乙醇脱氢酶与葡萄糖脱氢酶偶联催化制备(S)-1-(2,6-二氯-3-氟苯基)乙醇

(S)-1-(2,6-二氯-3-氟苯基)乙醇是抗癌药物克唑替尼的手性合成前体,可由2,6-二氯-3-氟苯乙酮经乙醇脱氢酶催化还原制备,还原中所需的还原型辅酶Ⅱ再生是该反应的技术瓶颈.本研究构建重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21-ADH和E.coli BL21-GDH,实现了葡萄糖脱氢酶和乙醇脱氢酶的共表达,并进行偶联转化.结果表明,当在反应温度为30℃,pH为7的条件下,(S)-l-(2,6-二氯-3-氟苯基)乙醇的产量达到最高,在投料量为6％时,该体系转化率为93.75％.     

随机-半理性组合突变改造ω-转氨酶催化合成(R)-1-(1-萘基)乙胺

(R)-1-(1-萘基)乙胺是合成拟钙剂药物盐酸西那卡塞的关键手性中间体,利用ω-转氨酶不对称还原1-萘乙酮合成(R)-1-(1-萘基)乙胺具有较好的应用前景。文中针对节杆菌属Arthrobacter sp.来源的ω-转氨酶,采用随机突变和半理性设计相结合的策略,获得了催化效率和热稳定性提高的突变酶F225M、C281I和F225M/C281I。与WT相比,双突变体F225M/C281I的kcat提高85%,Km下降56%,催化效率kcat/Km提高3.42倍。此外,F225M/C281I催化10mmol/L1-萘乙酮反应24h的转化率提高了22%。分子对接和分子动力学模拟结果表明,F225M/C281I相比于WT增加了与底物1-萘乙酮之间的Pi-Pi相互作用力,导致其催化效率的提高;而且突变酶F225M/C281I的134–139位点残基的均方根波动(RMSF)相比WT明显降低,与半衰期的略微提高相关。     

LC-MS/MS测定舒必利原料药中基因毒性杂质(E)-1-乙基-2-(硝基亚甲基)吡咯烷

建立一种可测定舒必利原料药中基因毒性杂质(E)-1-乙基-2-(硝基亚甲基)吡咯烷的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)。采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-Phenyl型(4.60 mm×150 mm, 5.0μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-甲酸水溶液(甲酸体积分数为0.01%)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速0.8 mL/min。采用电喷雾离子源、正离子模式、多重反应监测模式。结果表明：(E)-1-乙基-2-(硝基亚甲基)吡咯烷在7.5～30 ng/mL范围内线性均呈现良好水平,检测限质量浓度1.50 ng/mL;定量限质量浓度3.00 ng/mL;杂质限度浓度分别为30%、100%和120%,平均回收率分别为98.09%、94.27%和97.78%;精密度相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.20%～15.00%;不同柱温、流速和色谱柱下的耐用性良好。本方法快速灵敏、准确度高且稳定性好,可用于舒必利原料药中基因毒性杂质(E)-1-乙基-2-(硝基亚甲基)吡咯烷的测定。     

重组大肠杆菌合成聚(3-巯基丙酸)和聚(3-羟基丁酸-3-巯基丙酸)的研究

利用Clostridium acetobutylicum的丁酸激酶基因 (buk) 和磷酸转丁酰基酶基因(ptb),以及Thiocapsa pfennigii的PHA合成酶基因,设计了一条能够合成多种聚羟基烷酸的代谢途径,用构建的质粒转化大肠杆菌,获得了重组大肠杆菌菌株.前期的研究表明,在合适的前体物条件下,该重组大肠杆菌能够合成包括聚羟基丁酸、聚(羟基丁酸-戊酸)等多种生物聚酯[Liu and Steinbüchel, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66739-743].利用该重组大肠杆菌,通过生物催化作用合成了3-巯基丙酸的同型共聚酯,同时利用该重组大肠杆菌还获得了含3-巯基丙酸单体的多种异型共聚物.实验首先研究了3-巯基丙酸对大肠杆菌生长的影响,在此基础上优化了培养过程中添加3-巯基丙酸的时机和浓度,结果表明,在实验的条件下,细胞合成聚(3-巯基丙酸)可达6.7%(占细胞干重),合成聚(3-羟基丁酸-3-巯基丙酸)(分子中3-巯基丙酸3-羟基丁酸=31)可达24.3%.实验进一步研究了同时或分别表达以上3个基因的重组大肠杆菌合成聚合物的能力,结果表明只有当3个基因同时表达时才能合成聚合物,说明3个基因对合成过程是必须的,从而表明了合成途径是按照设计的路线进行的.还通过GC/MS、GPC、IR等手段对合成的化合物进行了定性的研究.聚(3-巯基丙酸)或聚(3-羟基丁酸-3-巯基丙酸)等聚酯属于一类新型生物聚合物,它在分子骨架中含有硫酯键,不同于聚羟基烷酸酯的氧酯键,从而具有显著不同的物理、化学、光学等性质和具有重要的潜在应用价值.     

羰基还原酶产生菌Candida ontarioensis制备(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇

从实验室保藏的菌株中筛选获得Candida sp.PT2A,并通过18S rRNA鉴定为安大略假单胞菌Candida on-tarioensis。对C.ontarioensis不对称还原合成(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的发酵产酶条件和转化条件进行优化,确定了最适的发酵产酶条件和转化条件:温度30℃,初始pH 6.5,摇床转速180 r/min,菌体质量浓度200 g/L。采用2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙酮质量浓度为10 g/L时,还原反应72 h,(R)-2-氯-1-(3-氯苯基)乙醇的e.e.值为99.9%,产率为99%;底物质量浓度提高至30 g/L时,产率下降为84.3%。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对C.ontarioensis细胞进行通透性处理(CTAB g/L,4℃下处理20 min),在30 g/L底物下反应24 h,产物的e.e.和产率分别达到99.9%和97.5%。     

新型乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂Bis(9)-(-)-Meptazinol的小鼠 和大鼠药代动力学研究

目的:研究新型乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)抑制剂Bis(9)-(-)-Meptazinol(B9M)在小鼠和大鼠体内的药代动力学、组织分布和排泄过程。方法:应用本课题组前期报道的大鼠血浆中B9M的LC-MS/MS定量方法:检测B9M皮下和静脉给药后小鼠血浆和脑组织中的含量,计算相应的药代动力学参数,测定B9M小鼠(1.5 mg/kg)和大鼠(1.0 mg/kg)皮下给药后不同时间点的组织分布和粪便、尿液中排泄量。结果:小鼠经皮下注射后,B9M可迅速进入血液(Tmax=0.25 h)血液中消除速度较慢(T_(1/2)=18.09h)绝对生物利用度为115.95%。皮下注射后,B9M在脑内的达峰时间和半衰期分别是8h和18.75h,生物利用度为44.67%。小鼠和大鼠皮下给药后广泛分布于各组织,以脾、肺、肾等血流量大的组织中分布最多。B9M从体内排泄迅速原型药物在小鼠和大鼠尿液和粪便中的排泄量低于3%。结论:皮下给药B9M在小鼠和大鼠体内具有易吸收、分布广泛、易排泄的特点药代动力学特征优良,是极具研发潜力的抗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)新药。     

Bacillus megaterium WZ009催化合成(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯和(S)-3-羟基-γ-丁内酯

以外消旋4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯为唯一C源的富集培养筛选得到一株菌株WZ009,经16S rDNA测序鉴定为巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。B.megaterium WZ009静息细胞可以立体选择性催化(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯水解和脱氯反应得到光学纯的(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯(e.e.≥99%)和(S)-3-羟基-γ-丁内酯(e.e.≥95%)。笔者对B.megaterium WZ009不对称催化反应影响因素(温度、pH、中和剂、底物浓度、时间进程以及细胞重复利用)进行优化研究,确定了该反应体系最优条件:底物浓度200 mmol/L,中和剂氨水,pH 7.2,40℃反应12 h,转化率达到50.6%,底物对映体过量值为99.6%。该生物催化合成(R)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯和(S)-3-羟基-γ-丁内酯过程具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

一种制备poly(Ⅰ)·poly(C)-滤纸的新方法

poly(1)·poly(C)-滤纸是一种亲和材料,可以用来吸附与双链核酸有亲和力的酶或蛋白。本文介绍用对-β硫酸酯乙砜基苯胺为活化剂制备poly(I)·poly(C)-滤纸的方法。poly(I)·poly(C)的结合容量为10—35μg/cm~2,用来吸附兔网织红细胞裂解液中2’-5’A合成酶效果良好。在一定范围内,酶活与被吸附裂解液量呈线性关系,说明可以用来定量检测未知样品中与poly(I)·poly(C)有亲和力的酶。poly(I)·poly(C)-滤纸在-20℃保存四个月亲和能力不变。本方法与文献报道的方法相比,操作简便试剂易得。     

分光光度法测定金荞麦(-)-表儿茶素含量的方法研究

为建立香荚兰素-盐酸分光光度法对表儿茶素含量的测定方法,实验分别以乙醇和水作溶剂,在34.79～208.74μg范围内取样置50 mL容量瓶测定,结果发现:①以乙醇作溶剂时,测定波长为508 nm,1%香荚兰浓盐酸添加量应超过40mL(CV≤1.86%),测定时间以40 min后为宜(CV≤2.65%),标准曲线线性关系(R=0.999 3)与精确度(CV=2.66%)、准确度(P0.05)良好。②以水作溶剂时,测定波长为504 nm,显色反应不稳定,标准曲线线性关系(R=0.988 1)也较一般。③采用乙醇作溶剂时,测得金荞麦块根中(-)-表儿茶素类物质含量占干物质的2.22%(CV≤3.90%),该法操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好。     

酿酒酵母by1.1b产D-(-)-扁桃酸脱氢酶的发酵条件优化

对一株产D-(-)-扁桃酸对映选择性脱氢酶的酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp. strain by1.1b)发酵产酶条件进行了优化。研究各种碳源、氮源及无机盐对产酶的影响, 应用正交试验优化发酵培养基组成, 结果为: 蛋白胨 60 g/L, 麦芽糖 30 g/L, MgSO4 0.5 g/L, ZnSO4 0.01 g/L, KCl 1.0 g/L。优化后酶产量提高了7.9倍(由2.56 U/mL增至20.21 U/mL)。摇瓶培养最佳条件为: 装液量40 %, 发酵pH 6.5, 接种量10 %, 发酵温度30 ℃。考察了细胞生长及产酶的时间进程, 最佳培养时间为25 h。     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Archaeobotany of capers (Capparis) (Capparaceae)

The origins of capers, their use and cultivation are discussed. Capers seeds and charcoal are often recovered from archaeological sites of the Mediterranean and West Asia. These are referred to as C. Spinosa L. This is mostly a group of cultivars restricted to localities surrounding the Western Mediterranean and some places in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identification of the findings is discussed in terms of seed morphology, present distribution and ancient uses of C. aegyptia Lam., C. sicula Veill., C. cartilaginea Decne, C. orientalis Veill., C. decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. and other species. Citations of Capparis in early Rabbinic, Mesopotamian and Greco-Roman texts are presented. Received June 3, 2002 / Accepted October 8, 2002 Correspondence to: D. Rivera     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.