宁夏东部荒漠草原-灌丛地转变过程土壤氮素响应

选取近30年荒漠草原灌丛引入形成的典型草地-灌丛镶嵌体内部的荒漠草地、草地边缘、灌丛边缘、灌丛地为研究样地,对各样地及其微生境(植丛与空斑)相关土壤指标进行测定,以了解荒漠草地向灌丛地转变过程中土壤氮素的响应特征.结果 表明:随草地灌丛化转变,草本与灌丛生物量均增加,其中一年生草本随灌丛引入增加明显;土壤水分、全碳、全...     

干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征

土壤种子库是反映气候与土地利用变化的指示器,也是荒漠植被更新与恢复的基础。典型荒漠白刺灌丛植被广泛分布于我国西北绿洲边缘地带,对保护绿洲免受风沙危害发挥着重要作用。但是,对干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库仍未见研究报道。应用空间代替时间的方法,选择石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替的初始阶段、稳定阶段、衰退阶段与严重衰退阶段样地,研究了白刺灌丛植被演替过程的土壤种子库物种组成、时空分布和数量变化特征。结果表明:石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替过程中,土壤种子库共出现9科18种植物,其中草本植物占到55%—80%,是白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库的主体。不同演替阶段土壤种子库密度以稳定阶段最高,达到660.7粒/m2,是初始阶段、衰退阶段和严重衰退阶段的5.6、14.5倍和6.2倍。不同沙堆部位,土壤种子库密度以迎风坡中部与背风坡中部最高,分别达到329粒/m2和309粒/m2;沙堆土壤种子库密度是堆间地的1.9倍,土壤种子库主要分布于灌丛沙堆上。不同演替阶段土壤种子库间的相似性系数均在0.6以下,除稳定阶段外,其他阶段间均属于中等相似水平;土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数均在0.5以上,达到中等相似或极相似水平。该研究进一步证明了灌丛沙堆和土壤种子库在白刺灌丛植被中的重要性,也说明人为干扰损害了白刺灌丛地下潜在植被及其恢复潜力。因此,需要开展人工种子库或人工植被建设以控制干旱荒漠白刺灌丛沙堆活化,并实现退化白刺灌丛植被恢复。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛引入对土壤水分动态及亏缺的影响

全球气候变化背景下,荒漠草原人工灌丛引入加速其灌丛化进程,对草原土壤水分产生重要影响。为了解宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛引入过程中土壤水分动态及亏缺现状,选取了封育草地、放牧草地、不同年限(3a、12a、22a)和间距(40 m、6 m、2 m)灌丛柠条(Caragana korshinskii)地进行土壤水分测定,并利用土壤水分相对亏缺指数(compared soil water deficit index,CSWDI)、样地土壤水分相对亏缺指数(plot compared soil water deficit index,PCSWDI)对土壤水分亏缺进行定量分析。结果表明:灌丛引入过程中不同年限、间距灌丛地0—200 cm土层土壤含水量均显著低于封育草地与放牧地(P<0.05);各样地季节动态均表现为春季返潮、夏季消耗、秋季蓄积的季节规律,但不同年限、间距灌丛地表现为春季返潮微弱,土壤含水量仅为7.80%—10.90%,显著低于封育草地和放牧地(11.90%—16.09%);灌丛引入过程中各灌丛地0—100 cm有效储水量(-16.98—18.69 mm)均低于封育草地(34.67 ...     

浙江天童灌丛植被的土壤种子库与幼苗库特征

采用野外样点取样和萌发实验相结合的办法,研究浙江天童灌丛植被的幼苗库和种子库。结果表明：种子库中优势种类主要是淡竹叶、芒、苔草等草本植物,其次为山矾、Ji木、白栎等灌木种类。在厚度为10cm的表层土壤中,枯枝落叶层、0．2cm层、2－4cm、4－10cm层的种子密度分别为125．0粒／m^2、134．3粒／m^2、84．6粒／m^2、62．7粒/m^2。幼苗库的优势种类不太集中,数量较多的种类有苦槠、紫金牛、淡竹叶等。     

荒漠草原向灌丛地转变过程中两种优势植物种子萌发及阈值特征

选取宁夏荒漠草原人为灌丛地转变过程中的两种优势种沙芦草（Agropyron mongolicum）和柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）为对象,利用不同浓度PEG条件下的种子萌发特性来探究其在干旱胁迫下植被更新萌发特征,结果表明：柠条锦鸡儿平均初始萌发时间早于沙芦草14 h,且柠条锦鸡儿吸水率低于沙芦草,分别为201.21%、293.43%;柠条锦鸡儿和沙芦草种子萌发率和萌发速率均随渗透势的升高呈先上升后下降趋势,且均在-0.02 MPa时萌发率最高,分别为28.67%、44.67%,在-1.2 MPa时最低,分别为6.67%、1.33%;两者萌发速率均在-0.02 MPa时达到最大,分别为12.84%、9.52%,且柠条锦鸡儿起始萌发天数少于沙芦草1-4 d;通过S型生长曲线和线性模型模拟种子萌发水势和萌发率关系,分析得出柠条锦鸡儿萌发水势阈值范围为-0.3--0.86 MPa、沙芦草为-0.3--0.65 MPa,灌木柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发水势阈值范围低于多年生禾草沙芦草。以上结果表明灌丛引入下的荒漠草原在未来干旱条件下,其灌丛柠条锦鸡儿种子在植被更新中较沙芦草更具萌发优势。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛引入下土壤水分空间异质性

结合地理信息系统(GIS),运用经典统计学和地统计学方法对宁夏东部荒漠草原人工灌丛引入下0～200 cm土层土壤水分空间异质性进行研究.结果表明: 0～200 cm土层土壤含水量为0.6%～19.0%,均值为4.4%,土壤水分含量较低,变异系数为49.5%～86.3%,属于中等变异.不同土层半变异函数的最佳理论模型分别为:0～60、80～120 cm各层土壤水分符合球状模型,60～80 cm符合指数模型,120～200 cm符合高斯模型.不同土层土壤含水量均呈不同程度的空间相关,0～40、60～80、120～200 cm各层土壤水分的块金系数C₀/(C₀+C)为26.1%～49.9%,为中等程度空间相关;40～60、80～100、100～120 cm各层土壤含水量的块金系数为15.5%～22.1%,具强烈空间相关.0～200 cm不同土层土壤水分含量变程不同,0～20 和 20～40 cm土层变程较大,为37.10～45.18 km,40～200 cm各层土壤含水量的变程较小,为3.58～8.66 km.荒漠草原人工灌丛引入过程中加速土壤水分利用和深层水分消耗,导致土壤水分的空间异质性和破碎化程度加强,且对深层次土壤水分作用更强.     

荒漠草原向灌丛转变过程两种优势植物定植土壤水分阈值特征

为探究宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛转变过程中两种优势种蒙古冰草（Agropyron mongolicum）和柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）植物更新土壤水分需求特征,在前期萌发土壤水势阈值研究的基础上,进一步通过野外观测和室内干旱胁迫试验分析确定转变过程中两种优势植物种的定植土壤水分阈值。结果表明：荒漠草原灌丛近30年人为转变过程中0-200 cm土壤水分呈降低趋势,灌丛地土壤水分含量较荒漠草地显著降低了52.43%（P<0.05）,灌丛转变加速了土壤旱化;柠条锦鸡儿和蒙古冰草幼苗定植过程中叶绿素含量随干旱胁迫程度加深呈先增加后降低趋势,其死亡率逐渐上升。通过渗透势和死亡率的拟合函数以及其对应样地的土壤水势、土壤水分关系分析得出,随样地转变柠条锦鸡儿定植土壤水势、水分阈值均低于蒙古冰草,两者平均土壤水势阈值分别为-9.38—-9.95 kPa、-8.72—-9.28 kPa,平均土壤水分阈值分别为4.93%-5.23%、5.92%-6.50%。与蒙古冰草相比,柠条锦鸡儿更适应灌丛引入下或降雨减少引起的土壤旱化,其旱生条件下的定植成功更易发生。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原向灌丛地人为转变过程中土壤胞外酶活性响应

以宁夏东部荒漠草原-灌丛地典型镶嵌体内部荒漠草地、草地边缘、灌丛边缘、灌丛地为对象,对各样地植丛和空斑下土壤特性及6种土壤胞外酶活性(纤维二糖水解酶、β-1,4-木糖苷酶、β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶)进行分析,研究荒漠草原向灌丛地人为转变过程中胞外酶的响应特征。结果表明: 荒漠草原向灌丛地转变过程中,土壤水分、有机碳、全氮、全磷、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮均显著降低,且灌丛地显著低于草地26.0%～88.5%;除草地边缘土壤水分、有机碳空斑略高于植丛外,其他指标均表现为各样地植丛显著高于空斑3.9%～82.3%。6类土壤胞外酶活性在转变过程中均呈下降趋势,降幅为22.1%～82.4%,其中亮氨酸氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶降低最为显著,分别降低82.4%和75.5%;除灌丛地β-1,4-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶在空斑显著高于植丛外,其他胞外酶活性均表现为各样地植丛高于空斑10.7%～42.7%;转变过程中6类胞外酶活性之间呈显著正相关,且均与土壤特性呈不同程度正相关,其中各类土壤胞外酶活性对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及全氮响应较为积极。     

人工灌丛化对荒漠草原生态系统碳储量的影响

宁夏盐池县从20世纪70年代开始在荒漠草原上人工种植柠条灌木用以防风固沙和生态恢复,这一人为措施极大地改变了区域生态系统的植被结构和碳循环,而定量评估人工灌丛化对荒漠草原生态系统碳储量的影响,不仅能够揭示人类活动的碳循环反馈机制,而且可为地方政府生态治理提供理论指导。结合Biome-BGC模型和Logistics生长模型模拟了1958—2017年间荒漠草原人工灌丛化前后的碳储量变化,定量分析了人工灌丛化对生态系统碳储量和组分的影响。结果表明:(1)结合Biome-BGC模型和Logistics生长模型可以较准确地模拟出荒漠草原人工灌丛化过程中生态系统碳储量的变化。(2)人工灌丛化会快速改变荒漠草原的碳储量累积特征,柠条灌木种植后的快速生长阶段极大增强了生态系统的总碳储量,导致生态系统的碳储量特征由草地型向灌木型转变。(3)人工灌丛化改变了生态系统各类型碳储量的组分结构,其对地上植被和枯落物碳储量的影响非常明显,灌丛化后生态系统的植被和枯落物碳分别增加了6倍和1.76倍;因植被碳向土壤碳转化过程较慢,故人工灌丛化对地下土壤碳储量的影响在短期内较为微弱。以上结果显示,荒漠草原人工灌丛化能显...     

宁夏荒漠草原针毛收获蚁对植物种子的觅食作用

针毛收获蚁Messor aciculatus (F．Smith)是西北荒漠地区典型的食种子蚂蚁种类之一。以宁夏中卫县沙坡头自然保护区红卫固定沙丘地段为主要研究基地。由田间系统调查和室内饲养得出：针毛收获蚁可取食的植物种子达30余种以上。在红卫固定沙丘草地针毛收获蚁的自然种群收获的植物种子主要有6种：狗尾草Setaria viridis、猪毛菜Salsola collina、雾冰藜Bassia dasyphylla、地锦Euphobia humifuse、刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica、叉枝鸦葱Scorzonera divaricata。被收获的种子大小主要在1．20～2．50mm之间．或有棱角、扁平、易于衔夹的种子。在蚁巢中种子以种类和形态的不同被分类、分层保存于不同深处的巢室．总贮量随工蚁和蚁后数量的增加而增加。在自然条件下,收获的种子种类及数量与穴巢附近环境中的植物种类及分布有关。蚂蚁对种子的收集贮藏在一定程度上可影响种子的萌发力．特别是对一些1年生质量较轻的种子影响力较大。蚂蚁觅食对土壤中种子库种子密度的影响因植物种类的不同而异．其中对1年生草本植物影响较大．间接的影响到植物群落的组成和空间分布的变化。     

湿地土壤种子库与地上植被相似性关系研究评述

土壤种子库与地上植被的关系是土壤种子库研究的重要组成部分。当前,湿地生态系统面临严重威胁,研究湿地土壤种子库和地上植被关系既可以加强对土壤种子库和植物群落特征的认识,又可以为湿地保护与管理提供理论指导。检索了科学引文索引扩展版(SCIE)数据库中收录的1900—2012年间研究湿地土壤种子库与地上植被关系的文献,通过分析土壤种子库与地上植被的Srensen相似性系数,结果发现:不同湿地类型的土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性存在显著差异,河流湿地中两者的相似性最小;不同植被类型中土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性差异显著:草本群落的相似性大于乔木群落;不同气候带的湿地中两者的相似性也存在显著差异,其中亚热带地区相似性最小。总结了湿地种子库与地上植被相似性关系的时空变化特征。二者的相似性通常随着植物群落的演替而减小,在空间上也随着环境梯度而变化。分析了两者关系的影响因素,如种子传播、环境条件和繁殖策略等。对研究中存在的问题及发展方向提出建议。     

金沙江干热河谷山地植被恢复区土壤种子库和地上植被研究

土壤种子库在植物种群动态中起着重要作用。土壤种子库可缓解种群的灭绝过程,保存群落中植物种的表现特征,是植被天然更新的物质基础。通过对金沙江干热河谷山地植被恢复区（包括水平阶、自然坡面、沟底）和未恢复区（包括放牧地）的土壤种子库和地上植被的组成、大小及多样性进行比较研究表明,植被恢复区土壤种子库和地上植被的密度、丰富度、多样性及均匀度均大于未恢复区。恢复区地上生物量要远大于未恢复区。水平阶和各类型间的土壤种子库密度与地上植被密度差异显著。土壤种子库中草本植物占很大比例。孔颖草和扭黄茅是土壤种子库和地上植被的两大优势种,两者的个体数量、重要值及生物量最大。土壤种子库和地上植被有较高的相似性,且随着恢复程度的加深,相似性有增高的趋势;土壤种子库密度和地上植被密度之间关系可以用二次和三次曲线拟合。     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

Soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation within hillslope vegetation restoration sites in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley

Soil seed bank plays an important role in the composition of different plant communities, especially in their conservation. Although soil seed bank, aboveground vegetation and their relationship have been the subject of much recent attention, little is known about the size and species composition of the soil seed bank and about the aboveground vegetation in the semiarid hillslope grasslands. There is limited understanding of how these components interact to determine the importance of seed banks in regeneration. In this study, the size and species composition of a soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation have been assessed in an experiment using 36 vegetation quadrats and 108 soil samples in terrace, slope, gully, and grazing land. This land represents a range of habitats within a hillslope grassland in Jinshajing hot-dry river valley of Yunnan, China. Terrace, slope, and gully represent restored sites and grazing land typifies unrestored sites. Twenty-one taxa in the seed bank were identified with a median and median density of 7 species/m² and 5498 seeds/m², respectively, whereas in the aboveground vegetation, 19 species were observed with a median and median density of 6 species/m² and 1088 plants/m², respectively. Both seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density among grazing land, gully, slope, and terrace differed significantly. There was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and aboveground vegetation. Gramineae predominated over both seed bank and vegetation. The most frequent seeds and plants were Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv that had the highest individual number, importance value, and biomass. In the seed bank, the seeds of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 50.68% and 33.10% of the total seeds, respectively. In the aboveground vegetation, the individual number of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for 55.66% and 29.86% of the total, respectively. The biomass of Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv accounted for more than 70% of the total, reaching 206.71 g/m² and 147.76 g/m², respectively. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv had the highest importance value of 193.01 and 159.99, respectively. Density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and evenness were the highest in terrace land, whereas these were lowest in grazing land. Similarities between the seed bank and the aboveground vegetation were moderately high and not very different among slope, gully, and terrace lands, while for grazing land, they tended to increase when the restorative stage progressed. This result contrasts with some other studies where the seed bank contributes very little to the seedling flora and the vegetative growth clearly overwhelms sexual reproduction. The hypothesis about significant functional correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density is conformed. Correlation between soil seed bank density and aboveground vegetation density can be described in quadratic and cubic curves. The strong similarity between the vegetation and the seed bank is attributed to a large proportion of the species Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus and Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv., which are seed profusive and whose seeds have a significant viability in the ground. The high density, biomass, species richness, species diversity, and uniformity of the reclaimed site are related to the sufficiency of heat and water supplies for species establishment and growth in the site, which partly reflects the effective efforts for hillslope grassland restoration. It is believed that the efforts for vegetation restoration have altered the microhabitat conditions of the site and have provided a favorable habitat for species to establish and grow.     

三江平原沟渠土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系

为了探究三江平原沟渠土壤种子库在湿地植物保护中的作用及其在湿地恢复中的潜力,该文采用幼苗萌发法与样方调查相结合的方法,对三江平原不同开挖年限沟渠的土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系进行了研究。结果表明:沟渠具有较大规模的土壤种子库,边坡种子库显著大于底泥种子库,边坡种子库密度为8 973–25 000 seeds·m–2,底泥种子库密度为506–1 488 seeds·m–2。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库共有50种植物萌发,隶属于20科41属。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库萌发物种数分别为37种、34种和33种,地上植被物种数分别为25种、33种和22种。土壤种子库和相应地上植被的相似性系数分别为38.7%、35.8%和32.7%。随着植物群落演替的进行,地上植被的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均逐渐增大。三江平原沟渠土壤种子库和地上植被中保存了大量湿地植物,表明沟渠具有保护植物物种多样性的作用,沟渠土壤种子库具有湿地恢复的潜力。随着沟渠开挖年限增加,沟渠植物群落呈现退化特征,建议对沟渠系统加强管理。