purple flower cv. Harosoy had purple flowers. Segregation of the F(2) plants fitted a ratio of 3 purple:1 purple-blue. F(3) lines derived from F(2) plants with purple-blue flowers were fixed for purple-blue flowers, whereas those from F(2) plants with purple flowers fitted a ratio of 1 fixed for purple flower:2 segregating for flower color. These results indicated that the flower color of Nezumisaya is controlled by a single gene whose recessive allele is responsible for purple-blue flower. Complementation analysis revealed that flower color of Nezumisaya is controlled by W2. Linkage mapping revealed that W2 is located in molecular linkage group B2. Sap obtained from banner petals of cvs. with purple flower had a pH value of 5.73-5.77, whereas that of cvs. with purple-blue flower had a value of 6.07-6.10. Our results suggested that W2 is responsible for vacuolar acidification of flower petals.     

月季花瓣数量遗传分析

以‘窄叶藤本月季花’( Rosa chinensis ‘Zhaiye Tengben Yuejihua’)ב月月粉’( R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’)杂交群体为材料, 分析其花瓣数量的分离特点, 对单瓣花与重瓣花的花芽分化过程进行观察, 并对花瓣、雄蕊及瓣化雄蕊进行表皮细胞超微结构的观察.结果显示...     

银杏LEAFY同源基因的时空表达

以银杏雄株、雌株成年树和还未开过花的幼树的根、茎、叶,雌株幼果和不同时期的雄花芽、雌花芽为材料,利用同位素标记,制备Ginlfy和GinNdly两个特异探针,进行Northern分子杂交,研究银杏LFY同源基因Ginlfy、GinNdly在银杏不同器官,花芽不同生长发育时期的时空表达情况。结果显示,无论是幼树,还是成年的雌株、雄株,Ginlfy基因在各个器官,如根、茎、叶、雌花芽、雄花芽、幼果以及雌花芽、雄花芽的不同发育时期都有表达,属组成型表达,而GinNdly基因只在叶和不同时期的雄花芽、雌花芽中表达,其他器官都不表达,属特异性表达。银杏双拷贝LFY同源基因中的GinNdly基因可能与开花关系更为密切。 Abstract: Expressions of Ginlfy and GinNdly gene were studied by northern blotting in different organs and stages of Ginkgo Biloba. Ginlfy gene was expressed in different organs such as root, stem, leaf of juvenile tree, male tree and female tree, and in different stages of male flower bud and female flower bud. It was inferred that Ginlfy gene could be expressed constitutionally. GinNdly gene was only expressed in leaf of juvenile tree, male tree and female tree and in different stages of male flower bud and female flower bud, while GinNdly gene was not expressed in the other organs. Therefore it was thought that GinNdly gene could be expressed differentially and be a close relation to development of flower.     

植物花色形成及其调控机理

综述了植物花色的表现、起源与进化、功能及其调控机制。植物花色主要表现为单色、变色和杂色,是长期进化的结果,主要功能是指示传粉者和保护花器官。花色素主要包括类黄酮、类胡萝卜素和生物碱。花色素的存在及其变化是植物花色表现的化学机制,色素在花瓣中的空间分布及其对光的作用是花色表现的解剖学和光学机制,细胞液pH值、花发育阶段和植物激素是花色表现的植物生理学机制。传粉者、真菌侵染、机械损伤、园艺措施、光、温度、水分、矿质营养和糖等是影响花色的外部因素。花瓣彩斑主要由基因突变或病毒入侵而形成。     

植物开花时间：自然变异与遗传分化

开花时间是植物的重要生活史性状。对模式植物的研究表明： 从感受内外环境信号开始到最终分化形成功能性花器官的过程涉及复杂的信号转导途径和调控网络; 开花时间受多种因子的调控, 而FT基因作为整合途径成分起到非常关键的作用。植物的花期变异在物种、群体和个体水平上具有复杂的自然变异模式, 且不同植物的花期变异随全球环境变化而具有不同的变异趋势。植物个体之间通过传粉进行的基因交流需要功能性开花时间的一致或重叠, 而花期变异会导致群体之间或群体内部亚群体之间的基因流障碍和遗传分化, 并可能导致邻域或同域的物种形成。该文分析了植物花期变异与群体遗传分化的关系, 认为决定开花时间的基因在物种分化中可能起到关键的作用, 而对开花时间自然变异模式的研究对于揭示晚近分化快速辐射物种的进化模式具有重要意义。     

Flower-specific expression of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens isopentenyltransferase gene results in radial expansion of floral organs in Petunia hybrida

Biotechnology has the potential to modify commercially important traits of crops, such as fruit size and stress tolerance. To date, the floricultural industry has not profited significantly from these possibilities to manipulate, for example, flower size. Cytokinins are known to be involved in many aspects of plant development, including cell division. Increasing the amount of cytokinins has the potential to increase the size of an organ, such as the flower or the fruit. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens cytokinin biosynthesis gene isopentenyltransferase ( ipt ) has been shown to increase cytokinin levels when introduced into plants. Moreover, it has a dramatic effect on the vegetative development of plants. The expression of the ipt gene under the control of the flower-specific Arabidopsis APETALA3 promoter in petunia ( Petunia hybrida ) increases the flower size dramatically, but with no effect on vegetative development. The resulting transgenic plants produced flowers with larger corolla diameter and greater total floral fresh weight. This strategy has the potential for use in the production of ornamental crops with large flowers and crop species with larger fruit.