Functional significance of a periplasmic Mn-superoxide dismutase from Aeromonas hydrophila

AIMS: A better understanding of the role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) from Aeromonas hydrophila and particularly the Mn-SOD which shares a peculiar localization within the bacterial periplasm and is only detected during the stationary phase of growth. METHODS AND RESULTS: A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 can express two distinct SODs: an Fe-SOD and an Mn-SOD. Using insertional mutagenesis, an Mn-SOD-deficient mutant was isolated. After growth of this mutant under conditions leading to the expression of an Mn-SOD, only the Fe-SOD could be detected in nondenaturing PAGE. Study of its response to the oxidative stress showed that the Mn-SOD was not implicated in the protection against intracellular superoxide but defended the bacterial cells against environmental superoxide. CONCLUSIONS: By protecting the bacteria against external superoxide, the role of the Mn-SOD from A. hydrophila is equivalent to that of the Cu/Zn-SOD from the well-studied Escherichia coli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The function of this Mn-SOD is in agreement with its periplasmic localization and may confer an advantage on the bacteria such as a virulence factor in cases of pathogenicity.     

细菌脱色酶TpmD对三苯基甲烷类染料脱色的酶学特性研究

从嗜水气单胞菌DN322中分离纯化出能够对三苯基甲烷类染料结晶紫、碱性品红、灿烂绿及孔雀绿进行有效脱色的脱色酶,命名为TpmD。该酶的亚基分子量为29.4kDa,等电点为5.6。该酶催化上述4种三苯基甲烷类染料脱色反应的适合温度为40~60℃,适合pH范围为5.5~9.0。动力学参数测定结果显示TpmD对结晶紫、碱性品红、灿烂绿及孔雀绿的Km值分别为24.3、40.65、4.2、68.5μmol-1.L-1,Vmax值分别为19.6、74.1、82.8、115.6μmol.L-1.s-1。结晶紫为该酶的最适反应底物。TpmD催化的脱色反应依懒于NADH/NADPH及分子氧的存在,显示该酶属于NADH/NADPH依赖型的氧化酶类。这是国内外首次关于细菌中三苯基甲烷类染料脱色酶酶学性质的描述。     

细菌脱色酶TpmD的酶学特性研究

从嗜水气单胞菌DN322中分离纯化出能够对三苯基甲烷类染料结晶紫、碱性品红、灿烂绿及孔雀绿进行高效脱色的脱色酶,命名为TpmD。在测定TpmD分子量、等电点及对不同三苯基甲烷染料脱色的动力学参数、脱色过程对分子氧及NADH/NADPH具有依赖性的基础上,又进一步从黄素FAD/FMN对酶活力的影响、酶抑制剂、酶蛋白N-末端测序及酶溶液的特征吸收光谱等方面对TpmD的酶学本质进行了分析。结果表明,TpmD不含核黄素,其脱色活性也不因加入FAD或FMN而提高。TpmD的N-末端氨基酸序列与多种氧化还原酶具有同源性。甲吡酮及维生素C(Vc)对TpmD的脱色活性具有明显的抑制作用。TpmD酶蛋白的溶液在408nm处有一特征吸收峰,但在连二亚硫酸钠的还原条件下通入CO气体后,该酶却不具有P450酶在450nm处的特征吸收峰。上述结果显示脱色酶TpmD是一种新的氧化酶。     

Cloning and characterization of an extracellular temperature-labile serine protease gene from Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas virulence is thought to depend on multigenic functions. The gene for an extracellular protease from Aeromonas hydrophila SO2/2 was cloned in Escherichia coli C600-1 by using pIJ860, bifunctional plasmid, as a vector. The gene encodes for a temperature-labile serine protease (P2) with a molecular mass of approx. 68 kDa which is highly inhibited by PMSF. The gene was expressed in Streptomyces lividans 1326 by transforming protoplasts with the original clone pPA2. We were also able to transfer and express the prt P2 gene in Pseudomonas putida by mating experiments. The protein P2 was secreted into the periplasms of both P. putida and E. coli C600-1 being identical in properties to one of the proteases secreted into the culture supernatant by A. hydrophila SO2/2.     

嗜水气单胞菌胞外蛋白酶的化学修饰

 蛋白酶是嗜水气单胞菌 (Aeromonashydrophila)的重要致病因子 .为研究其结构与功能之间的关系 ,用DEPC、EDC、PMSF、N AI等 9种化学修饰剂处理嗜水气单胞菌J 1株胞外蛋白酶ECPase54,然后检测残余酶活力 ,借以研究酶分子中氨基酸侧链基团与酶活性中心的关系 .结果表明 ,羧基、丝氨酸、ε 氨基、胍基等残基与酶活性无关 ;半胱氨酸残基与酶活性也无直接关系 ;而色氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸残基侧链以及二硫键的化学修饰引起酶活性的大幅度的下降 ,说明色氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸残基以及二硫键是酶活力所必需的基团     

嗜水气单胞菌感染现状及耐药分析

目的调查湖州市中心医院嗜水气单胞菌感染现状和耐药情况。方法采用常规方法分离,用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌或豚鼠气单胞菌,依据葡萄糖产气反应鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。并根据配套药敏卡进行药敏试验。结果共分离到34株嗜水气单胞菌,主要来自痰液、胆汁、腹腔引流液或腹水。嗜水气单胞菌对哌拉西林、替卡西林、阿莫西彬克拉维酸、妥布霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、复方新诺明耐药率为52．9％～73．5％。结论目前嗜水气单胞菌也呈现多重耐药现象,临床上应予以重视。     

Co-migration of RAPD-PCR amplicons from Aeromonas hydrophila

Random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) uses arbitrary primers and low stringency annealing conditions to amplify anonymous DNA fragments which are then depicted in agarose gels. RAPD-PCR fingerprints have been used for typing and differentiation of bacteria and, increasingly, for the study of genetic relationships between strains and species of microorganisms, plants and animals. The analysis of such fingerprints is based upon the assumption that co-migration of amplicons does not occur and that any given band contains a single amplicon. This report shows that co-migration of fragments of nearly identical size, but different nucleotide sequences, occurs between different isolates and within single RAPD-PCR bands from Aeromonas hydrophila. The possibility of the same phenomenon occurring for other prokaryotic or eukaryotic genomes argues for caution in the interpretation of RAPD-PCR fingerprints.     

Photodynamic inactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila by cationic phthalocyanines with different hydrophobicity

Antibacterial photodynamic therapy is a pioneering method for the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. Four tetra alkyl-substituted cationic phthalocyanines with different hydrocarbon chains attached to the pyridyloxy group were synthesized. These photodynamic sensitizers were studied for antibacterial inactivation of a multidrug-resistant strain of Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Aeromonas species are recognized as etiological agents of a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. The uptake of phthalocyanines by the bacterial cells decreased with an increase in cell density. Following the phthalocyanine solubility from hydrophilic to hydrophobic complexes, the accumulation capacity increased. Full inactivation was achieved with phthalocyanine with (methoxy) pyridyloxy substitution following a short exposure time, low drug concentration and mild irradiation. Although the phthalocyanine with the longest hydrocarbon chain (C12) has some toxic effect in the absence of light, substantial phototoxic effect was obtained with the optimal combination of drug-irradiation parameters.     

嗜水气单胞菌溶血素基因的克隆表达及其类毒素的免疫原性分析

根据嗜水气单胞菌溶血素保护性抗原基因序列(GenBank Accession No. AF539467)设计一对引物, 以嗜水气单胞菌河北分离株基因组为模板, 经PCR扩增得到hly基因。序列分析表明, 该基因产物大小为1485 bp, 经测序与GenBank报道的多个嗜水气单胞菌hly基因序列一致性高于99%。将得到的hly基因定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a中构建原核重组质粒pET-28a- hly, 转化大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中, 得到重组菌株BL21(DE3)(pET-28a-hly), 经IPTG诱导后, SDS-PAGE分析可见一条56 kD的特异条带。Western blotting分析结果显示表达的Hly蛋白能与抗体发生特异性结合,说明其具有较好的免疫原性。将表达的溶血素蛋白制成类毒素疫苗免疫小鼠后, 具有较高的保护效力, 表明该类毒素疫苗有望作为预防由嗜水气单胞菌引起疾病的基因工程类毒素疫苗。     

A small IncQ-type plasmid carrying the quinolone resistance (qnrS2) gene from Aeromonas hydrophila

Aims: To investigate the qnrS2 gene encoded by a plasmid obtained from Aeromonas hydrophila. Methods and Results: To investigate the full‐length sequence of the plasmid carrying qnrS2 (plasmid designated pAHH04) from the strain SNUFPC‐A10, the full‐length coding sequence of the qnrS region was first amplified. The remaining part of the plasmid was read outwards from this region. The plasmid pAHH04 contained the repC, repA, mobA and mobC genes, and its total size was 7191 bp with a G+C content of 60%. Conclusions: This study describes the full‐length sequence of a plasmid carrying the qnrS2 gene from Aer. hydrophila. The plasmid pAHH04 carried plasmid replication and mobilization genes from IncQ‐type plasmids. Significance and Impact of the Study: The isolated qnrS2 gene encoded by a plasmid from an Aer. hydrophila strain is of significant importance because it emphasizes the problem of antibiotic resistance as well as the ability of the determinants to spread among the different bacterial species that impact human health.     

嗜水气单胞菌生物被膜对其耐药性的影响

建立了嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila, Ah)的生物被膜(Bacterial biofilm, BF) 体外形成模型, 并对11种抗菌药物对BF细菌和浮游（Freecell, FC）细菌的清除作用进行了研究。将Ah J1株在放有硅胶膜的TSB中培养7d,用银染法鉴定,发现可形成良好的BF。FC细菌对青霉素具有耐药性, 最低杀菌浓度(MBC)为256μg/mL;对蒽诺沙星和氟哌酸最敏感,MBC分别为003μg/mL和0.25μg/mL。氟苯尼考对BF细菌的清除能力最强,作用于BF细菌和FC细菌的MBC之比为2∶1;卡那霉素、青霉素、新霉素的MBC比值在32∶1以上。扫描电镜观察蒽诺沙星作用于FC及BF细菌前后的形态变化,并测定其杀菌曲线。发现4×MBC时可完全清除FC细菌,但不能完全清除BF细菌;在32×MBC时,4h内可完全清除FC细菌,而24h内完全清除BF细菌。结果表明形成BF的Ah对抗菌药物可形成强耐受性,其潜在影响应引起足够重视。     

嗜水气单胞菌国内分离株的毒力因子分布与致病性相关性分析

为了研究分析国内致病性嗜水气单胞菌的毒力因子的分布及与致病性的相关性及其防治,选取5种主要毒力因子气溶素(aerA)、溶血素(hlyA)、丝氨酸蛋白酶(ahpA)、抗金属蛋白酶(ast)、肠毒素(altA)设计5对特异性引物,用PCR方法进行检测,采用急性毒性实验方法测定菌株对异育银鲫的半数致死量(50%lethal dose,LD50),细菌药物敏感试验纸片扩散(K-B)法检测对抗生素的敏感性,结果显示:除菌株Hong12的LD50约为109 cfu,毒力弱外,其他毒力均较强,LD50均在106 cfu左右。aerA、ahpA、hlyA、altA、ast 5种毒力基因的携带率分别为77.8%、88.9%、100%、100%、77.8%。通过比较嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因的分布情况与其对鲫鱼致病性试验结果可以发现,aerA、ahpA为嗜水气单胞菌致病的主要毒力因子,与致病性存在相关性,ast与致病力存在一定相关性,但不是主要毒力因子,hlyA、altA与致病性不存在相关性。9株嗜水气单胞菌对青霉素、羧苄青霉素、万古霉素不敏感,对复合磺胺、头孢噻肟、利福平中毒敏感,对呋喃妥因、氯霉素、四环素、氧氟沙星高度敏感。     

嗜水气单胞菌疫苗

嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila是引发其爆发性败血症的主要细菌性病原之一,自20世纪80年代末在我国南方出现并引起了许多种淡水养殖鱼类爆发性死亡以来,一直频繁地在许多养殖鱼类中发生。目前对嗜水气单胞菌病的治疗药物主要为抗生素,大量长期使用易产生耐药株。所     

O-Serogrouping and surface components of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas jandaei pathogenic for eels

Abstract The relationship between virulence, O-serogroup, and some cell-surface features (self-pelleting [SP] and precipitation after boiling [PAB], profile of lipopolysaccharides [LPSs]) and outer membrane proteins [OMPs] was investigated in strains of the pathogenic species Aeromonas hydrophila and A. jandaei isolated from eels. Virulent strains of A. hydrophila reacted mostly with O:19 antiserum, and those of A. jandaei reacted with O:4, O:11, O:15 and O:29 antisera (Guinée and Jansen system). Regarding the PAB and LPS profiles two groups could be distinguished; (i) five PAB⁺ strains of serotype O:19 that possessed a homogeneous O polysaccharide side chain and (ii) thirteen PAB⁻ strains antigenically diverse that either exhibited a heterogenous side chain or were side chain deficient. A major 50 kDa protein was only found in the PAB⁺ strains, whereas major OMPs detected in PAB⁻ strains ranged from 33 to 45 kDa irrespective of the species. Epizootic eel isolates of A. hydrophila belong to serotype O:19 and share cell-surface features with the Aeromonas highly virulent for other hosts. In contrast, epizootic A. jandaei isolates were antigenically diverse. These findings reinforce the importance of an O-serotype as an epidemiological marker in motile Aeromonas strains pathogenic for eels.     

水产品中嗜水气单胞菌耐药性研究进展

嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila具有广泛的致病性,是水生动物最常见的致病菌之一。由于抗生素不合理使用、质粒以及耐药基因的水平转移等因素,来自零售市场、超市和餐厅的即食海鲜产品中,均可分离出大量的嗜水气单胞菌耐药菌株及其耐药基因。因此,探明关键控制点、寻求有效缓解抗生素耐药性的防控策略至关重要。文中介绍了我国嗜水气单胞菌的耐药现状,嗜水气单胞菌的主要侵染及耐药机制,以及目前削减和防控耐药性的主要手段和策略,并对水产品耐药性研究方向和重点作出展望。     

嗜水气单胞菌合成含3-羟基戊酸单体的聚羟基脂肪酸共聚酯的研究

分别利用葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸、月桂酸与十一碳酸为混合碳源进行嗜水气单孢菌 (Aeromonashydrophila)菌株 4AK4的摇瓶培养 ,实现了含有 3 羟基戊酸 (3HV)单体的聚羟基脂肪酸酯的微生物合成。当使用葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸为混合碳源时 ,野生型A .hydrophila 4AK4及含有 3 羟基丁酸辅酶A合成基因phaA和phaB的重组A .hydrophila 4AK4 (pTG01)能够合成-3-羟基丁酸(3HB)与-3HV的共聚物 ,且葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸比例为 1∶1时最利于细胞生长和PHA的积累。当使用月桂酸和十一碳酸为混合碳源时 ,A .hydrophila4AK4能够合成-3HB、3HV与 β-羟基己酸 (3HHx)的共聚物 ,且随着混合碳源中十一碳酸的含量增加 ,A .hydrophila4AK4合成的PHA中-3HV的比例增加 ,而-3HB和-3HHx的比例降低.     

Aeromonas hydrophila clinical and environmental ecotypes as revealed by genetic diversity and virulence genes

Aeromonas hydrophila strains recovered from clinical samples and ambient sources were phenotypically and genetically identified. In addition, the distribution of putative virulence factors was assayed. To determine the genetic diversity of these strains, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR markers were used. The discriminatory ability of the techniques, using Simpson's index, was 0.96 for both methods. The most consistent dendrogram was obtained when RAPD and ERIC data were combined. The genetic diversity revealed a high intra-specific genetic diversity (h=0.364+/-0.024 and I=0.538+/-0.030). The strains showed a tendency to cluster according to their origin of isolation (best-cut test 0.80 and bootstrap values >50%). The present study demonstrates and quantifies the high intra-specific diversity within this species and reveals a clear differentiation of strains according to their ecological origin. The distribution of virulence-related genes confirm that A. hydrophila is a genetically heterogeneous species that harbour ecotypes which have different pathogenic potential to human and other animals.     

嗜水气单胞菌非核糖体肽合成酶基因功能研究

非核糖体肽是微生物体内一类具有天然生物活性的次生代谢物,由非核糖体肽合成酶催化生成。而AHA2474和AHA2476是嗜水气单胞菌ATCC7966中两个编码非核糖体肽合成酶的基因。利用同源重组技术分别构建了AHA2474、AHA2476基因缺失株,并对其生理特性进行测定。结果表明,与野生株相比,缺失株的溶血性和胞外蛋白酶活性均显著增强,而产铁能力明显减弱;在缺铁条件下,缺失株的生长能力较弱,补充铁离子后又能恢复生长。同时在过氧化氢应激下ΔAHA2474菌株具有更大的耐受性。以上研究结果提示AHA2474和AHA2476基因可能通过影响铁离子动态平衡过程来调控该菌的生理特性,同时也表明非核糖体肽在该菌致病性方面起作用,为探究该菌的致病机制及防治策略提供理论依据。     

2011年通州区腹泻源性嗜水气单胞菌的分子分型特征

目的了解北京市通州区2011年腹泻患者粪便中分离到的27株嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）的生物学和分子分型特征,为该菌引发疾病的防控提供参考依据。方法对27株腹泻源性嗜水气单胞菌进行Aer毒素检测和PFGE分型,并进行同源性比较。结果27株腹泻源性嗜水气单胞菌中7株菌的Aer毒素为阳性,占总数的25．93％;PFGE图谱分为27个带型。结论在通州区腹泻患者粪便中检出的菌株部分携带Aer毒力因子,目前无优势流行菌株。建议相关部门加强对该菌的监测,避免该菌引发的各类疾患的发生。