基于遥感的官厅水库水质监测研究

遥感监测具有监测面积广、速度快、成本低等优势,常用于大面积水质监测。以北京官厅水库为研究对象,通过野外和实验室测量数据建立水质参数遥感反演的生物光学模型,对夏季官厅水库的非色素颗粒物浓度、叶绿素a浓度和有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)浓度进行了反演。该模型研究的目的就是通过建立反演模型,利用卫星数据进行水质参数反演,从而得到大面积水体的水质分布图。采用CHRIS/Proba高光谱数据反演官厅水库的水体组分浓度,对库区水质反演要素的空间分布规律进行了分析。结果表明,所采用的遥感反演模型基本适用于官厅水库水质监测,反演出的叶绿素a、总悬浮物和CDOM的空间分布与实际测量值的空间分布基本吻合。     

Landsat数据在解析太湖水体溶解性有机碳影响机制中的应用

流域水体溶解性有机碳是碳循环的重要组成部分。本研究以太湖流域气象数据、遥感反演参数和2015年5月的一期Landsat-8 OLI_TIRS卫星数字影像为基础,分析Landsat水质模型反演数据和太湖水体溶解性有机质(DOM)各参数的相关性,阐明湖水DOM来源及不同来源DOM特性。结果表明:以Landsat红光波段、近红外波段和蓝光波段为基础反演的叶绿素a浓度、蓝藻密度、透明度和浊度等水质参数和遥感水质监测中归一化悬浮物指数均与太湖水体DOC浓度分布一致,且DOM主要为内生源;依据Landsat影像对太湖子流域进行土地利用监督分类,表明流域土地利用/覆被方式是影响类蛋白物质含量、芳香度等的重要因素。研究证实,遥感反演是获取水体有机质信息的重要数据来源,可靠性强并能够表征DOM来源、性质及影响程度,是理解环境碳循环的重要技术手段,也为太湖流域的碳库计算、水体生态风险评价、流域生态环境变化等监测提供了参考。     

锡林河流域综合管理信息系统研发与应用

流域综合管理信息系统是集成多主题流域信息,服务流域综合管理决策的工具。本文基于GIS技术,设计了锡林河流域水质评价、流域分析和灌溉需水估算模型,研制了锡林河流域综合管理信息系统,并在系统中集成了数据管理、查询、更新、处理、模型分析和输出等多种功能,在栅格水平上实现了模型参数的输入、传递、计算及显示与分析。其中,水质评价模型以遥感影像为基本信息源,实现水质评价指标实时监测与估算,应用影响因子与水质评价指标的回归系数,分析影响水质变化的关键影响因素;流域分析模型具备确定流向、估算流域累积流量并判定流域分区等功能;农业灌溉需水计算模型实现了在已有降雨条件下锡林河流域年灌溉需水量的估算。锡林河流域综合管理信息系统为该流域现代化管理和综合治理提供了决策参考。     

大型底栖动物对淡水水质生物评价的研究进展

大型底栖动物作为淡水水域水质特征监测的指示生物越来越受到重视。底栖动物的采集主要分为定量和定性2种方法,利用底栖动物评价水质的生物学指标主要有三大类,分别是与群落结构和功能有关的指数、与种类耐污值有关的生物指数和与特定物种直接相关的生物指数。对水生昆虫、水生软体动物和水栖寡毛类对淡水水域的水质评价研究进行综述。     

宁德水产养殖区水质状况及驱动力分析

水产养殖对海岸带生态系统的水环境有显著影响,研究水产养殖地区的水质动态及其驱动力对海洋牧场建设和海岸带生态系统管理有着重要意义。以宁德为研究区域,基于2017年夏季和冬季水质监测和遥感影像等数据,通过地理信息系统技术和统计分析软件,分析了水产养殖区域的水质现状、水质变化和驱动力。结果表明,该海域水质处于重污染状态,富营养化水平较高。除了悬浮物和总磷之外,其他水质指标都呈现出显著的季节性差异,不同季节影响水质的因素也不相同。水质的季节性变化是初始水质状况、养殖活动和自然因素共同作用的结果。基于研究结果,笔者建议结合高分遥感技术对养殖区水面覆盖和利用进行监测,对养殖类型和行为(如饵料类型和投放方式)进行调控,开展水质长期监测和风险应急管理,保障海洋牧场社会经济效益的同时降低生态环境影响、防控生态和人体健康风险。     

东莞市东部工业园水生态环境质量评价

对东莞市东部工业园水系的浮游藻类、浮游动物、底栖生物和水质物理化学指标进行调查和评价.3个断面共监测到浮游藻类6门56属71种;浮游动物3个门共14种;底栖动物5种.利用叶绿素a、藻类数量单项指标、生物多样性指数和水质的理化指标对水系各断面水质进行综合评价,结果显示:东引运河横沥断面和企石排污口断面水体属于中度污染,而常平排污口断面污染严重且存在较强的非营养型污染:河流沉积物污染较水体污染严重;对水体的理化污染监测分析结果与生态评价相吻合,生态评价具有较好的准确性和灵敏性.因此,工业园区的建设与运营应严格做好废水的处理工作,有效保护工业园区水系的生态环境.     

基于云模型的鄱阳湖秋季周边湿地水体富营养化评价

针对水体富营养化评价过程中存在随机性和模糊性的特点,基于鄱阳湖周边湿地30个采样点的实测水质数据,选取叶绿素a（Chl-a）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）及透明度（SD）为水质评价因子,生成云模型对鄱阳湖周边湿地水体进行富营养化评价,并与综合营养状态指数评价结果进行比较。结果表明：两种方法的评价结果存在一定差异,但都反映了鄱阳湖周边湿地水体总体上处于轻度富营养化状态。该方法能为鄱阳湖湿地水体富营养化评价提供重要的方法和手段。     

汕头港水质的模糊综合评价

根据2009年4月至2010年3月对汕头港6个断面的连续调查所得数据, 以溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4–P) 、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、硫化物和悬浮物作为海水水质评价指标, 应用模糊综合评价法与多元尺度分析法对汕头港水质的时空变化进行评价。结果表明, 汕头港全年各断面水质均为Ⅳ类, 主要污染因子均是DIN和PO4–P。空间上, 海湾西部污染程度明显比东部严重, 尤其是西港河口因水动力学条件差污染最为严重。时间上, 水质变化无明显季节性变化特征, 其中, 4月、5月与7月这三个月的水质明显好其他各月。汕头港水质与盐度呈明显的正相关(r=0.644)表明径流输入是汕头港主要污染来源。     

基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

几个水塘叶绿素a浓度与理化测试指标的关系

对三个水塘的水体进行了两年叶绿素a含量的测定,同时对一系列理化指标（pH值,悬浮物,化学需氧量,溶解氧,硝酸盐氮,严硝酸盐氮,锰,镉,六价铬,挥发酚,铜,锌,铅,硫）进行了测试。检测的数据表明：两年来3个水塘的几个理化指标均超过国家《渔业水质标准》GB11607－89,尤其以西区水塘的水质较差,餐厅水塘次之,附小水塘稍微好一些;同时各水塘藻类叶绿素a浓度的测试数据分析结果与上述各项理化测试结果相符。叶绿素a的浓度与理化测试指标数据均能反映了不同水质的相应情况,也为采取相应的防治方法提供了依据。     

基于陆海统筹的九龙江-厦门湾海岸生态过渡带综合监测体系构建

海岸带是陆地和海洋之间的生态过渡带,生态保护和开发利用矛盾突出。而生态与环境监测是海岸带环境污染治理与生态保护的重要基础,是海岸带可持续发展的关键。在分析目前海岸带监测存在的问题基础上,以九龙江-厦门湾为研究对象,通过遥感和生物监测、标准衔接、采样和分析仪器以及在线监测系统研发等技术集成,构建了从污染源、环境质量到生态系统以及景观层次的一体化综合生态监测体系。该体系基于常规监测,建立了基于生态系统的河流-河口（近海）生物、水体和沉积物的生态环境一体化监测;探索制定了适用于九龙江河口不同盐度区的营养盐基准/标准系列推荐值;基于营养盐污染入海总量控制目标,构建了河流入海污染物通量在线监测系统;通过遥感监测和实地调查相结合,实现了从关键生态系统到景观的海岸带综合生态监测。基于综合监测体系,构建了兼顾陆海的河口湾区域生态安全评价指标体系,实现区域生态系统可持续发展或生态安全的动态评价。因此,通过上述系统的集成,成功实现了从陆域（流域）到河口（近海）一体化综合生态监测,可为海岸带地区的生态质量改善、污染防治、主要污染物排放总量控制、生态安全评价、生态保护与修复等提供科学支撑。     

Harmful algal bloom (HAB) in the East Sea identified by the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)

Harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms have frequently appeared and caused fatal harm to aquaculture in Korean coastal waters since 1995. We investigated the applicability of GOCI, the world's first Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, in monitoring the distribution and temporal movement of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) that was discovered in the East Sea near the Korean peninsula in August 2013. We identified the existence of C. polykrikoides at a maximum cell abundance of over 6000 cells/mL and a chlorophyll a concentration of over 400 mg/m³. In areas of C. polykrikoides blooms, GOCI remote sensing reflectance (R_rs) spectra demonstrated the typical radiometric features of a HAB, and from the diurnal variations using GOCI-derived chlorophyll concentration images, we were able to identify the vertical migration of the red tide species. We also found that the formation and propagation of the HAB had relations with cold water mass in the coastal region. GOCI can be effectively applied to the monitoring of short-term and long-term movements of red tides.     

Ocean color observations of a surface water transport event: Implications for Pseudo-nitzschia on the Washington coast

A persistent patch of high biomass water, associated with the Juan de Fuca Eddy, is often observed in surface chlorophyll a images off the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. Outbreaks of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. along the Washington, USA, coast are believed to correlate with the transport of waters from Juan de Fuca Eddy southward to Washington beaches. A time series of Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite ocean color images from late May 1999 of coastal waters off Washington and Vancouver Island, processed for surface chlorophyll a concentration and spectral remote sensing reflectance, captured a transport event where water from the Juan de Fuca Eddy was transported onto the Washington shelf. Strong upwelling-favorable winds appeared to deform the patch over an 8-day period and move it southward into Washington coastal waters with surface velocities of approximately 8–16 km d⁻¹. SeaWiFS and sea surface temperature imagery showed the local phytoplankton response to wind-driven coastal upwelling restricted to a narrow (10–15 km) region along the Washington coast. Although we did not observe transport of high biomass water originating in the Juan de Fuca Eddy to Washington beaches in May 1999, transport of Pseudo-nitzschia cells could occur following a rapid shift to downwelling-favorable conditions. Tracking the trajectory of surface waters from the Juan de Fuca Eddy by remote sensing could be used to trigger conditional sampling for domoic acid along the Washington coast.     

Satellite-based monitoring of tropical seagrass vegetation: current techniques and future developments

Decline of seagrasses has been documented in many parts of the world. Reduction in water clarity, through increased turbidity and increased nutrient concentrations, is considered to be the primary cause of seagrass loss. Recent studies have indicated the need for new methods that will enable early detection of decline in seagrass extent and productivity, over large areas. In this review of current literature on coastal remote sensing, we examine the ability of remote sensing to serve as an information provider for seagrass monitoring. Remote sensing offers the potential to map the extent of seagrass cover and monitor changes in these with high accuracy for shallow waters. The accuracy of mapping seagrasses in deeper waters is unclear. Recent advances in sensor technology and radiometric transfer modelling have resulted in the ability to map suspended sediment, sea surface temperature and below-surface irradiance. It is therefore potentially possible to monitor the factors that cause the decline in seagrass status. When the latest products in remote sensing are linked to seagrass production models, it may serve as an early-warning system for seagrass decline and ultimately allow a better management of these susceptible ecosystems.     

Notes on primary productivity of coastal waters in the Gulf of Elat (Red Sea)

The following parameters were measured during May 1976 along the coasts of the Gulf of Elat (or: Gulf of Aqaba): phytoplankton species composition, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic production; weight of suspended particles and nutrient concentration; chlorophyll content of the sediments. The study areas were coral reefs of the northern part of the Gulf and a mangrove pool south of it. Phytoplankton characteristics and nutrient levels are those of oligotrophic waters. However, the sediments harbour such an abundant plant biomass that in coastal waters per m² surface area, there is several hundred times more chlorophyll in the sand than in the plankton. Reasons why both the mangrove and the coral reef may exhibit the same trends are discussed.     

Remote sensing for lake research and monitoring – Recent advances

Lakes are important ecosystems providing various ecosystem services. Stressors such as eutrophication or climate change, however, threaten their ecological functions. National and international legislations address these threats and claim consistent, long-term monitoring schemes. Remote sensing data and products provide synoptic, spatio-temporal views and their integration can lead to a better understanding of lake ecology and water quality. Remote sensing therefore gains increasing awareness for analysing water bodies. Various empirical and semi-analytical algorithms exist to derive remote sensing indicators as proxies for climate change or ecological response variables. Nevertheless, most monitoring networks lack an integration of remote sensing data. This review article therefore provides a comprehensive overview how remote sensing can support lake research and monitoring. We focus on remote sensing indicators of lake properties, i.e. water transparency (suspended particulate matter, coloured dissolved organic matter, Secchi disc depth, diffuse attenuation coefficient, turbidity), biota (phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, submerged and emerged aquatic vegetation), bathymetry, water temperature (surface temperature) and ice phenology (ice cover, ice-on, ice-out). After a brief background introducing principles of lake remote sensing we give a review on available sensors and methods. We categorise case studies on remote sensing indicators with respect to lake properties and processes. We discuss existing challenges and benefits of integrating remote sensing into lake monitoring and ecological research including data availability, ready-to-use tools and accuracies.     

基于遥感与实地调查对潜在可造林区乔木林和灌草地的比较

气候变化引起祁连山东部地区可适植被类型改变,探究植被类型转换的效果对生态环境可持续发展十分重要,但其转换方式及效果仍有待研究,此外传统植被调查的方法有诸多局限性,不能满足大尺度持续的监测,而遥感监测可以弥补这一劣势。基于遥感和样地调查以祁连山生态交错区甘沟小流域为研究地点,对原有灌草地和植树造林的乔木林进行比较,探究二者土壤理化性质、草本植物多样性及植被归一化指数（NDVI）,增强植被指数（EVI）,植被水分指数（NDMI）,水分胁迫指数（MSI）,叶绿素红外指数（CI）,陆地叶绿素指数（MTCI）的差异。结果表明仅有水分相关指标有显著性差异,其中造林造成浅层土壤水分显著降低（P<0.01）,4-5月份MSI和NDMI造林区植被水分高于灌草地（P<0.01）,7-8月份两种植被类型水分指数以及其余指数无显著性差异,另外造林后的土壤有机质出现了轻微下降（P>0.05）。遥感指数和样地调查指标相关性分析中,土壤有机质和Shannon多样性指数与CI成正相关（P<0.05）,植被覆盖度与NDMI成负相关（P<0.05）,由于覆盖度较低的灌草地EVI和NDVI被高估,覆盖度和EVI与NDVI相关性不显著。综合遥感指数和实地调查分析,短时间造林时间内乔木林牺牲了部分土壤水分,提高了植被盖度,且目前造林并未对当地环境产生胁迫,但对生态环境的改善并不明显。基于遥感和样地调查揭示了潜在植被类型转换区原有灌草地和植树造林区的差异,并探讨遥感在小尺度范围内植被监测上的适用性,为植被建设和遥感监测植被状况提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of specific semi-empirical coastal colour algorithms using historic data sets

In this study, historic data from airborne campaigns more or less coincident with in situ sampling points in four different coastal areas were used to test the validity and robustness of semi-empirical coastal colour algorithms developed during a separate Dutch coastal water research program. Three different remote sensing devices were used for this exercise which could all simulate the spectral bands from either the satellite borne SeaWiFS or MERIS sensor. An inter-comparison is made between the results after applying SeaWiFS and MERIS ratio or multiple regression algorithms for total suspended matter and chlorophyll-a concentrations. For total suspended matter the SeaWiFS ratio algorithm generated the most consistent and reproducible results and gave good estimates within the measured range. The ratio and multiple regression algorithms for chlorophyll resulted in uncertainties; in particular the MERIS algorithms gave poor coherence. Although no specific algorithm was found that uniformly generates good estimates compared to the in situ data, one key observation of the study has been the unreliability of single point measurements of water quality parameters from a ship to validate a spatially detailed or track data set. This problem is particularly apparent in the dynamically active and spatially varied coastal zone where rapid changes in particulate and dissolved matter can occur within small time scales. Within this study no thorough validation could be made due to the limited number of quasi-simultaneously collected ship and airborne data. The setup of a dedicated validation experiment to test the validity of coastal colour algorithms is emphasized. The viable way forward is in long term measurements of parameters from buoys or repeat transects.     

Water Quality Trends in a Coastal Lagoon Impacted by Non-point Source Pollution after Implementation of Protective Measures

Water quality data from two different monitoring periods are used to evaluate the trophic state and effectiveness of various protective measures on the restoration of a eutrophic, coastal Mediterranean lagoon. Main protective measures included elimination of municipal/industrial raw wastewater discharges in the rivers outflowing to the lagoon, sediment/erosion control practices in the lagoon’s drainage basin (i.e., construction of sediment/debris dams and grade control structures, reforestation and ban on livestock grazing), and reduction of fertilizer application quantities as a result of changes in crops. Water quality data include, among others, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations, various physicochemical parameters, and transparency, measured during two monitoring periods, i.e., before (1983–84) and after (1998–99) implementation of protective measures. Rainfall depth for the two time periods was also available. Empirical equations were developed, from statistical analyses of the data, relating the water quality parameters during the two monitoring periods. These models help identify water quality trends. Based on the analyses, it seems that measures were effective in reducing sediments transported into the lagoon. However, the lagoon remains eutrophic to hypereutrophic, mostly due to phosphorus released in the water column from bottom sediments. Therefore, future restoration efforts should be directed towards the management of bottom sediments.