~(60)Co诱变大豆后代农艺性状的研究

用60Co对晋豆24号进行辐射处理,对诱变后代M4、M5代16个主要农艺性状进行主成分分析,将与产量密切相关的各项指标转化成"单株产量构成"因子、"株型和粒型"因子和"粒重"因子等三大主成分.以M5代春播群体为代表进行的聚类分析将后代分为高产、中产和低产三类,确定"单株产量构成"因子(第一主成分)为影响大豆产量的主导因素.     

大明绿系选后代遗传多样性与高产特征分析

以内蒙古中东部地区61份绿豆品种大明绿系选后代为研究材料,通过对农艺性状的多样性及通径分析,明确了后代品系遗传类型及高产群体性状特征。结果表明,大明绿后代品系间性状差异显著,单株荚数变异系数最大为31.61%,其次为单株粒重28.05%,遗传多样性较丰富,多样性指数为单株荚数2.02,每荚粒数2.01,百粒重1.89,单株粒重1.96。后代品系主要有6种类型,各性状对单株粒重影响大小依次为:单株荚数>每荚粒数>百粒重>节数>株高。高产类型品系主要特征指标为单株粒重超过15 g,单株荚数超过30荚,每荚粒数8~10粒,株高48~60 cm,节数9~10节,百粒重可根据不同需求制定标准。     

不同绿豆突变体主要农艺性状的多元遗传分析

对12个绿豆突变体的10个主要农艺性状进行了相关分析、主成份分析及聚类分析.分析结果表明：10个主要农艺性状的变异系数为16.01%（单株荚数）～3.64%（荚宽）.相关分析表明单株荚数与单株产量呈极显著的正相关;百粒重与单株产量呈显著的负相关;生育期与单株产量呈极显著的负相关.主成分分析结果表明前4个主成分（产量构成因子、单荚粒数因子、株型因子和荚宽因子）对变异的贡献率达87.45%;聚类分析后把12个绿豆突变体分为5类,各类之间单株产量差异明显.在绿豆突变体的选择中只有把不同性状综合考虑进去,才能够真正选择出性状优良的突变体.     

大豆合丰25复合诱变研究

以大豆合丰25为试验材料,经过航天搭载与^60Co-γ辐射的复合诱变处理,对M2代4个株系的主要农艺性状进行研究。结果表明经过复合诱变后大豆群体株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数等主要农艺性状发生不同程度的变化,存在着与对照达到显著或极显著的株系;只有1个株系主茎节数存在单株变异率,其它株系主茎节数单株变异不明显;株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数等农艺性状均有不同程度的单株变异率,可以为大豆种质创新所利用。     

大豆突变新品系部分品质性状的分析

为丰富大豆种质资源,改良大豆品质,对现有的大豆品种进行改良,以获得新的大豆品系。大豆品种高蛋白东农42和高脂肪东农163经NaN3诱变处理后,分别在其M6代品系中取32份和54份材料进行实验,对它们的农艺性状(株高、百粒重等)和部分品质(脂肪、水溶蛋白和碱溶蛋白)进行了分析。结果表明:(1)所有品系的品质性状的变异系数差别较大,说明在后代中进行品质性状筛选是有效的;(2)突变品系内脂肪含量与水溶性蛋白含量呈显著负相关。     

河南夏大豆产量相关性状的遗传分析

以10个河南夏大豆主栽品种为材料,对与株粒重有关的10个农艺性状进行了遗传相关、遗传参数和通径分析。试验结果表明：株高、每节粒重、株有效荚数、粒茎比和株粒重呈高度正相关,与环境相关较小;株高与粒茎比的遗传力较大,每荚粒数与每节粒重的遗传力较小;各性状对株粒重的重要贡献的大小依次为每节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比。因此,大力提高节粒重、株有效荚数与粒茎比是河南夏大豆高产育种的方向。     

160份外引鹰嘴豆种质主要农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

对引自国际半干旱热带作物研究中心的160份鹰嘴豆种质资源的13个农艺性状进行了评价鉴定,并筛选了特异种质,为我国鹰嘴豆种质资源创新和品种选育提供参考。结果表明,该批鹰嘴豆种质资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,7个数量性状的变异系数由大到小分别为主茎分枝数单株荚数百粒重产量株高单荚粒数生育期,6个质量性状的Shannon多样性指数由大到小分别为粒色株型花色种子表面粒形复叶叶型;产量与粒形、单株荚数极显著正相关,与百粒重显著正相关;前4个主成分的累计贡献率为63.417%,其中第1主成分与产量性状和产量有关,第2主成分与生育期有关,第3主成分与形态性状有关,第4主成分与株高和粒形有关;聚类分析在遗传距离为5时将160份资源分为3个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群的株高较高,第Ⅱ类群的产量较高,第Ⅲ类群的籽粒较大;筛选出63份早熟、矮秆、无分枝、多荚、荚粒数多、大粒、高产的特异种质资源。     

绿豆抗豆象育种后代F2群体遗传变异分析

选用抗豆象品种(系)VC6089A-6、VC1973A×V2709-2、V2 802,与农艺性状优良的推广品种中绿1号(VC1973A)和中绿2号(VC2917A系选)作亲本, 按照完全双列杂交试验设计,配置杂交组合.对20个杂交组合后代F2群体主要农艺性状及抗虫性分析,发现株高和抗虫性有超亲遗传现象,杂交优势明显;单株荚数普遍低于亲本, 而单荚粒数略高于亲本,百粒重与亲本之间差异不明显.抗虫基因有抗性累加效应,3份抗虫材料的抗虫基因可能不在同一位点上.单株荚数是产量构成的主要因素,且遗传变异程度大与抗虫性相关性不紧密,在后代选择时,应以单株荚数为主攻目标,其次是株高、荚粒数、百粒重和抗虫性.初步认为从P1×P4、P1×P5、P2×P4、P4×P2、P2 ×P5、P5×P2和P5×P3组合后代中选择效果明显.     

大豆种质资源农艺性状和产量的年份间差异及其关系

明确大豆种质资源农艺性状的变化及其与产量的关系对大豆遗传育种具有重要的意义。以249份大豆种质资源为材料,应用多元统计方法分析了大田条件下两年间大豆农艺性状与产量的变化。结果表明,大豆种质资源的农艺性状和产量两年变异系数分别为6.2%~78.0%和6.3%~48.5%,变异较大。生育日数因在黄淮海区域生态类型较接近,变异系数较小;而主茎节数变异系数也较小。株高、有效分枝数、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、单位面积产量则相对变异较大。品种之间农艺性状和产量差异均显著。不同年份间生态因子（温度、降水量及日照时数）对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大,年份间不同指标差异亦显著。分别对两年农艺性状采用主成分分析,简化为4个与产量相关的独立指标,并建立了产量与农艺性状之间的方程Y=17.5-1.76x1+1.32x2+0.30x3+2.50x4和Y=198.8-3.12x1+7.71x2+0.08x3+2.71x4以表达其量化关系;采用聚类分析方法将两年中249份大豆种质资源分别聚为5类,并分析了各类品种的特性,为高产稳产大豆新品种的选育以及高产栽培措施的调控提供理论依据。     

大豆航天搭载SP4代选择效果与SP2代变异率相关性分析

为了明确大豆空间诱变早期世代农艺性状选择的依据,提高空间诱变育种早期世代选择效果,对6个大豆品种经过航天搭载后的SP2代变异率和SP4代选择效果进行了分析,结果表明遗传力高的SP2代的单株荚数和单株粒数2个农艺性状的变异率与SP4代入选单株数相关性达到极显著水平;SP2代遗传力较高的底荚高度和节间长度的变异率与SP4代入选单株相关性达到显著水平,SP2代遗传力不高的植株高度和主茎节数变异率与SP4代入选单株相关不显著;SP2代对单株荚数、单株粒数、底荚高度、节间长度进行选择有效,而对植株高度和主茎节数选择效果不明显。     

Diversity in greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) germplasm collection and its potential use in crop improvement

Greengram or mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), which originated in the Indian sub-continent, is an important pulse crop in India. Genetic diversity and patterns of variation among 111 accessions representing the better agronomic types from the entire collection of the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources were studied. Wide variation in morphological and agronomic traits viz. number of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100-seed weight, fruit setting capacity, flowering period, maturity, number of pod bearing peduncles, plant height, number of primary branches, length of branch, nodulation and leafiness was observed. Grain yield was found to be significantly correlated with 100-seed weight and pod length. The data were subjected to cluster and principal components analysis. The accessions were grouped into six discrete and well-defined clusters. The study demonstrated the patterns of variation at the population level. The multivariate analysis was useful in identifying a group of accessions with yield enhancing traits within a highly diverse group of accessions and their potential value in greengram improvement is suggested.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea

The heritability, the number of segregating genes and the type of gene interaction of nine agronomic traits were analysed based on F₂ populations of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea through ovary culture. The nine traits—plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, length of pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight—had heritabilities of 0.927, 0.215, 0.172, 0.381, 0.360, 0.972, 0.952, 0.516 and 0.987 respectively, while the mean numbers of controlling genes for these characters were 7.4, 10.4, 9.9, 12.9, 11.5, 21.7, 20.5, 19.8 and 6.4 respectively. According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, no significant gene interaction was found for plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield per plant is an important target for oilseed production. In partial correlation analysis, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were positively correlated with seed yield per plant. On the other hand, length of pod was negatively correlated (r = -0.69) with seed yield per plant. Other agronomic characters had no significant correlation to seed yield per plant. In this experiment, the linear regressions of seed yield per plant and other agronomic traits were also analysed. The linear regression equation wasy = 0.074x₈ + 1.819x₉ + 6.72x₁₂ -60.78 (R ² = 0.993), wherex ₈, x₉ and x₁₂ represent number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight respectively. The experiment also showed that erucic acid and oil contents of seeds from F₂ plants were lower than those of their maternal parents. However, glucosinolate content was higher than that of the maternal plants. As for protein content, similar results were found in the F₂ plants and their maternal parents. It was shown that the four quality traits, i.e. erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil content, and protein content, had heritability values of 0.614, 0.405, 0.153 and 0.680 respectively.     

甘蔗—大豆间作对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响

为探讨甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响,于2009—2011年连续3年在广州市华南农业大学农场进行大田试验,试验设置2种施氮水平(常规施氮(525kg·hm-2)和减量施氮(300kg·hm-2))和3种种植模式(甘蔗-大豆(1∶1)、甘蔗-大豆(1∶2)、单作大豆)。结果表明:甘蔗-大豆间作(1∶2)模式下,2009年减量施氮水平的大豆鲜荚产量较常规施氮水平提高了33%,2010和2011年不同施氮水平间均无显著差异;甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆的单株鲜荚重、多粒荚数和百粒鲜重无显著影响;大豆单株鲜荚重与多粒荚数在不同种植模式下均呈显著相关(P<0.05),在常规施氮间作模式下与大豆单株荚数呈显著相关(P<0.05)。甘蔗-大豆间作没有降低大豆的单株鲜荚产量,也没有对大豆的农艺性状产生负面影响,从增产增收、提高土地生产力来考虑,减量施氮模式下甘蔗-大豆间作具有一定的可行性。     

Identification of QTLs for seed and pod traits in soybean and analysis for additive effects and epistatic effects of QTLs among multiple environments

Soybean seed and pod traits are important yield components. Selection for high yield style in seed and pod along with agronomic traits is a goal of many soybean breeders. The intention of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed and pod traits in soybean among eleven environments in China. 147 recombinant inbred lines were advanced through single-seed-descent method. The population was derived from a cross between Charleston (an American high yield soybean cultivar) and DongNong594 (a Chinese high yield soybean cultivar). A total of 157 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map. The phenotypic data of seed and pod traits [number of one-seed pod, number of two-seed pod, number of three-seed pod, number of four-seed pod, number of (two plus three)-seed pod, number of (three plus four)-seed pod, seed weight per plant, number of pod per plant] were recorded in eleven environments. In the analysis of single environment, fourteen main effect QTLs were identified. In the conjoint analysis of multiple environments, twenty-four additive QTLs were identified, and additive QTLs by environments interactions (AE) were evaluated and analyzed at the same time among eleven environments; twenty-three pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified, and epistasis (additive by additive) by environments interactions (AAE) were also analyzed and evaluated among eleven environments. Comparing the results of identification between single environment mapping and multiple environments conjoint mapping, three main effect QTLs with positive additive values and another three main effect QTLs with negative additive values, had no interactions with all environments, supported that these QTLs could be used in molecular assistant breeding in the future. These different effect QTLs could supply a good foundation to the gene clone and molecular asisstant breeding of soybean seed and pod traits.     

Variation in the Agronomic and Morphological Traits of Iranian Chickpea Accessions

Landraces of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran have not been adequately characterized for their agronomic and morphological traits. Such characterization would be helpful in the development of improved cultivars, so in this study 362 chickpea accessions, collected from the major chickpea growing areas of Iran, were evaluated to determine their phenotypic diversity. High coefficients of variation (CVs)were recorded in pods/branch, seeds/pod, yield/plant, seeds/plant, pods/plant and branches/plant. Using principal component (PC) analysis, the first four PCs with eigenvalues more than 1 contributed 84.10% of the variability among accessions, whereas PC5 to PC10 were less than unity. PC1 was positively related to days to first maturity, days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity. The characters with the greatest weight on PC2 were seeds/plant and yield/plant, whereas PC3 was mainly related to pods/plant, seeds/pod and 100-seed weight, and PC4 was positively related to pods/branch and negatively to branches/plant. The germplasm was grouped into four clusters using cluster analysis. Each cluster had some specific characteristics of its own and the cluster I was clearly separated from clusters Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. These accessions are an important resource for the establishment of a core collection of chickpeas in the world.     

鹰嘴豆种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析

以100份鹰嘴豆种质资源为材料,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,对15个主要农艺性状的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,参试材料存在广泛的遗传多样性。其中,多样性指数最高的是株高,其次是百粒重;性状变异系数最大的是单株荚数,其次是单株粒重;基于各种质间形态标记的遗传差异,将100份鹰嘴豆种质聚类并划分为4大类群。第Ⅰ类群可作为选育丰产中粒型和株高适中的品种,第Ⅱ类群可作为选育矮秆耐密及特异粒色(型)品种,第Ⅲ类群丰产性较差可作为选育子粒球型、光滑的品种,第Ⅳ类群可作为选育大粒型、适宜机械化收获的品种。9个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达73.91%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源农艺性状,为鹰嘴豆的有效利用提供一定的科学依据。     

一个大豆理想株型突变体it1的表型和生理鉴定

突变体是基因功能研究和品种改良的重要材料。本研究对一个中品661 EMS诱变的株型突变体(it1)进行了表型和生理鉴定,旨在为该突变体的利用提供参考。结果表明:与野生型相比,突变体株型紧凑,节间缩短,叶片变小呈深绿色且皱缩;突变体高度降低为野生型的2/3,但节间数目与野生型无显著差别,说明it1株高降低是由每个节间长度缩短造成的,与节间数目无关;突变体的分枝数、荚数、粒数、叶柄长度及夹角、百粒重等产量性状均显著或极显著低于野生型。与野生型相比,突变体叶片叶绿素相对含量和木质素的含量显著高于野生型。本研究结果为控制突变相关基因的定位、图位克隆和功能分析以及育种利用提供了优良种质和理论依据。