Generic delimitation and a new infrageneric system in the genus Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae)

Based on herbarium and field observations, we confirm the generic delimitation of Holcoglossum and present a new infrageneric system for the genus. Our work supports Holcoglossum as a natural group including H. amesianum (Rchb.f.) Christenson and H. subulifolium (Rchb.f.) Christenson. The new infrageneric system of Holcoglossum includes two subgenera: Holcoglossum subgen. Brachycentron subgen. nov. and Holcoglossum subgen. Holcoglossum , the latter comprising two new sections, Holcoglossum sect. Holcoglossum and Holcoglossum sect. Sorotylos .  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 465–468.     

Cytological studies on the Sino-Himalayan endemic Solms-laubachia (Brassicaceae) and two related genera

The karyotypes of six species of Solms-laubachia and one each of Parrya and Desideria (Brassicaceae) from the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountains (Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces) were investigated. Chromosome counts of S. xerophyta , S. lanata, S. platycarpa and D. baiogoinensis are reported for the first time and found to be diploid with 2 n  = 14. Diploid counts were also made of S. retropilosa , a species previously known to be a tetraploid. The karyotype formulae of D. baiogoinensis , S. eurycarpa , S. pulcherrima , S. retropilosa , S. xerophyta and S. platycarpa are 2 n  = 14 = 6 m + 6sm + 2st, whereas those of S. lanata and P. nudicaulis are 2 n  = 14 = 6 m + 2sm + 6st and 2 n  = 14 = 8 m + 4sm + 2st, respectively. Karyotypes and counts of S. eurycarpa and S. pulcherrima are in agreement with prior studies. The relationships within Solms-laubachia and among the three genera are discussed. Speciation within Solms-laubachia may have been the result of primarily intrachromosomal variation at the diploid level, and the genus probably evolved within the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountains instead of migrating from other regions.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 145 , 77−86.     

Holcoglossum nujiangense (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) – a new species and its pollination system

Based on herbarium and field observations, a new species, Holcoglossum nujiangense , is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to Holcoglossum sinicum and H. weixiense . Holcoglossum nujiangense differs from H. weixiense by smaller flowers with broadly rhombic midlobe and from H. sinicum by its broadly rhombic midlobe, papillose spur and notable callus on the disc. The chromosome number of this species was found to be 2n=38. The pollinator for this new species was Micraphis andreniformis Smith that carried the pollinia of Holcoglossum nujiangense on its head. The visiting behavior of the pollinator is food-search kind, although there is no obvious nectar in the spur.     

Karyological studies on the Sino-Himalayan endemic Soroseris and two related genera of tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae)

Karyological studies were carried out on ten populations comprising six species of Soroseris in the tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae), all endemic to the alpine Sino-Himalayan region and poorly known cytogenetically. The single species of Stebbinsia (one population) and two species of Syncalathium (three populations) were also examined for the first time. The basic chromosome number for the three genera is x  = 8. Stebbinsia and most species of Soroseris are diploids with 2 n  = 2 x  = 16 = 14m + 2sm and have a karyotype asymmetry type 1A. Three species of Soroseris are tetraploid (2 n  = 4 x  = 32 = 28m + 4sm). A karyotype of 2 n  = 2 x  = 16 = 14m(2SAT) + 2sm with type 1A asymmetry was found in Syncalathium kawaguchii , and of 2 n  = 2 x  = 16 = 6m + 10sm with type 2A asymmetry for two populations of Syncalathium souliei . The relationships between Soroseris and the other two genera are discussed. Our cytological results suggest that polyploidy plays a minor role in the chromosome evolution of plants from the Himalayan mountains and adjacent regions.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 154 , 79–87.     

Polyploidy in Aconitum subgenus Lycoctonum (Ranunculaceae)

Chromosome numbers and morphology in 22 populations belonging to 11 taxa of Aconitum subgenus Lycoctonum (Ranunculaceae) from China were studied. Some taxa were diploid, with 2 n  = 16, but four species and two varieties were found to be tetraploid, with 2 n  = 32. They are concentrated in the Hengduan Mountains region in south-west China, indicating that polyploidy could have played an important role in the speciation of the subgenus in this region, one of the areas of the world with a high concentration of endemic species. The relationships of some of the species are discussed.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 150 , 343–353.     

Karyomorphology of Davidia involucrata and Camptotheca acuminata, with special reference to their systematic positions

Davidia involucrata Baill. and Camptotheca acuminata Decne were investigated and compared karyomorphologically. Their idiogrammatic formulae are, respectively, 2 n  = 42 = 20m (2SAT) + 16sm + 4st + 2t and 2 n  = 42 = 22m (2SAT) + 14sm + 4st + 2t. The plants are very similar: both belong to the 2B asymmetry karyotype (the karyotypes are reported here for the first time) and in both the prophase chromosomes are of the interstitial type. Davidia is believed to be closely related to Camptotheca . We do not consider it appropriate to remove Davidia from Camptotheca into a different family or subfamily. The cytological data support Davidia and Camptotheca forming a subfamily (Davidioideae) of the broadly circumscribed Cornaceae.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 144 , 193-198.     

中国独活属的核型研究

本文首次报道了我国独活属10种(含1变种)的核型,其中8种的染色体数目亦为首次报道。研究表明它们的染色体数目均为2n＝2x＝22,为二倍体,其核型为中部着丝点和亚中部着丝点染色体组成,仅具1A和2A两种类型。有4种具随体染色体,在部分H．vicinum植株中发现有1条B染色体,在H．millefolium var．longilobum中同时存在2n＝22和2n＝24的非整倍体．不同种的染色体形态不同,为分类研究提供了细胞学依据。 本文在核型分析基础上讨论了该属分类群的划分、种间亲缘关系及演化,并结合我国毗邻地区该属细胞学资料和地理分布规律,提出我国西南部的横断山区是独活属的频度中心和多样性中心。     

Low incidence of polyploids and high uniformity of karyotypes displayed by Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) in the Hengduan Mountains region of south‐west China

The chromosome numbers and morphology in 92 populations belonging to 49 species and three varieties in the genus Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae), mostly from the Hengduan Mountains region of south‐west China, were studied. Forty seven species and three varieties were diploid, with 2n = 16, one species was tetraploid, with 2n = 32, and one species had diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. Three species had B chromosomes, representing the first time the occurrence of B chromosomes has been reported in the genus. The karyotypes of all the diploid species were quite uniform, commonly bimodal, and usually consisted of one pair of large median‐centromeric (m), one pair of large submedian‐centromeric (sm), five pairs of medium‐sized subterminal‐centromeric (st), and one pair of smaller sm (rarely st) chromosomes. The low incidence of polyploids in Delphinium from the Hengduan Mountains region indicates that polyploidy has played a minor role in the speciation of this highly diversified genus in the region. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 172–188.     

醉鱼草属四个种的核型分析

报道了醉鱼草属（Btuldleja）4个种的染色体核型。云南醉鱼草（B.yunnanensis）的核型公式为2n=2x=38=22m＋16sm,皱叶醉鱼草（B．crispa）为2n=2x=38=26m＋10sm＋2st,密蒙花（B．officinalis）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st,口本醉鱼草（B．japonica）为2n=2x=38=20m＋16sm＋2st。日本醉鱼草的核型为2B型,其它3个种的核型为2A型。根据核型分析结果,结合形态学特征和已有的细胞学资料,初步讨论了醉鱼草组（Sect．Neemda）两个系（Series）可能的演化关系。     

Karyotype Comparison of Populus SectTacamahaca

The paper identified and compared the karyotypes of 10 species(varieties) of Populus sectTacamhaca.The results were as follows:Ppseudo simonii Kitag.2n=38=27m+6sm(1SAT)+4st(2SAT)+1t(1SAT);Ptrichocarpa Torr.2n=38=2M+18m(1SAT)+8sm+10st(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Beijing 2n=38=1M+24m+6sm+7st(2SAT);Pבpopularis’ 2n=38=3M+27m+2sm(1SAT)+4st(2SAT)+2t(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Wutai 2n=38=5M+22m+4sm+5st+2t(2SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Gansulinxiaman 2n=38=2M+28m+1sm+7st(1SAT);Pcathayana Rehd.var.Qinghai 2n=38=1M+27m+3sm+6st(3SAT)+1t(1SAT);Pcathayana×Zhongqing 10 2n=38=1M+26m+4sm+5st(2SAT)+2t(2SAT);Pcathayana×Zhongqing 48 2n=38=16m+10sm(1SAT)+10st(2SAT)+2t(1SAT).The results showed definite karyotype differences among the species of Tacamhaca.The karyotypes of most species(varieties) are made of m and sm and a few with st and t chromosomes.The karyotypes of Tacamhaca were all of 2B type of Stebbins.This study provided important basic data for taxon of Populus.     

Karyotype of Four Species in Buddleja ( Loganiaceae) *

The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of the 4 species in genus Buddleja were reported. The karyotype formulas are 2n= 2x= 38= 22m+ 16sm ( B1 yunnanensis) , 2n= 2x= 38= 26m+ 10sm+ 2st ( B1 crispa) , 2n= 2x= 38= 20m+ 16sm + 2st ( B1 off icinalis ) , and 2n= 2x= 38= 20m+ 16sm+ 2st ( B1japonica) . Karyotype of B1japonica belongs to Stebbins. s 2B type and other 3 species belong to Stebbins. s 2A type. Based on the cytological data ( karyotypes and the recorded chromosome numbers) and the species morphologies, the evolution trend of the two series in Sect1Neemda was briefly discussed.     

甘肃萱草属植物的核型研究

本文研究了甘肃萱草属6种、1变种的染色体核型;黄花菜K(2n)=22=12m+10sm(2SAT);小黄花菜K(2n)=22=10m+12sm;北萱草K(2n)=22=8m+14sm;北黄花菜K(2n)=22=14m+6sm+2st;萱草K(2n)=22=12m+8sm+2st;重瓣萱草K(2n)=33=18m+12sm+3st:折叶萱草K(2n)=22=10m+10sm+2st。以上核型可自然地分成两大类群,第一类群包括小黄花菜、北萱草、黄花菜;第二类群包括折叶萱草、萱草、重瓣萱草、北黄花菜。     

兰科11属14种植物核型分析

采用染色体压片技术对兰科（Orchidaceae）11属14种植物进行染色体数目和核型研究。结果如下：短序脆兰（Acampe papillosa）2n=2x=36m＋2sm;多花脆兰（Acampe rigida）2n=2x=32m＋6sm;窄唇蜘蛛兰（Arachnis labrosa）2n=2x=34m＋4sm;广东隔距兰（Cleisostoma simondii vat．guangdongense）2n=2x=32m＋6sm;五唇兰（Doritis pulctwrima）2n=2x=30m＋8sm;镰叶盆距兰（Gastrochilus acinacifolius）2n=2x=38m;盆距兰（Gastrochilus calceolaris）2n：2x=38m;无茎盆距兰（Gastrochilus obliquus）2n=2x=38m;白唇槽舌兰（Holcoglossum sbulifolium）2n=2x=38m;大尖囊兰（Kingidium deliciosum）2n=2x=30m＋8sm;钗子股（Luisia morsei）2n=2x=24m＋12sm＋2st;鹿角兰（Pomatocalpa spicatum）2n=2x=36m＋2sm;海南钻喙兰（Rhynchostylis gigantea）2n=2x=36m＋2sm;大叶寄树兰（Robiquetia spathulata）2n=2x=36m＋2sm。根据研究结果,对芝科植物的系统与进化进行了简要讨论。     

蜘蛛抱蛋属的细胞分类学研究Ⅱ

文章报道了13种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的染色体核型,并对属内核型进化规律作了总结。作者认为随体染色体和第1对染色体可以作为本属核型的特征染色体。染色体数目变异与花部式样密切相关。本属植物原始的染色体基数为x=19。此外,对非整倍性变异的主要机制也进行了讨论。     

百合科开口箭属六个种的核型研究

本文报道了开口箭属(Tupistra)6个种的核型,发现6个种皆为二倍体,染色体数目为38。他们的核型公式是:弯蕊开口箭(T. wattii)为2n=2x=38=38m;长梗开口箭(T. longipeduncuJara)为2n=2x=38=28m 10sm;橙花开口箭(T. aurantiaca)为2n=2x=38=22m 16sm;开口箭(T. chinensis)和云南开口箭(T. yunnanensis)皆为2n=2x=38=24m 14sm,核型皆为2B型,但sm染色体的位置有所不同;伞柱开口箭(T. fungilliformis)为2n=2x=38=18m 2sm 12st 6t。前述5个种的核型由一型染色体组成,而伞柱开口箭的核型由二型染色体组成。开口箭属和蜘蛛抱蛋属(Aspisdistra)是亲缘关系接近的两个属,伞柱开口箭是开口箭属和蜘蛛抱蛋属之间的一个过渡类群。     

Cytological studies on some representative species of the tribe Orchideae (Orchidaceae) from China

Cytological studies were carried out on 14 taxa belonging to Amitostigma , Chusua , Galearis , Habenaria , Hemipilia , Hemipiliopsis , Herminium , Peristylus and Ponerochis , collected mostly from the south-eastern part of the Hengduan Mountain Region, south-west China. Cytological data on 11 of the taxa are reported for the first time. The interphase nuclei were either of the simple chromocentre type or intermediate between simple and complex chromocentre types. The nuclear morphology of Hemipiliopsis at interphase supports the conclusion that it is related more closely to Chusua and Ponerochis than to Habenaria . At the whole tribe level, however, the results did not indicate a clear correlation between morphological features of the interphase nuclei and phylogeny. The somatic chromosome numbers were 2 n  = 42 in ten species and 2 n  = 32, 38, 40, 64 and 72 in four species. The chromosome counts of 2 n  = 32 and 64 in Habenaria aitchsonii are rare in the genus. It is proposed that the repeated change of chromosome number from x  = 7 to x  = 8 has played an important role in the evolution of the tribe Orchideae. This change has occurred mainly in the European subtribe Orchidinae, but also in the Asian subtribe Habenariinae.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 145 , 231–238.     

A new diploid Hieracium (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) from Bulgaria

Hieracium kittanae Vladimirov, a new diploid (2 n  = 18) species restricted to a few gorges in the Central Rhodope Mountains, south Bulgaria, is described and illustrated. It occurs in crevices of limestone rock in shady to sunny places with high atmospheric humidity. Morphologically, it to some extent resembles taxa from the H. glaucinum and H. schmidtii groups, but is otherwise very distinct, without close relatives in the Rhodope and neighbouring mountains.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003 , 143 , 213−218.     

国产８种蜘蛛抱属植物的核型研究

首次报道了８种蜘蛛抱属植物的核型,其中６种的染色体数目为首次报道,结果如下：峨边蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ.ebianensis,2n=2x=36=18m 2sm(2sat) 16st;盈江蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ．yingjiangensis,2n=2x=36=14m 6sm(2sat) 16st;海南蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ．hainensis,2n=2x=36=20m(2sat) 14st 2t;石山蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ.saxicola,2n=2x=36=16m 4sm(2sat) 16st;要蜘蛛抱蛋白Ａ.muricata,2n=2x=36=18m 2sm(2sat) 16st);啮边蛛抱蛋Ａ.marginella,2n=2x=38=22m 4sm(2sat) 12st;西林蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ.xillinensis,2n=4x=76=48m(4sat) 2sm 26st;十字蜘蛛抱蛋A.cruciformis,2n=4x=76=46m(4sat) 12sm 18st。核型类型都为２Ｃ型。首次在中国发现了Ａ.cruciformis和A.xilinensis的野生四倍体。根据外部形态性及已有的３８种植物的核型资料分析,认为该属染色体的原始基数可能为x=18,核型向对称性增强的方向演化,其主要表现在中部着丝粒染色体数目的增多,这种演化趋似与其花部结构的进化密切相关。     

Iris stenophylla Hausskn. & Siehe ex Baker from Turkey and its cytology

A morphological study, both in the field and from herbarium material, showed that there are no convincing characteristics separating the Turkish endemics Iris stenophylla ssp. stenophylla and ssp. allisonii . A cytological survey revealed chromosome numbers of 2 n  = 24, 26 and 26 + 1B. No variation in either chromosome number or karyotype was found in ssp. allisonii , which always had 2 n  = 26, although the chromosome number and karyotypes of ssp. stenophylla were variable. Since neither morphological nor cytological differences were sufficient to separate the two subspecies, I. stenophylla ssp. allisonii is therefore reduced to a synonym of I. stenophylla .  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 140 , 115−127.