视网膜中的自主感光神经节细胞

视网膜中少数神经节细胞能够合成感光蛋白--黑视素(melanopsin),因此具备了自主感光的能力,被称为自主感光神经节细胞(intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells,ipRGCs).ipRGCs可根据树突形态和分层位置的差异分为五个不同的亚型,其轴突主要投...     

江豚和白鱀豚视网膜神经节细胞的研究

江豚和白暨豚视网膜神经节细胞根据其形态结构可分为1、2两型。其密度分布在大多数江豚和1头白(既鱼)豚呈两个高密度区。第一高密度区位于视网膜鼻侧偏腹方,第二高密度区位于颞侧偏背方。第一和第二高密度区的细胞的最高密度在江豚大多数分别为每平方毫米250和210左右,在一例白暨豚约180和140以上。其组成、密度分布及细胞总数在采自长江和黄海沿岸的江豚之间差异不显著。在白(既鱼)豚由于大神经节细胞相对增多,细胞平均直径比江豚的大;细胞数在40微米左右处形成特有的第二个峰;2型的细胞极少,且没有发现典型的星形神经节细胞。 几种豚类的视网膜神经节细胞的比较表明,在适应弱光环境的过程中,视网膜神经节细胞的组成发生了一些改变:2型的神经节细胞逐渐减少甚至消失;大神经节细胞相对增多;神经节细胞密度减小。视觉敏度提高,锐度下降。     

中国大鲵视网膜的光镜和扫描电镜研究

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了大鲵视网膜各类细胞的形态及分布, 对视细胞和节细胞进行计数。视网腊中三个核层及两个网状层分布均匀,无中央凹。每张视网膜的视细胞总数约130000,节细胞约8000,视杆与视锥之比为8.5：1。扫描电镜下,视杆外节表面的小叶间沟清晰;视杆视锥外节均有从内节伸出的20-30条萼状突起;核周体表面亦有20-30条细胞质突起。文中还报道了幼体视细胞的形态及密度。讨论了上述结构的机能。     

视物时为何感觉不到盲点的存在?

答:视网膜上所有的由神经节细胞发出的视神经纤维都集中在眼后极偏向鼻侧处穿出视网膜,视网膜动脉和视网膜静脉也由此进出视网膜,这个区域叫做视乳头。由于这个区域没有感光细胞,入眼光线成象于此,不能引起视觉,因而生理学上称之为盲点。     

峨眉髭蟾早期胚胎发育的初步观察

峨眉髭蟾(Vibrissaphora boringii Liu)的外部形态,刘承钊等(1945,1950,1961)曾有记载;有关该蟾的生物学和生态学方面的资料,费梁等(1984)也作过报道,并对分布于四川峨眉山和贵州梵净山两地的成蟾和蝌蚪的形态特征进行了比较,这些资料有助于了解我国特有的珍贵蛙类——峨眉髭蟾的概况。但是,有关峨眉髭蟾的胚胎发育资料尚未见有报道。1982年我们曾对峨眉髭蟾的近缘种雷山髭蟾(Vi     

峨眉髭蟾精子形态结构及分类学意义

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和光学显微镜对峨眉髭蟾(Vibrissaphora boringii)精子的形态和超微结构研究的结果表明：峨眉髭蟾的精子具角蟾科物种精子基本的形态和结构特征，即精子头部呈螺旋状，尾部呈弯曲状；精子具锥形的顶体、纤维束构成的穿孔器、平行排列的中心粒和双轴丝；线粒体位于尾部；精子核窝不明显、无轴纤维和波动膜等特征。此外，对已有报道的角蟾科和无尾类物种精子的特征进行分析比较表明：(1)角蟾科精子细胞核呈螺旋状，中心粒平行排列，尾部具双轴丝等结构不同于无尾类其他科精子的结构，具有明显的科间差别；(2)角蟾科精子各部的量度，尾部线粒体的分布和数量，以及轴丝的排列等特征在属间和种间表现出明显的差异；(3)峨眉髭蟾和东南亚拟髭蟾指名亚种精子的形态和超微结构存在明显的差异。     

昼夜节律的改变对视网膜感光视蛋白melanopsin表达的影响

目的 研究昼夜节律的改变对视网膜感光视蛋白melanopsin表达的影响.方法 出生14 d (P14)C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为实验组和正常对照组,实验组每天给予24 h持续光照,对照组模拟正常昼夜节律每天给予12 h光照、12 h黑暗环境,运用免疫荧光染色结合RT-PCR技术,分别检测实验组和对照组小鼠在光照1周后和8周后视网膜感光视蛋白melanopsin的表达情况.结果 免疫荧光染色结果显示感光视蛋白melanopsin主要位于视网膜神经节细胞层,少部分位于内核层.小鼠光照1周后melanopsin阳性细胞的表达数目实验组少于对照组;RT-PCR结果示小鼠光照1周和8周时melanopsin的mRNA含量实验组均少于各自的对照组,两者具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 持续光照可以减少视网膜感光视蛋白melanopsin的表达,提示melanopsin阳性神经节细胞为光敏感性细胞,其表达可能对维持正常的昼夜节律有重要作用.     

探访哀牢髭蟾

髭蟾在我国有5种。实事求是地讲,以前我对髭蟾一无所知,我相信一般人对它们也缺乏了解。在5种髭蟾中,有一种直到1984年才被发现,那就是哀牢髭蟾。哀牢髭蟾仅分布于云南滇中哀牢山和无量山地区,无量山国家级自然保护区是该物种分布的最北端。哀牢髭蟾的模式产地在云南景东徐家坝,哀牢山是科学家们首次发现它的地方,哀     

玻璃体腔注射对裸小鼠视网膜组织形态学的影响

目的观察单纯的玻璃体腔注射对裸小鼠视网膜组织形态学的影响,为建立简单的制作视神经损伤动物模型奠定实验基础。方法在全身麻醉配合眼部局部麻醉情况下,利用微量注射器往裸小鼠玻璃体腔内迅速注入10μL生理盐水,然后在不同的时间点取注射眼进行固定、切片和HE染色,观察视网膜特别是视神经节细胞的变化。结果正常对照组视网膜层次清晰,各层排列整齐而致密,视网膜神经节细胞呈单层排列,大小不一,染色质分布均匀。实验组于注射后第1天、第3天和第5天视网膜神经节细胞减少的情况不明显,十层结构仍相对清晰。但于第7天,视网膜神经节细胞出现细胞明显缺失的现象,第14天为最严重,第30天和第60天与第14天相比无明显差别。结论玻璃体腔注射过量的生理盐水能够损伤视网膜组织,造成神经节细胞减少,有可能成为一种简单的制作视神经损伤动物模型的方法。     

峨眉髭蟾精子形态结构及分类学意义

应用透射电镜、扫描电镜和光学显微镜对峨眉髭蟾(Vibrissaphoraboringii)精子的形态和超微结构研究的结果表明:峨眉髭蟾的精子具角蟾科物种精子基本的形态和结构特征,即精子头部呈螺旋状,尾部呈弯曲状;精子具锥形的顶体、纤维束构成的穿孔器、平行排列的中心粒和双轴丝;线粒体位于尾部;精子核窝不明显、无轴纤维和波动膜等特征。此外,对已有报道的角蟾科和无尾类物种精子的特征进行分析比较表明:(1)角蟾科精子细胞核呈螺旋状,中心粒平行排列,尾部具双轴丝等结构不同于无尾类其他科精子的结构,具有明显的科间差别;(2)角蟾科精子各部的量度,尾部线粒体的分布和数量,以及轴丝的排列等特征在属间和种间表现出明显的差异;(3)峨眉髭蟾和东南亚拟髭蟾指名亚种精子的形态和超微结构存在明显的差异。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.