植物生长发育中程序性细胞死亡

本文简要介绍了植物细胞凋亡的一些特点以及植物在营养生长和生殖生长过程中发生的细胞凋亡现象。指出细胞凋亡是植物生长发育过程中正常的生理现象。     

植物细胞凋亡的检测方法

细胞凋亡是一种在动、植物中普遍存在的现象,在动、植物的发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。从形态学、生化及分子生物学、免疫学、生理学等方面介绍了几种检测细胞凋亡的方法,以及各种方法在检测不同植物凋亡时的应用,并对植物细胞凋亡检测技术的前景进行了展望。     

植物细胞凋亡的研究进展

大量的实验研究表明细胞凋亡普遍存在于植物中,对于植物的正常生长发育及病理过程具有十分重要的生物学意义。植物细胞与动物细胞凋亡有许多相似的特征;在凋亡过程中有核酸内切酶的激活以及类caspase的参与;尽管植物细胞与动物细胞凋亡具有相似特征和机制,但其独特的分子调控机理目前尚不清楚 。     

植物细胞程序性死亡分子机制和信号转导

细胞程序化死亡(PCD)在植物的发育、抗病及植物与环境互作等过程中发挥着极其重要的作用.总结了植物细胞凋亡发生的特征及其检测技术,概括了植细胞凋亡的分子机制,综述了植物细胞凋亡相关激素种类及其信号转导机制,并对植物细胞凋亡存在的问题进行分析和展望.     

植物细胞凋亡的研究进展

大量的实验研究表明细胞凋亡普遍存在于植物中,对于植物的正常生长发育及病理过程具有十分重要的生物学意义。植物细胞与动物细胞凋亡有许多相似的特征;在凋亡过程中有核酸内切酶的激活以及类caspase的参与。尽管植物细胞与动物细胞凋亡具有相似特征和机制,但其独特的分子调控机理目前尚不清楚。     

FRET技术检测植物类caspase-3蛋白酶活性的质粒构建及其瞬时表达

植物细胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death,PCD）是一种由细胞内部程序控制的、主动的细胞死亡过程。在植物发育、逆境胁迫及超敏反应中,PCD都起着重要的作用。为检测植物PCD过程中类似动物细胞凋亡蛋白酶caspase-3的活性,构建了一个能够在活体植物细胞中实时检测类caspase-3蛋白酶激活的质粒PI—ECFP—EYFP。该质粒在植物细胞中可以表达出两端为青色荧光蛋白（ECFP）和黄色荧光蛋白（EYFP）的融合蛋白。这两个荧光蛋白通过含有caspase-3蛋白酶作用靶点DEVD的短肽相连,从而可以根据荧光共振能量转移现象检测类caspase-3凋亡蛋白酶的激活,以为实时检测植物PCD过程中关键蛋白酶的激活及其调控奠定基础。     

动物细胞凋亡相关基因在植物中的同源笥研究进展

细胞凋亡是由基因调节的主动过程。对动物细胞凋亡相关基因在植物中的同源性的研究发现,dad—1基因的结构和功能在动物和植物中均具有保守性。动物中的其他细胞凋亡相关基因,如ras、myc、Rb、p53、bcl-2 等基因,在植物中均有其同源序列,有的在植物中找到了功能相似的基因。细胞凋亡的调控机制在生物进化过程中,不但具有一定程度的保守性,而且在调控机制上具有多样性。     

动物细胞凋亡相关基因在植物中的同源性研究进展

细胞凋亡是由基因调节的主动过程.对动物细胞凋亡相关基因在植物中的同源性的研究发现,dad-1基因的结构和功能在动物和植物中均具有保守性.动物中的其他细胞凋亡相关基因,如ras、myc、Rb、p53、bcl-2 等基因,在植物中均有其同源序列,有的在植物中找到了功能相似的基因.细胞凋亡的调控机制在生物进化过程中,不但具有一定程度的保守性,而且在调控机制上具有多样性.     

植物细胞凋亡研究进展

细胞凋亡是生物体生长发育、细胞分化和病理条件下细胞主动、有序的死亡过程.大量研究表明,细胞凋亡是植物胚胎发育,导管分子的形成,根、茎、叶、花等器官正常生长发育的重要组成部分.在植物的超敏反应中,寄主细胞凋亡对限制病原物的扩散、保护植物整体发挥着重要作用.     

植物管状分子发育中的细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡在植物发育过程和防御机制中发挥着重要作用.植物细胞凋亡具有染色质固缩和边缘化、DNA片断化、核的降解、质膜内缩、大量囊泡的出现、细胞壁的修饰等特征,是由相关的基因、蛋白酶以及细胞色素C介导和调控的.本文根据国内外的研究报道,对两种管状分子(导管、筛管)发育过程中细胞凋亡的形态学变化以及机制进行分析,为进一步探讨细胞凋亡的途径和机制提供参考.     

植物中的细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡（ＰＣＤ）对于维持植物的正常生长发育非常重要,目前已成为植物学研究的一个热点。本文综合评述了近年来植物ＰＣＤ研究的某些进展,包括植物ＰＣＤ的特征,植物的营养生长、生殖生长以及与环境互作过程中存在的各种ＰＣＤ及其证据,植物ＰＣＤ发生的分子机制及其调控等等。对植物ＰＣＤ研究中有待进一步解决的问题和可能意义提出了自己的见解。     

植物中的细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡(PCD)对于维持植物的正常生长发育非常重要,目前已成为植物学研究的一个热点。本文综合评述了近年来植物PCD研究的某些进展,包括植物PCD的特征,植物的营养生长、生殖生长以及与环境互作过程中存在的各种PCD及其证据,植物PCD发生的分子机制及其调控等等。对植物PCD研究中有待进一步解决的问题和可能意义提出了自己的见解。     

Programmed cell death: similarities and differences in animals and plants. A flower paradigm

Summary. After an overview of the criteria for the definition of cell death in the animal cell and of its different types of death, a comparative analysis of PCD in the plant cell is reported. The cytological characteristics of the plant cell undergoing PCD are described. The role of plant hormones and growth factors in the regulation of this event is discussed with particular emphasis on PCD activation or prevention by polyamine treatment (doses, timing and developmental stage of the organism) in a Developmental cell death plant model: the Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) flower corolla. Some of the effects of polyamines might be mediated by transglutaminase catalysis. The activity of this enzyme was examined in different parts of the corolla during its life span showing an acropetal trend parallel to the cell death wave. The location of transglutaminase in some sub-cellular compartments suggests that it exerts different functions in the corolla DCD.     

植物细胞程序死亡的机理及其与发育的关系

细胞程序死亡（PCD）是在植物体发育过程中普遍存在的,在发育的特定阶段发生的自然的细胞死亡过程,这一死亡过程是由某些特定基因编码的“死亡程序”控制的。PCD是细胞分化的最后阶段。细胞分化的临界期就处于死亡程序执行中的某个阶段。PCD包含启动期、效应期和清除期三个阶段,其间caspase家族起着重要作用。PCD在细胞和组织的平衡、特化,以及组织分化、器官建成和对病原体的反应等植物发育过程中起着重要作用。PCD中的形态学变化和生物化学变化都有着严格的时序性。植物的PCD和动物的PCD有许多共性,包括细胞形态和DNA降解等变化。也有一些不同,植物PCD的产物既可被其它细胞吸收利用;也可用于构建自身的次生细胞壁。     

植物细胞程序死亡的机理及其与发育的关系

细胞程序死亡（ＰＣＤ）是在植物体发育过程中普遍存在的,在发育的特定阶段发生的自然的细胞死亡过程,这一死亡过程是由某些特定基因编码的“死亡程序”控制的。ＰＣＤ的细胞分化的最后阶段。细胞分化的临界期就牌死亡程序执行中的某个阶段。ＰＣＤ包含启动期和清除期三个阶段,其间ＣＡＳＰＡＳＥ家族起着重要作用。ＰＣＤ在细胞和组织的平衡、特化,以及组织分化、器官建成和对病原体的反应等植物发育过程中起着重要作用。ＰＣＤ     

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well characterised and molecular mechanisms controlling plant PCD are beginning to emerge, there is still confusion about the classification of PCD in plants. Here we suggest a classification based on morphological criteria. According to this classification, the use of the term 'apoptosis' is not justified in plants, but at least two classes of PCD can be distinguished: vacuolar cell death and necrosis. During vacuolar cell death, the cell contents are removed by a combination of autophagy-like process and release of hydrolases from collapsed lytic vacuoles. Necrosis is characterised by early rupture of the plasma membrane, shrinkage of the protoplast and absence of vacuolar cell death features. Vacuolar cell death is common during tissue and organ formation and elimination, whereas necrosis is typically found under abiotic stress. Some examples of plant PCD cannot be ascribed to either major class and are therefore classified as separate modalities. These are PCD associated with the hypersensitive response to biotrophic pathogens, which can express features of both necrosis and vacuolar cell death, PCD in starchy cereal endosperm and during self-incompatibility. The present classification is not static, but will be subject to further revision, especially when specific biochemical pathways are better defined.     

Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that occurs throughout the life span of every plant life, from initial germination of the seed to the senescence of the plant. It is a normal physiological milestone during the plant’s developmental process, but it can also be induced by external factors, including a variety of environmental stresses and as a response to pathogen infections. Changes in the morphology of the nucleus is one of the most noticeable during PCD but all the components of the plant cell (cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and organelles) are involved in this fascinating process. To date, relatively little is known about PCD in plants, but several factors, among which polyamines (PAs) and plant growth regulators, have been shown to play an important role in the initiation and regulation of the process. The role of PAs in plant PCD appears to be multifaceted acting in some instances as pro-survival molecules, whereas in others seem to be implicated in accelerating PCD. The molecular mechanism is still under study. Here we present some PCD plant models, focusing on the role of the enzyme responsible for PA conjugation to proteins: transglutaminase (TGase), an enzyme linked with the process of PCD also in some animal models. The role of PAs and plant TGase in the senescence and PCD in flowers, leaf and the self-incompatibility of pollen will be discussed and examined in depth.     

Many ways to exit? Cell death categories in plants

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and defence. It occurs at all stages of the life cycle, from fertilization of the ovule to death of the whole plant. Without it, tall trees would probably not be possible and plants would more easily succumb to invading microorganisms. Here, we have attempted to categorize plant PCD in relation to three established morphological types of metazoan cell death: apoptosis, autophagy and non-lysosomal PCD. We conclude that (i) no examples of plant PCD conform to the apoptotic type, (ii) many examples of PCD during plant development agree with the autophagic type, and (iii) that other examples are apparently neither apoptotic nor autophagic.     

Nitric oxide restrain root growth by DNA damage induced cell cycle arrest in Arabidopsis thaliana

Nitric oxide (NO) participates in the regulation of diverse functions in plant cells. However, different NO concentrations may trigger different pathways during the plant development. At basal levels of NO, plants utilize the NO signaling transduction pathway to facilitate plant growth and development, whereas higher concentrations trigger programmed cell death (PCD). Our results show that NO lower than the levels causing PCD, but higher than the basal levels induce DNA damage in root cells in Arabidopsis as witnessed by a reduction in root growth, rather than cell death, since cells retain the capacity to differentiate root hairs. The decrease in meristematic cells and increase in DNA damage signals in roots in responses to NO are in a dose dependent manner. The restraint of root growth is due to cell cycle arrest at G1 phase which is caused by NO induced DNA damage, besides a second arrest at G2/M existed in NO supersensitive mutant cue1. The results indicate that NO restrain root growth via DNA damage induced cell cycle arrest.