细胞分裂素在植物抗逆和延衰中的作用

本文综述了细胞分裂素类物质的种类、分布和在植物抗水分胁迫、低温冷害、病虫害等方面的作用以及在延缓果实、叶片、切花等衰老中的效果,讨论了其生理机制、细胞分裂素与其它植物激素的相互关系,并提出了有关细胞分裂素类物质作用机理中值得深入研究的若干问题,如嘌呤型与苯基脲型细胞分裂素的作用特点,细胞分裂素与生长素、脱落酸的协调作用和拮抗作用细胞分裂素的从头合成途径和tＲＮＡ途径等。     

细胞分裂素对植物衰老的延缓作用

细胞分裂素是一类重要的植物激素,它可在一定程度上延缓植物的衰老。主要从3个方面综述了细胞分裂素与植物衰老之间的关系,即:(1)植物衰老过程中内源细胞分裂素含量变化;(2)外源细胞分裂素的影响;(3)转入与细胞分裂素的合成、降解相关的基因对植物衰老产生的影响。此外,还从细胞分裂素与糖、与脂质氧化反应以及与其它植物激素的关系方面探讨了细胞分裂素在延缓植物衰老中的作用机理。     

细胞分裂素在维持紫萍叶状体生命中的重要作用

将无根和囊的紫萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza)P143品系半叶状体分别放在含有和不含6-苄基嘌呤的培养液上于长日照条件下培养。在不含6-BA的培养液上培养4d以后,半叶状体开始失绿,光合能力降低;第12天时,半叶状体已接近死亡。但是,培养在含有6-BA的培养液上的半叶状体干重、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量、希尔反应活力、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶的小亚基和其编码基因rbcS mRNA水平显著增加。这些6-BA处理过的半叶状体平均寿命可达80d,几乎等同于完整植物体上叶状体的寿命,因此提出细胞分裂素对于紫萍叶状体生物学功能的维持是必需的。     

细胞分裂素及其应用

细胞分裂素是目前人们已知道的五大类植物激素(即生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸和乙烯)之一,它具有腺嘌呤环结构。这类物质的共同特点是在腺嘌呤环的第六位置氨基上有特定的取代物,对细胞分裂及分化等有重要作用。细胞分裂素在植物体内多分布在细胞分裂旺盛的组织和器官中,如根尖、茎尖、未成熟的种子、萌发的种子以及正在发育的果实等。实验证明,根尖是合成细胞分裂素的场所。在高等植物中已发现的细胞分裂素有16种,其中最常见的是玉米素、玉米素核苷、二氢玉米素和异戊烯基腺苷     

细胞分裂素类物质在植物组织培养中的作用机制

论述了细胞分裂素类物质及新近正被广泛应用的具有细胞分裂素活性的苯基脲衍生物在植物组织培养过程中的作用及其机理。     

细胞分裂素类物质在植物体细胞胚发生中的作用

本文对细胞分裂素及其类似物在植物体细胞胚发生中的作用的研究历史、现状及前景进行了评述。     

细胞分裂素结合蛋白的研究进展

迄今为止,已从多种植物中分离到细胞分裂素结合蛋白（ＣＢＰｓ）,它们可能在细胞分裂素的信号转导、体内运输及代谢中起作用。根据现有研究结果认为,大多数ＣＴＫｓ受体可能位于膜上,通过与Ｇ－蛋白耦联的信号转导系统或双组分信号转导系统完成ＣＴＫｓ信号的跨膜转导。少数ＣＴＫｓ受体可能位于细胞质中,与胞内ＣＴＫｓ结合后进入细胞核,直接调节基因的表达。本文综述了近年来对ＣＢＰｓ的研究进展,分析了ＣＴＫｓ受体的可能     

气液色谱法定量测定植物细胞分裂素

自从Most发明了三甲基硅烷制备衍生物(以下简称TMS)方法以来,国外有许多利用该法测定细胞分裂素的报告。Horgan利用TMS衍生化方法,检测出枫树韧皮部中的玉米素核苷;Upper等用GLC配FID检测出5ng的CTK-TMS衍生物。目前,国外对细胞分裂素作定性分析测定经常采用该衍生化方法,但用于定量测     

Delayed Leaf Senescence in Tobacco Plants Transformed with tmr,a Gene for Cytokinin Production in Agrobacterium

The aim of this study was to investigate whether enhanced levels of endogenous cytokinins could influence plant development, particularly leaf senescence. Tobacco plants were transformed with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene tmr, under the control of the soybean heat shock promoter HS6871. This gene encodes the enzyme isopentenyl transferase, which catalyzes the initial step in cytokinin biosynthesis. After heat shock, the cytokinin level increased greatly and the level of tmr mRNA, undetectable at 20[deg]C, rose and remained high for up to 8 hours. The levels of cytokinin and tmr mRNA were substantially lower by 24 hours. Transformed plants grown at 20[deg]C were shorter, had larger side shoots, and remained green for longer than untransformed plants. The differences were more pronounced after several heat shocks of whole plants or defined areas of leaves. Our results demonstrated that plant morphology and leaf senescence can be manipulated by changing the endogenous level of cytokinins.     

Ethylene and Cytokinin in the Control of Senescence in Detached Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana eti-5Mutant and Wild-Type Plants

We studied the effects of cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) and ethylene on the senescence in the dark of detached leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh wild-type plants and theeti-5mutant, which was described in the literature as the ethylene-insensitive one. Leaf senescence was assessed from a decrease in the chlorophyll content. The content of endogenous cytokinins (zeatin and zeatin riboside) was estimated by the ELISA technique. We demonstrated that the content of endogenous cytokinins in the leaves of the three-week-old eti-5mutants exceeded that of the wild-type leaves by an order of magnitude; in the five-week-old mutants, by several times; and in the seven-week-old plants, the difference became insignificant. Due to the excess of endogenous cytokinins in the three–five-week-old mutant leaves, their senescence in the dark was retarded and exogenous cytokinin affected these leaves to a lesser extent. The seven-week-old mutant and the wild-type leaves, which contained practically similar amounts of endogenous cytokinins, did not differ in these indices. Thus, the level of endogenous cytokinins determined the rate of senescence and the leaf response to cytokinin treatment. Ethylene accelerated the senescence of detached wild-type leaves. Ethylene action increased with increasing its concentration from 0.1 to 100 l/l. BA (10^–6M) suppressed ethylene action. Similar data were obtained for the eti-5mutant leaves. We therefore suggest that the mutant leaves comprised the pathways of the ethylene signal reception and transduction, which provided for the acceleration of their senescence.     

1-甲基环丙烯延缓果实衰老的生理效应及其应用

文章介绍1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)延缓果实后熟衰老、延长贮藏和货架期效果的研究进展,同时探讨了1-MCP抑制果实衰老的生理基础和应用前景。     

钙延缓果实衰老软化的生理机制

概述了钙的吸收、钙在果实内的分布和钙通过维持细胞膜和细胞壁的结构与功能以及调节有关激素的合成而延缓果实衰老软化的生理机制。     

Cytokinin Biochemistry in Relation to Leaf Senescence: IV. Cytokinin Metabolism in Soybean Explants

When [³H]dihydrozeatin riboside and [³H]zeatin riboside were supplied to soybean (Glycine max L.) explants (comprising one leaf, associated pods, and subtending stem) via the xylem at mid to late podfill, 0.1% of the supplied ³H was extracted from the seeds. The distribution of ³H in the explants was similar to that bound previously following uptake of [³H]zeatin riboside at earlier stages of pod development. Metabolites formed in the explants from ³H-labeled zeatin, zeatin riboside, and dihydrozeatin riboside were identified and related to the endogenous cytokinins shown to be present. When zeatin riboside and zeatin were supplied for 1 hour, zeatin nucleotide was the principal metabolite formed and this appeared to be the precursor of the other metabolites detected subsequently. Explants supplied with zeatin riboside or dihydrozeatin riboside for 1 hour, and then transferred to water for 20 to 24 hours, yielded leaf blades in which the main metabolites were O-glucosyldihydrozeatin, adenosine, and adenine. The metabolism of zeatin riboside in blades of explants at pre-podfill, early podfill, and mid to late podfill did not differ appreciably. The results are discussed in relation to leaf senescence and seed development.     

Effect of Disbudding on Root Cytokinin Export and Leaf Senescence in Tomato and Tobacco

Bud removal and decapitation (disbudding) of plants of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) resulted in an increase in both the concentration and thetotal flux of cytokinin in bleeding xylem sap. There was a retardationin the rate of chlorophyll loss from leaves of disbudded plantsof both species. Ultrastructural examination of the chloroplastsof disbudded tomato plants revealed a maintenance of chloroplastintegrity, compared with chloroplasts from control plants. Itis suggested that the delaying of leaf senescence observed indisbudded plants is due to an increased availability of cytokininto these leaves.     

Changes in Endogenous Cytokinin Levels During Abscission and Senescence of Streptocarpus Leaves

The cytokinin levels of butanol and aqueous extracts of proximalportions of Streptocarpus leaves showed very little change duringthe summer and early autumn months, whereas those of the distalportions changed markedly. These changes appear to be closelyrelated to the formation of abscission layers and the subsequentsenescence of the distal part of the leaves. It is postulatedthat the increase in butanol-soluble cytokinins during Januarymay induce abscission, while the decrease in February appearsto be directly related to senescence of the distal portionsof the leaves.