农田生态系统温室气体减排技术评价指标

目前,国内外学者很少从评价的角度去研究农田温室气体减排技术,缺乏完整性和统一性的评价指标,不利于对农田管理技术进行科学的判断.本研究汇总了当前可作为农田减排技术评价的指标,遵循代表性、客观性、完整性、主导性和可操作性原则,对各项指标的合理性进行了分析,依据我国农业生产实际情况,确定了农田生态系统温室气体减排技术的评价指标.以单位面积粮食产量作为约束性指标,温室气体排放强度(单位产量下的温室气体排放总量)作为综合指标,并将粮食产量、土壤有机碳变化、N2O直接排放、水田CH4排放与农田投入直接和间接排放作为后者的分项指标;依据温室气体排放强度计算公式,能够科学、系统地评价农田减排技术的温室效应,可为我国农田减排技术的提出和推广提供科学依据.     

高寒草地土壤温室气体排放对放牧的响应研究进展

高寒草地生态系统具有独特的地理环境和气候特征,对放牧干扰十分敏感,在全球温室气体通量中贡献突出,研究高寒草地放牧对土壤温室气体排放的影响机制具有重要意义。本文总结高寒草地温室气体源/汇特征、不同放牧方式对土壤微环境和微生物群落结构的影响,发现高寒草地主要是CO₂源、CH₄汇、N₂O源。放牧通过家畜选择性采食、践踏和排泄物返还等多重机制作用于地上植物、土壤结构、温度、湿度和养分,进而影响地下微生物及温室气体通量。本文旨在为高寒草地生态系统健康发展和管理及缓解全球气候变化提供科学依据,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

新书《中国典型草原生态系统》简介

草原是我国最重要的植被类型之一 ,也是最重要的可更新资源和草地畜牧业基地。作为地球陆地生态系统中第二重要的绿色屏障 ,对于维护我们人类赖以生存的家园具有十分重要的意义。由于近几十年来 ,随着牧区人口和社会经济的发展 ,对草原的利用强度日益增大 ,加上对草地资源不合理的利用方式 ,使得大面积的天然草原不断退化 ,生产力下降 ,草畜矛盾严重 ;草原生态系统结构和功能的破坏 ,生物多样性和稳定性急剧下降及生态环境质量的恶化 ,严重威胁着草原生态系统和草地畜牧业的可持续发展。1979年 ,中国科学院在我国草原中最具代表性、典型性和…     

内蒙古天然与放牧草原温室气体排放研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定内蒙古典型草原温室气体排放。结果表明,四类天然草原吸收CH4、排放N2O和CO2各自有其相对固定的季节变化形式,四类草原和大气交换温室气体通量的变化形式基本一致,受年度气候变化所控制,而土壤、植被类型、降雨量等天然因素和放牧强度等人为因素仅影响排放强度。与天然羊草草原相比,自由放牧降低了羊草草原对CH4的吸收和N2O排放,增加了CO2的排放。     

大型丝状藻类对城市河流甲烷排放的影响研究进展

温室气体排放导致的全球变暖受到广泛关注.近期研究发现,经由河流系统排放的二氧化碳（CO₂）和甲烷（CH₄）可部分抵消陆地生态系统的碳固定量,从而使人们开始重新思考河流对于全球碳平衡和温室气体排放清单的影响.作为城市河流系统中重要的初级生产者,大型丝状藻类通过改变水-沉积物界面物理、化学以及生物等环境因子,深刻影响着河流生态系统的碳循环过程.本文从3个方面阐述大型丝状藻类对于城市河流中CH₄排放的影响:城市化对河流生态系统及其CH₄排放通量的影响;大型丝状藻类对自然河流系统中CH₄产生与排放过程的影响;大型丝状藻类对城市河流系统初级生产力及CH₄产生过程的影响.最后对目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

基于碳循环的化石能源及电力生态足迹

研究在对陆地生态系统的碳循环的进行分析后,将化石能源地定义被修订为"吸收化石能源燃烧排放的温室气体排放的森林和草原".然后,基于净生态系统生产量(NEP)--植被体内碳净累积量计算了全球森林及草原对温室气体的平均吸收能力.最后,结合能源热量转换和碳排放数据,重新计算了各种化石能源及电力的生态足迹.     

草地农业生态系统的碳平衡分析方法

根据草地农业生态系统的结构,它的碳平衡为4个生产层的碳平衡之和,也是3个界面的碳平衡之和,而某一生产层或者某一界面的碳平衡则是其固定、输入、排放和输出的碳之和。草地农业生态系统4个生产层的碳平衡分析方法定量重要生产环节的碳汇与碳源过程,便于草业生产改进碳汇管理;草地农业生态系统3个界面的碳平衡分析方法显示碳源和碳汇的发生机理,及其空间和数量关系,便于调控草业生产组分以增汇减排;但是,这两个方法不易区分碳的来源和去向,难以明确其利用效率。草地农业生态系统碳平衡分析的输入/输出法定量地指示碳的来源和去向,以及碳效率,计算简单,但是较为概括,不利于牧场尺度的草业碳汇管理。以中国祁连山甘肃马鹿牧场和澳大利亚塔斯玛尼亚奶牛牧场为例,用3种方法分析了两个牧场的碳平衡,结果表明,放牧管理的草业系统的主要碳源是休闲旅游、产品加工流通环节产生的温室气体,主要碳汇是草地和土壤中贮存的碳,好的草地管理可以增汇减排。     

产业园区温室气体排放清单

温室气体排放所导致的全球气候变化是国际社会长期关注的热点问题,它严重限制了人类社会的发展并威胁着人类的生存。产业园区通常集中了一个区域主要的生产要素与生产能力,也代表着特定产业在该区域的发展水平,理应作为发展低碳经济的基础单元和减少温室气体排放的重要控制点,也可以成为解决区域资源、环境问题的突破口。明确了产业园区温室气体排放的系统边界和内部结构,梳理了产业园区全生命周期温室气体排放行为,综合考虑产业园区能源消耗、工业生产、物质材料消耗、仪器设备投入、废弃物处理处置、景观绿化等过程,建立产业园区温室气体排放核算方法,并对案例园区进行了清单分析。结果表明:案例园区整个生命周期的温室气体排放量为1872177 t CO2-eq,其中运行管理阶段占全生命周期排放的比例最高,为95.35%。建设阶段的温室气体排放总量中建筑材料消耗引起的排放占到96.95%,主要集中在建筑工程、内部装修工程和外部装饰工程3个环节。运行管理阶段电力消耗、热力消耗和污水处理过程的排放量占到总量的98.69%。根据核算及分析结果提出了案例园区在建设和运行管理阶段实现温室气体减排的建议。     

中国农业系统近40年温室气体排放核算

基于排放因子法构建了包含种植业和牲畜养殖业的农业系统温室气体排放核算体系,系统核算了1980-2020年我国全国尺度上的农业系统温室气体排放总量和变化趋势,并在区县级尺度下对1980、2000、2011年的中国农业系统的温室气体排放量进行核算,对比不同阶段农业系统温室气体排放变化的时空异质性规律。研究发现：1980-2020年我国农业系统温室气体排放量呈波动增长趋势,增长了近46%。CH₄是农业系统排放贡献最大的温室气体,占总排放量的47.33%。我国农业系统温室气体排放与不同地区农业生产方式有关,CH₄排放量高的地区主要位于我国主要水稻产区以及旱地作物产区。CO₂排放量高的地区主要位于东北、西北等地区以及华东地区。N₂O排放量较高地区主要位于西北的主要畜牧养殖地区,以及我国农业经济发展水平高的中南部地区。研究有助于揭示我国农业温室气体排放的动态特征,现状规律,以及空间差异性特征,从农业减排角度为实现双碳目标提供科学参考。     

老芒麦遗传多样性及育种研究进展

老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus）的研究对我国北方草原及青藏高原高寒草甸的退化草地改良、发展草地畜牧业具有重要意义。本文综述了老芒麦在形态学、细胞学、蛋白质和DNA分子水平上的遗传多样性研究概况,并总结了国内老芒麦的育种研究进展。目前国内外专门针对不同老芒麦种质材料（accession）或居群（populations）遗传多样性的研究鲜见报道,相关研究主要集中在与披碱草属（Elymus）及其近缘小麦族物种的系统进化研究方面;其次,我国仅有6个老芒麦国家审定品种,且育种手段较单一、落后,育成品种优势集中在产量和适应性上,缺乏对抗逆性种质的筛选培育。     

Livestock greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential in Europe

The livestock sector contributes considerably to global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Here, for the year 2007 we examined GHG emissions in the EU27 livestock sector and estimated GHG emissions from production and consumption of livestock products; including imports, exports and wastage. We also reviewed available mitigation options and estimated their potential. The focus of this review is on the beef and dairy sector since these contribute 60% of all livestock production emissions. Particular attention is paid to the role of land use and land use change (LULUC) and carbon sequestration in grasslands. GHG emissions of all livestock products amount to between 630 and 863 Mt CO₂e, or 12–17% of total EU27 GHG emissions in 2007. The highest emissions aside from production, originate from LULUC, followed by emissions from wasted food. The total GHG mitigation potential from the livestock sector in Europe is between 101 and 377 Mt CO₂e equivalent to between 12 and 61% of total EU27 livestock sector emissions in 2007. A reduction in food waste and consumption of livestock products linked with reduced production, are the most effective mitigation options, and if encouraged, would also deliver environmental and human health benefits. Production of beef and dairy on grassland, as opposed to intensive grain fed production, can be associated with a reduction in GHG emissions depending on actual LULUC emissions. This could be promoted on rough grazing land where appropriate.     

Current available strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in livestock systems: an animal welfare perspective

Livestock production is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so will play a significant role in the mitigation effort. Recent literature highlights different strategies to mitigate GHG emissions in the livestock sector. Animal welfare is a criterion of sustainability and any strategy designed to reduce the carbon footprint of livestock production should consider animal welfare amongst other sustainability metrics. We discuss and tabulate the likely relationships and trade-offs between the GHG mitigation potential of mitigation strategies and their welfare consequences, focusing on ruminant species and on cattle in particular. The major livestock GHG mitigation strategies were classified according to their mitigation approach as reducing total emissions (inhibiting methane production in the rumen), or reducing emissions intensity (Ei; reducing CH₄ per output unit without directly targeting methanogenesis). Strategies classified as antimethanogenic included chemical inhibitors, electron acceptors (i.e. nitrates), ionophores (i.e. Monensin) and dietary lipids. Increasing diet digestibility, intensive housing, improving health and welfare, increasing reproductive efficiency and breeding for higher productivity were categorized as strategies that reduce Ei. Strategies that increase productivity are very promising ways to reduce the livestock carbon footprint, though in intensive systems this is likely to be achieved at the cost of welfare. Other strategies can effectively reduce GHG emissions whilst simultaneously improving animal welfare (e.g. feed supplementation or improving health). These win–win strategies should be strongly supported as they address both environmental and ethical sustainability. In order to identify the most cost-effective measures for improving environmental sustainability of livestock production, the consequences of current and future strategies for animal welfare must be scrutinized and contrasted against their effectiveness in mitigating climate change.     

Climate mitigation by dairy intensification depends on intensive use of spared grassland

Milk and beef production cause 9% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have shown that dairy intensification reduces the carbon footprint of milk by increasing animal productivity and feed conversion efficiency. None of these studies simultaneously evaluated indirect GHG effects incurred via teleconnections with expansion of feed crop production and replacement suckler‐beef production. We applied consequential LCA to incorporate these effects into GHG mitigation calculations for intensification scenarios among grazing‐based dairy farms in an industrialized country (UK), in which milk production shifts from average to intensive farm typologies, involving higher milk yields per cow and more maize and concentrate feed in cattle diets. Attributional LCA indicated a reduction of up to 0.10 kg CO₂e kg^?1 milk following intensification, reflecting improved feed conversion efficiency. However, consequential LCA indicated that land use change associated with increased demand for maize and concentrate feed, plus additional suckler‐beef production to replace reduced dairy‐beef output, significantly increased GHG emissions following intensification. International displacement of replacement suckler‐beef production to the “global beef frontier” in Brazil resulted in small GHG savings for the UK GHG inventory, but contributed to a net increase in international GHG emissions equivalent to 0.63 kg CO₂e kg^?1 milk. Use of spared dairy grassland for intensive beef production can lead to net GHG mitigation by replacing extensive beef production, enabling afforestation on larger areas of lower quality grassland, or by avoiding expansion of international (Brazilian) beef production. We recommend that LCA boundaries are expanded when evaluating livestock intensification pathways, to avoid potentially misleading conclusions being drawn from “snapshot” carbon footprints. We conclude that dairy intensification in industrialized countries can lead to significant international carbon leakage, and only achieves GHG mitigation when spared dairy grassland is used to intensify beef production, freeing up larger areas for afforestation.     

Policy options in addressing livestock's contribution to climate change

There is a great potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to livestock production. For achieving this potential will require new initiatives at national and international levels that include promoting research and development on new mitigation technologies; deploying, diffusing and transferring technologies to mitigate emissions; and enhancing capacities to monitor, report and verify emissions from livestock production. This study describes the sources of livestock-related GHG emissions and reviews available mitigation technologies and practices. We assess the main policy instruments available to curb emissions and promote carbon sinks, and discuss the relative merits of alternative approaches. We discuss recent experiences in countries that have enacted mitigation strategies for the livestock sector to illustrate some of the key issues and constraints in policy implementation. Finally, we explore the main issues and challenges surrounding international efforts to mitigate GHG emissions and discuss some possible ways to address these challenges in future climate agreements.     

Trends in greenhouse gas emissions from consumption and production of animal food products – implications for long-term climate targets

To analyse trends in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from production and consumption of animal products in Sweden, life cycle emissions were calculated for the average production of pork, chicken meat, beef, dairy and eggs in 1990 and 2005. The calculated average emissions were used together with food consumption statistics and literature data on imported products to estimate trends in per capita emissions from animal food consumption. Total life cycle emissions from the Swedish livestock production were around 8.5 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e) in 1990 and emissions decreased to 7.3 Mt CO₂e in 2005 (14% reduction). Around two-thirds of the emission cut was explained by more efficient production (less GHG emission per product unit) and one-third was due to a reduced animal production. The average GHG emissions per product unit until the farm-gate were reduced by 20% for dairy, 15% for pork and 23% for chicken meat, unchanged for eggs and increased by 10% for beef. A larger share of the average beef was produced from suckler cows in cow–calf systems in 2005 due to the decreasing dairy cow herd, which explains the increased emissions for the average beef in 2005. The overall emission cuts from the livestock sector were a result of several measures taken in farm production, for example increased milk yield per cow, lowered use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers in grasslands, reduced losses of ammonia from manure and a switch to biofuels for heating in chicken houses. In contrast to production, total GHG emissions from the Swedish consumption of animal products increased by around 22% between 1990 and 2005. This was explained by strong growth in meat consumption based mainly on imports, where growth in beef consumption especially was responsible for most emission increase over the 15-year period. Swedish GHG emissions caused by consumption of animal products reached around 1.1 t CO₂e per capita in 2005. The emission cuts necessary for meeting a global temperature-increase target of 2° might imply a severe constraint on the long-term global consumption of animal food. Due to the relatively limited potential for reducing food-related emissions by higher productivity and technological means, structural changes in food consumption towards less emission-intensive food might be required for meeting the 2° target.     

Measurement and prediction of enteric methane emission

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector account for about 25.5% of total global anthropogenic emission. While CO₂ receives the most attention as a factor relative to global warming, CH₄, N₂O and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also cause significant radiative forcing. With the relative global warming potential of 25 compared with CO₂, CH₄ is one of the most important GHGs. This article reviews the prediction models, estimation methodology and strategies for reducing enteric CH₄ emissions. Emission of CH₄ in ruminants differs among developed and developing countries, depending on factors like animal species, breed, pH of rumen fluid, ratio of acetate:propionate, methanogen population, composition of diet and amount of concentrate fed. Among the ruminant animals, cattle contribute the most towards the greenhouse effect through methane emission followed by sheep, goats and buffalos, respectively. The estimated CH₄ emission rate per cattle, buffaloe, sheep and goat in developed countries are 150.7, 137, 21.9 and 13.7 (g/animal/day) respectively. However, the estimated rates in developing countries are significantly lower at 95.9 and 13.7 (g/animal/day) per cattle and sheep, respectively. There exists a strong interest in developing new and improving the existing CH₄ prediction models to identify mitigation strategies for reducing the overall CH₄ emissions. A synthesis of the available literature suggests that the mechanistic models are superior to empirical models in accurately predicting the CH₄ emission from dairy farms. The latest development in prediction model is the integrated farm system model which is a process-based whole-farm simulation technique. Several techniques are used to quantify enteric CH₄ emissions starting from whole animal chambers to sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer techniques. The latest technology developed to estimate CH₄ more accurately is the micrometeorological mass difference technique. Because the conditions under which animals are managed vary greatly by country, CH₄ emissions reduction strategies must be tailored to country-specific circumstances. Strategies that are cost effective, improve productivity, and have limited potential negative effects on livestock production hold a greater chance of being adopted by producers. It is also important to evaluate CH₄ mitigation strategies in terms of the total GHG budget and to consider the economics of various strategies. Although reductions in GHG emissions from livestock industries are seen as high priorities, strategies for reducing emissions should not reduce the economic viability of enterprises.     

Mitigating climate change: the role of domestic livestock

Livestock contribute directly (i.e. as methane and nitrous oxide (N2O)) to about 9% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and around 3% of UK emissions. If all parts of the livestock production lifecycle are included (fossil fuels used to produce mineral fertilizers used in feed production and N2O emissions from fertilizer use; methane release from the breakdown of fertilizers and from animal manure; land-use changes for feed production and for grazing; land degradation; fossil fuel use during feed and animal production; fossil fuel use in production and transport of processed and refrigerated animal products), livestock are estimated to account for 18% of global anthropogenic emissions, but less than 8% in the UK. In terms of GHG emissions per unit of livestock product, monogastric livestock are more efficient than ruminants; thus in the UK, while sheep and cattle accounted for 32% of meat production in 2006, they accounted for 48% of GHG emissions associated with meat production. More efficient management of grazing lands and of manure can have a direct impact in decreasing emissions. Improving efficiency of livestock production through better breeding, health interventions or improving fertility can also decrease GHG emissions through decreasing the number of livestock required per unit product. Increasing the energy density of the diet has a dual effect, decreasing both direct emissions and the numbers of livestock per unit product, but, as the demands for food increase in response to increasing human population and a better diet in some developing countries, there is increasing competition for land for food v. energy-dense feed crops. Recalculating efficiencies of energy and protein production on the basis of human-edible food produced per unit of human-edible feed consumed gave higher efficiencies for ruminants than for monogastric animals. The policy community thus have difficult decisions to make in balancing the negative contribution of livestock to the environment against the positive benefit in terms of food security. The animal science community have a responsibility to provide an evidence base which is objective and holistic with respect to these two competing challenges.     

Impact of longevity on greenhouse gas emissions and profitability of individual dairy cows analysed with different system boundaries

Dairy production systems are often criticized as being major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG). In this context, the extension of the length of the productive life of dairy cows is gaining interest as a potential GHG mitigation option. In the present study, we investigated cow and system GHG emission intensity and profitability based on data from 30 dairy cows of different productive lifetime fed either no or limited amounts of concentrate. Detailed information concerning productivity, feeding and individual enteric methane emissions of the individuals was available from a controlled experiment and herd book databases. A simplified GHG balance was calculated for each animal based on the milk produced at the time of the experiment and for their entire lifetime milk production. For the lifetime production, we also included the emissions arising from potential beef produced by fattening the offspring of the dairy cows. This accounted for the effect that changes in the length of productive life will affect the replacement rate and thus the number of calves that can be used for beef production. Profitability was assessed by calculating revenues and full economic costs for the cows in the data set. Both emission intensity and profitability were most favourable in cows with long productive life, whereas cows that had not finished their first lactation performed particularly unfavourably with regard to their emissions per unit of product and rearing costs were mostly not repaid. Including the potential beef production, GHG emissions in relation to total production of animal protein also decreased with age, but the overall variability was greater, as the individual cow history (lifetime milk yield, twin births, stillbirths, etc.) added further sources of variation. The present results show that increasing the length of productive life of dairy cows is a viable way to reduce the climate impact and to improve profitability of dairy production.     

Bioethanol production from sugarcane and emissions of greenhouse gases – known and unknowns

Bioethanol production from sugarcane is discussed as an alternative energy source to reduce dependencies of regional economies on fossil fuels. Even though bioethanol production from sugarcane is considered to be a beneficial and cost‐effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy, it is still a matter of controversy due to insufficient information on the total GHG balance of this system. Aside from the necessity to account for the impact of land use change (LUC), soil N₂O emissions during sugarcane production and emissions of GHG due to preharvest burning may significantly impact the GHG balance. Based on a thorough literature review, we show that direct N₂O emissions from sugarcane fields due to nitrogen (N) fertilization result in an emission factor of 3.87±1.16% which is much higher than suggested by IPCC (1%). N₂O emissions from N fertilization accounted for 40% of the total GHG emissions from ethanol–sugarcane production, with an additional 17% from trash burning. If LUC‐related GHG emissions are considered, the total GHG balance turns negative mainly due to vegetation carbon losses. Our study also shows that major gaps in knowledge still exist about GHG sources related to agricultural management during sugarcane production, e.g. effects of irrigation, vinasse and filter cake application. Therefore, more studies are needed to assess if bioethanol from sugarcane is a viable option to reduce energy‐related GHG emissions.     

甘南牧区草畜平衡优化方案与管理决策

利用Matlab 7.9软件的多目标规划方法,以甘南牧区2008年及以前的草地畜牧业动态监测资料和社会经济发展调查统计数据为基础,以维持草畜平衡、优化畜群结构和保护草地生态环境为总目标,综合考虑牧区畜群结构优化、牧业生产目标、草畜动态平衡、区域社会经济收益状况和生态环境保护5个方面的约束条件,研究了规划期(2009-2011年)甘南牧区草地畜牧业发展的优化方案及管理对策,对比分析了减畜和增畜2种优化方案在畜群结构、牲畜总增率、净增率、商品率、出栏率、农牧民纯收益等方面的数量变化特征,提出甘南牧区草畜平衡优化方案及管理决策。研究结果表明,减畜优化方案是实现上述目标的根本途径。具体措施包括:1)适度调整牲畜数量,改良品种,优化畜群结构;2)调整农作物播种面积及结构,增加人工草地种植面积,提高补饲水平;3)稳定天然林草地面积,维护牧区生态环境; 4)增强畜牧业生产效益,提高出栏率;5)严格控制人口数量,加强国家政策调控机制。