五步蛇毒降纤酶的快速分离与纯化

目的：建立快速分离纯化降纤酶工艺方法适合于规模化生产。方法以五步蛇毒为原料。采用ＥＤＴＡ络合－硫氰酸钾沉淀初步分离与快速离子交换和凝胶层析化相结合。分离纯化出符合新部颁标准的降纤酶成分。结果经初步分离五步蛇粗毒可使出血毒去除９２％,非类凝血酶（ＴＬＥ）成分去除６５．１７％,ＴＬＥ活性回收保持９２．６８％以上。层析组份中至少含有４种ＴＬＥ,其中１种为降酶成分。初步化学分离,。离子交换柱层析和凝胶过滤     

蛋白C,蛋白C激活剂和血栓性疾病

蛋白C(ProteinC,PC)系统是存在于人血浆中的天然抗凝系统,由蛋白C、蛋白S(PS)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)和蛋白C抑制剂(PCI)组成。许多研究结果表明:PC的病理改变与血栓性疾病的发生发展密切相关,PC可作为血栓性疾病诊断、疗效观察和预后评价的参考指标;PC和蛇毒PC激活剂有显著的抗凝溶栓效果,有应用于临床的可能性。现就这方面的进展作一简要综述。1　PC的生理功能和生物学特性　　PC是维生素K依赖性糖蛋白,以无活性的酶原形式存在于血浆中,由肝脏合成。PC是机体的一种重要的抗凝因子,约占血液抗凝活力的20%～30%,PC在微循环中的抗凝…     

抗五步蛇毒血清治疗五步蛇咬伤175例

报道用精制抗五步蛇毒血清治疗五步蛇咬伤１７５例,治愈１６６例,治愈率为９４．８７％。截肢３例,截指４例,致残率４％。死亡２例,病死率为１．１４％。有效率９８．８６％。     

抗五步蛇毒血清致血清病30例临床分析

目的探讨抗五步蛇毒血清所致血清病的临床特点,总结其治疗方法及可预防性手段。方法回顾性分析1447例使用抗五步蛇毒血清治疗的毒蛇咬伤患者的临床资料,其中30例患者在治疗后出现血清病症状,采用抗变态反应等治疗。结果 30例患者均治愈,住院治疗时间1~8天,平均3.53天。结论抗五步蛇毒血清致血清病患者及时给予抗变态反应治疗,其预后良好,按规范用药以及临床中早发现并及时处理是防治关键。     

五步蛇毒对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 探索五步蛇毒对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 将KM小鼠随机分为5组,分别为空白组、五步蛇毒安全范围内低剂量组(30 mg/kg)、五步蛇毒安全范围内中剂量组(60 mg/kg)、五步蛇毒安全范围内高剂量组(120 mg/kg)(以下简称五步蛇毒低、中、高剂量组)以及西洋参组(30 mg/kg),每组10只.各组小...     

蝮蛇毒作激活剂的发色底物比色法测定人血浆蛋白C活性

本文介绍了用蝮蛇毒提取物活化人血浆蛋白Ｃ,酶解特异的发色底物,建立人血浆蛋白Ｃ活性的检测方法,并测定了部分临床标本。该方法标准曲线线性关系好（ｒ＝０．９８９）,反应本底浅,１２例正常人血浆蛋白Ｃ活性为９４．２７±７．４４％,而肝病患者蛋白Ｃ活性比正常人下降明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

五步蛇毒中低分子量蛇毒类凝血酶的分离纯化

目的 寻找五步蛇毒新的蛇毒类凝血酶组份。方法 用ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ－Ｆａｓｔ Ｆｌｏｗ（－ＦＦ）,ｃｍ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ－ＦＦ纯化经常规化学提纯的五步蛇毒;以血凝活性和精氨酸酯酶活性（ＢＡＥＥ）检测酶活力;以ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳法测定分子量。结果 得到分子量为１４０００左右的电泳纯蛇毒类凝血酶组份。结论 五步蛇毒中含有低分子量蛇毒类凝血酶。     

五步蛇毒和蝮蛇毒透析前后的某些性质及五步蛇毒热稳定性的研究

五步蛇（Agkistrodon acutus）和蝮蛇（Agkistrodon halys）蛇毒透析前后含量、毒性和抗原成分的变化,以及温度对五步蛇毒致死活性的影响等,尚未见有资料。本文就浙江产五步蛇毒和腹蛇毒在透析前后的某些性质及五步蛇毒的热稳定性研究作初步报道。     

蛇毒蛋白C激活物的初步研究

目的：研究蝮蛇毒蛋白Ｃ激活物的分离纯化与理化性质。方法：经ＤＥ５２－纤维素、ＣＭ－Ｓｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｃ－５０、Ｇ－７５柱层析,从安徽芜湖产蝮蛇（Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎ ｈａｌｙｓ）蛇毒中纯化一种均一的蛋白Ｃ激活物（ＰＣＡ）。结果：ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定分子量约为１５５０００Ｄａ,ＩＥＦ－ＰＡＧＥ测定等电点为４．８。它能使人血浆的ＫＰＴＴ明显延长,显示出强烈的抗凝活性。通过中和试验与显色肽定量实验表明,     

C型肉毒毒素与C型肉毒中毒

本文介绍了Ｃ型肉毒毒素的纯化、生物学特性,并从流行病学角度对动物Ｃ型肉毒中毒的发生、中毒机理及临床表现、诊断、治疗及预防等进行了概述。对近年来Ｃ型肉毒毒素在分子水平、作用机理等方面的研究进展做了简要介绍。     

Isolation of a protein C activator from southern copperhead venom

A protease from the venom of the Southern Copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) that activates protein C was purified to homogeneity by a combination of sulfopropyl (SP)-Sephadex C-50, Sephadex G-150 and Mono-S column chromatography. The purified enzyme is a glycoprotein, and migrated as a single band in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 37,000 under non-reducing conditions. Upon reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, the enzyme exhibited a Mr of 40,000. The purified enzyme prolonged the clotting time of human plasma in a dose- and temperature-dependent manner. Purified bovine protein C was completely activated within 10 minutes upon incubation with the purified protease at a 1:500 enzyme: substrate ratio. This reaction was markedly inhibited by calcium ions. The purified venom protein C activator had no effect on human fibrinogen.     

Purification of a protein C activator from the venom of the southern copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix)

A protease has been purified by ion-exchange chromatography from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (Southern copperhead snake) that can activate the vitamin K dependent protein, protein C. The apparent molecular weight of this protease, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was 20,000 under nonreducing conditions. Incubation of this protease with plasma resulted in a prolongation of the clotting time and a time-dependent increase in amidolytic activity. Incubation of the protease with purified protein C resulted in an increase in both amidolytic and anticoagulant activity. The protease had no inhibitory effect on thrombin, factor V, fibrinogen, or factor X. It had slight clotting activity toward fibrinogen. The apparent Km of the protease for protein C was 0.28 microM. Calcium ions were observed to inhibit protein C activation with an apparent Ki of 0.2 mM. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and soybean trypsin inhibitor were observed to inhibit the venom protease. These results suggest that the venom of the Southern copperhead snake contains a protease that is a specific activator of protein C.     

Practical application of the protein C activator Protac from Agkistrodon contortrix venom

The protein C activator Protac from A. contortrix venom is being investigated as a potential antithrombotic agent and as a tool for the preparation of activated protein C. Its established major application is the zymogen activation in functional protein C determinations based on either a clotting assay or a chromogenic substrate technique. The sensitivity of the activated partial thromboplastin time as an indicator reaction for Protac activated protein C depends on the contact activator component of the reagent. Protein C dose-response increased in the following order: kaolin greater than ellagic acid greater than sulfatide. This phenomenon is due to a competition of molecular affinities between Protac, plasma components and the different activating surfaces.     

Isolation and characterization of a protein C activator from the moccasin snake venom

The protein C activator detectable in the venom of the Southern Copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) was isolated by a combination of chromatofocusing on PBE-94 in the range pH9-7 and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100 column. The peak protein C activator from Sephadex G-100 column appeared as double diffuse bands with apparent molecular weight of 37,700 and 31,400 after electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The isolated enzyme does not clot human fibrinogen and when mixed with normal plasma generates activity of Protein C. It can be used for the measurement of protein C functional activity.     

Characterization of a protein C activator from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom

The protease from Southern Copperhead venom that activates protein C was purified to homogeneity by sulfopropyl (SP)-Sephadex C-50 ion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, and Mono-S fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme is a glycoprotein containing 16% carbohydrate, and migrated as a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular mass of 40,000 kDa. The enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain possessing an NH2-terminal sequence of Val-Ile-Gly-Gly-Asp-Glu-Cys-Asn-Ile-Asn-Glu-His. The purified venom protein C activator hydrolyzed several tripeptide p-nitroanilides. The amidolytic and proteolytic activities of the enzyme were readily inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, chloromethyl ketones, and human antithrombin III. Covalent binding of diisopropyl fluorophosphate to the enzyme was confirmed using a tritium-labeled preparation of the inhibitor. The venom protease readily activated human and bovine protein C at 1:1000 enzyme:substrate weight ratio. The protease also cleaved human prothrombin, factor X, factor IX, factor VII, and fibrinogen. Prothrombin coagulant activity decreased upon incubation with the venom protease, and the rate of this reaction was reduced in the presence of calcium. Factor X and factor IX coagulant activity increased upon incubation with the venom protease in the presence of calcium, and decreased in the absence of calcium. Human factor VII clotting activity decreased slightly upon incubation with the venom protease. Although the venom protease did not clot human fibrinogen, it nonetheless cleaved the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, and this cleavage appeared to be associated with a measurable increase in the clottability of the protease-treated fibrinogen by thrombin. These data demonstrate that the protein C activator from Southern Copperhead venom is a typical serine protease with a relatively broad specificity.     

Characterization of a protein C activator from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix

An enzyme capable of activating protein C has been purified 60-fold from the venom of the Southern copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme consists of a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 37,000. The isoelectric point of the protein C activator was determined to be 6.3 when measured by chromatofocusing. The enzyme was inhibited by p-nitrophenyl p-guanidinobenzoate, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, and D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl but was not affected by cysteine-directed reagents or by metal chelators. These results suggest that the enzyme is a serine protease. Protein C activator was capable of hydrolyzing the thrombin substrate tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-p-nitroanilide (TGPRpNA), and steady-state kinetic studies determined that the Km for amidolysis of this substrate was 1.1 mM while the Vmax was 66 s-1. The activator demonstrated considerable substrate specificity since the amidolysis of D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA, D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA, Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA, D-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA, and pyrGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA was less than 10% of that of TGPRpNA when measured under identical conditions using 1.0 mM substrate concentrations. The enzyme appears to be thrombin-like in its preference for arginyl as compared to lysyl chloromethyl ketones as well as by its inhibition by benzamidine and p-aminobenzamidine. However, the substrate specificity of the activator is distinguished from alpha-thrombin in that it does not clot fibrinogen and does not react with antithrombin III or hirudin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Primary structure of a protein C activator from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom

The amino acid sequence of a protease, protein C activator, from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom was determined. Peptide fragments obtained by chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the S-carboxymethylated protein were purified by gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The present study demonstrates that protein C activator from A. contortrix contortrix venom is a trypsin-type serine protease that is composed of 231 residues with a molecular weight of 25,095 for the polypeptide portion of the molecule. By analogy to the mammalian serine proteases, the catalytic triad in venom protein C activator consists of His-40, Asp-85, and Ser-177. The protein also contains three N-linked glycosylation sites at Asn-21, Asn-78, and Asn-129. The amino acid sequence of protein C activator exhibits a high degree of sequence identity with other snake venom proteases: 73% with batroxobin, 68% with flavoxobin, and 55% with Russell's viper venom factor V activator.     

蝮蛇毒PCA对脑梗死大鼠PC活性变化的影响及其机制

目的探讨脑梗死大鼠血浆蛋白C(PC)活性变化与蝮蛇毒蛋白C激活物(PCA)对其的影响及其可能机制。方法将SD雄性大鼠32只,随机分为正常对照组(C组)、脑梗死组(CI组)、阳性对照组(UK组)和实验组(PCA组),每组8只。采用血管内直接线栓闭塞法制备大鼠缺血性脑梗死模型,UK组和PCA组分别静脉注射UK和PCA。实验1h后于颈总动脉取血,以发色底物法检测血浆PC活性;测定APTT值;观察血浆PC活性和凝血功能的变化。24h后处死大鼠,开颅取脑TTC染色且行HE染色。结果 CI组大鼠血浆PC活性明显低于C组(P<0.01),APTT无明显改变(P>0.05);PCA组PC活性较CI组明显升高(P<0.01)。病理切片HE染色显示,CI组神经细胞数明显减少,形态发生改变,形状不规则,细胞固缩、深染;UK组与PCA组注射药物后脑梗死病变区表现近似,与正常对照组比较无明显变化。结论缺血性脑梗死与血浆PC活性显著降低有关;PCA可在一定程度上恢复和提高PC的活性,降低脑梗死发生的风险。     

Purification and properties of a prothrombin activator from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus

The prothrombin activator present in the venom of the mainland tiger snake (Notechis scutatus scutatus) was purified to homogeneity by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex. The venom activator has an apparent molecular weight of 54,000. It consists of a heavy chain (Mr = 32,000) and a light chain (Mr = 23,000) held together by one or more disulfide bridges. The active site is located at the heavy chain region of the molecule. The venom activator contains 8 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues/molecule. Gel electrophoretic analysis of prothrombin activation indicates that the venom activator is capable of cleaving both the Arg 274-Thr 275 and Arg 323-Ile 324 bonds of bovine prothrombin. The order of bond cleavage appears to be random since prethrombin-2 and meizothrombin occur as intermediates during prothrombin activation. Prothrombin activation by the venom activator alone is very slow. This is explained by the unfavorable kinetic parameters for the reaction (Km for prothrombin = 105 microM, Vmax = 0.0025 nmol of prothrombin activated per min/microgram of venom activator). Phospholipids plus Ca2+ and Factor Va greatly stimulate venom-catalyzed prothrombin activation. In the presence of 50 microM phospholipid vesicles composed of 20 mol % phosphatidylserine and 80 mol % phosphatidylcholine, the Km drops to 0.2 microM, whereas there is hardly any effect on the Vmax. Factor Va causes a 3,500-fold increase of the Vmax (8.35 nmol of prothrombin activated per min/microgram of venom activator) and a 10-fold decrease of the Km (9.5 microM). The most favorable kinetic parameters are observed in the presence of both 50 microM phospholipid and Factor Va (Km = 0.16 microM, Vmax = 27.9 nmol of prothrombin activated per min/microgram of venom activator). These changes of the kinetic parameters explain the stimulatory effects of Factor Va and phospholipid on venom-catalyzed prothrombin activation. The venom activator slowly converts the Factor Xa-specific chromogenic substrates CH3SO2-D-leucyl-glycyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide and N-benzoyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutamyl-(piperidyl)-glycyl-L-arginyl-p-nitroani lide hydrochloride. Factor Va causes a 7-fold stimulation of chromogenic substrate conversion by the venom activator. This stimulation appears to be the result of the formation of a tight 1:1 complex between the venom activator and Factor Va.