COVID-19疫苗的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引起的一种新的传染病。阻止COVID-19流行最有效的方法就是研制安全有效的疫苗,目前国内外多家机构开展了COVID-19疫苗的研究,包括核酸疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、灭活疫苗、重组蛋白疫苗、减毒流感病毒载体疫苗等不同类型,并取得了快速进展。本文对COVID-19疫苗的类型、研究进展、存在的问题等进行综述。     

肿瘤免疫治疗中NK细胞的激活策略及研究进展

NK细胞(natural killer cell)是机体固有免疫系统中一类重要的淋巴样细胞,在免疫调节中发挥重要作用.NK细胞MHC Ⅰ非限制性杀伤肿瘤细胞的特性受到人们广泛关注.然而肿瘤组织浸润难、杀伤活性弱、免疫监视功能低的缺陷极大限制了NK细胞的活性.因此,本文总结了肿瘤免疫治疗中NK细胞激活的机制,探讨了NK细...     

3例COVID-19出院后核酸复检阳性患者的检测分析

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)核酸检测是新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)病例确诊的金标准,血清抗体检测是重要辅助手段。本文对重庆市江津区中心医院3例COVID-19出院后核酸复检阳性患者,回顾性分析在疾病初期确诊、治疗出院、转诊隔离全程诊疗过程中患者临床病例及其核酸和抗体检测结果,结合患者体内新冠病毒核酸确诊到完全转阴时间变化,初步探讨COVID-19临床治愈出院患者核酸和抗体检测与疾病传染性因素的相关性,为新冠肺炎患者治疗康复过程的病毒感染监测提供参考。     

树突状细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用研究进展

树突状细胞（DC）是人体内最强的抗原提呈细胞。未成熟的DC可摄取抗原并迁移至淋巴器官,将抗原信息传递给免疫系统,引发免疫应答。研究表明,DC在启动抗肿瘤免疫中发挥着强大的功能。近年来,以DC为基础的肿瘤疫苗已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的热点。简要综述了各种DC疫苗的制备和临床应用。     

基于Web of Science对COVID-19的研究现状分析

在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情暴发的大背景之下,为进一步了解和明确COVID-19当前研究的全球现状和热点,本研究基于Web of Science数据库对该主题进行检索,对自疫情暴发到2020年4月30日新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)领域的SCI文献进行计量学分析,探讨SARS-CoV-2的研究重点以及研究现状.本研究通过对SARS-CoV-2相关文献的信息获取、处理、分析,应用文献计量学方法对该研究领域进行研究态势分析.统计分析数据及可视化数据分析结果表明,以"COVID-19 or Novel coronavirus pneumonia"为主题词,搜索到文献共计1 523篇;在现阶段处于研究的初期,在该领域中国发文量排名第一位;伦敦大学、哈佛大学和华中科技大学是世界范围内发文量前三名的机构;并对高频关键词进行类群整理明确研究热点为COVID-19、SARS以及public health(公共卫生).研究发现,中国学者在"COVID-19"领域的研究取得了快速发展,在文章的影响力、发文量上都属于世界前沿水平.     

COVID-19确诊病例居住环境病毒检测结果分析及防控探讨

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)传播速度快、感染范围广,其感染方式主要是聚集性感染,感染途径主要是呼吸道飞沫和接触传播。了解环境中,特别是COVID-19确诊病人生活环境中的病毒存在情况,是做好环境消毒,阻断新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)传播的重要步骤,对COVID-19防控具有重要意义。本研究旨在探讨COVID-19患者生活环境中SARS-CoV-2的存在情况,从SARS-CoV-2存在的空间部位、病毒核酸含量、消毒效果等方面对SARS-CoV-2的相关特点做出初步研究,为制定有效的SARS-CoV-2防控措施提供科学依据。本研究以COVID-19病例治疗前的3个家庭居住环境和治疗出院后隔离期间的2个宾馆居住环境中采集的样本为研究材料,采用RT-PCR方法检测样本中的SARS-CoV-2核酸并进行比较分析。结果显示,首次从3个家庭环境中采样48份,RTPCR检测SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性5份(10.42%),3个家庭的环境样本中均有阳性样本检出。首次采样48h后在家庭3进行第二次采样16份,SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性2份(12.5%),检测Ct值比首次升高。家庭3消毒后24h采集的16份样本SARS-CoV-2核酸检测均为阴性,并且两处宾馆环境采集的24份样本SARS-CoV-2核酸检测也均为阴性。本研究提示,COVID-19病例的生活环境中可以检出SARS-CoV-2,病毒存在区域、存在物品、病毒核酸含量均有差异;对外环境进行消毒可以达到消毒目的,能够起到阻断SARS-CoV-2传播的防控效果。     

基于地理信息系统的重庆地区COVID-19疫情空间分布格局演化

探讨重庆地区COVID-19疫情时空分布特征及扩散模式,以期未来为本地应对公共卫生应急事件积累经验。本文收集重庆市卫生健康委员会公布的官方数据,采用ArcGIS 10.2软件进行空间计量分析,并实现区域分布可视化,描述性统计和社会因素相关分析采用SPSS 20.0和Graphpad Prism 7.0软件进行统计和作图。结果5个时间节点,重庆地区COVID-19累计报告发病率的Moran’s I值均为正值(均P<0.05);局部Getis-ord Gi*指数分析探测到渝东北高渝东南低的态势越发明显;标准差椭圆展布呈现东北-西南的空间格局,随时间的变化经历了扩散-极化-扩散-稳定的过程;重心走势呈现向西南(渝西片区)移动距离逐渐减弱态势,市内出行(r=0.449,P=0.007)和交通网络(rs=0.321,P=0.049)对COVID-19的流行具有正相关性。重庆地区COVID-19疫情存在空间聚集性,高发聚集区域集中在渝东北片区,GIS较好地揭示了疫情聚集性变化过程和传播的时空趋势,市内出行和交通网络2个社会因素对重庆地区疫情影响较大。     

通过SARS和MERS对COVID-19的最新认识

自新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发以来,有关新型冠状病毒的研究非常多,且借鉴对冠状病毒的现有研究,2019新型冠状病毒的感染机理也逐步认识。对于这种新型冠状病毒引起的肺炎的诊疗措施及相关药物的开发也已经开展,通过对其感染过程及受体的研究,各种抗病毒类药物再一次引起我们的兴趣。基于此前出现的SARS冠状病毒、MERS冠状病毒,以及现今的2019新型冠状病毒三种感染人的冠状病毒,本综述主要论述冠状病毒的发展进化史、传播源及传播途径、病毒的感染与复制、预防措施以及诊疗手段。     

γδT细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

癌症是威胁人类健康最主要的疾病之一,目前临床上主要采用的手术/放化疗联合治疗的疗效有限,因此如何进一步提高肿瘤临床疗效仍是巨大的挑战。免疫细胞过继是肿瘤治疗技术中迅速发展的一种生物治疗技术,通过输入自身或同种"抗肿瘤免疫效应细胞"达到直接杀伤肿瘤或增强机体自身细胞免疫功能的作用。由于γδT细胞对肿瘤细胞具有强有力的直接细胞毒性,并可与其他免疫细胞协同作用发挥其抗肿瘤活性,因而成为了细胞免疫治疗中新的研究热点。本文主要叙述了γδT细胞与肿瘤相关的基础研究及临床试验的最新进展。     

NK细胞受体NKp46的研究进展

NKp46是最主要的自然细胞毒受体,在自然杀伤作用中起关键作用,选择性地表达在静息和活化的NK细胞上,其显著特征是以HLA I类分子非依赖方式诱导NK细胞活化直接杀伤靶细胞。NKp46是近年来免疫学领域研究的热点之一。本文介绍NKp46的分子结构和生物学功能的研究进展。     

Long-term clinical efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cell-based immunotherapy in early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background aimsIn this retrospective clinical study, the authors investigated the impact of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell-based immunotherapies on the long-term survival of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodsA total of 87 patients with ESCC who received comprehensive treatment were enrolled in the study. Of these patients, 43 were in the control group and 44 were in the CIK treatment group. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect the phenotype and anti-tumor function of CIK cells. Clinical characteristics were compared between these two groups, and the survival estimates of ESCC patients were determined using Kaplan–Meier analysis.ResultsCIK cells contained a high proportion of the main functional fraction (CD3⁺CD56⁺ group) and exhibited a strong killing ability for esophageal cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were significantly higher in the CIK group than in the control group in early-stage ESCC. However, patients with advanced-stage ESCC did not benefit from CIK cell-based therapy in terms of OS and PFS compared with the control group.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that CIK cells combined with conventional treatments potentially prolong long-term survival of patients and may serve as a combined therapeutic approach for the treatment of early-stage ESCC.     

IL-15 immunotherapy is a viable strategy for COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pulmonary inflammatory disease induced by a newly recognized coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected for the first time in the city of Wuhan in China and spread all over the world at the beginning of 2020. Several millions of people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and almost 382,867 human deaths worldwide have been reported so far. Notably, there has been no specific, clinically approved vaccine or anti-viral treatment strategy for COVID-19. Herein, we review COVID-19, the viral replication, and its effect on promoting pulmonary fibro-inflammation via immune cell-mediated cytokine storms in humans. Several clinical trials are currently ongoing for anti-viral drugs, vaccines, and neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19. Viral clearance is the result of effective innate and adaptive immune responses. The pivotal role of interleukin (IL)-15 in viral clearance involves maintaining the balance of induced inflammatory cytokines and the homeostatic responses of natural killer and CD8⁺ T cells. This review presents supporting evidence of the impact of IL-15 immunotherapy on COVID-19.     

Current progress in cancer immunotherapy based on natural killer cells

One of the most common diseases in the present era is cancer. The common treatment methods used to control cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Despite progress in the treatment of cancers, there still is no definite therapeutic approach. Among the currently proposed strategies, immunotherapy is a new approach that can provide better outcomes compared with existing therapies. Employing natural killer (NK) cells is one of the means of immunotherapy. As innate lymphocytes, NK cells are capable of rapidly responding to cancer cells without being sensitized or restricted to the cognate antigen in advance, as compared to T cells that are tumor antigen-specific. Latest insights into the biology of NK cells have clarified the underlying molecular mechanisms of NK cell maturation and differentiation, as well as controlling their effector functions through the investigation of the ligands and receptors engaged in recognizing cancer cells by NK cells. Elucidating the fact that NK cells recognize cancer cells could similarly show the mechanism through which cancer cells possibly avoid NK cell-dependent immune surveillance. Additionally, the expectations for novel immunotherapies by targeting NK cells have increased through the latest clinical outcomes of T–cell-targeted cancer immunotherapy. For this emerging method, researchers are still attempting to develop protocols for conferring the best proliferation and expansion medium, activation pathways, utilization dosage, transferring methods, as well as reducing possible side effects in cancer therapy. This study reviews the NK cells, their proliferation and expansion methods, and their recent applications in cancer immunotherapy.     

Cancer immunotherapy with interleukin-2-activated natural killer cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes with a distinct morphologic appearance (large granular lymphocytes [LGL]) and the ability to kill virally infected and tumor targets but to spare most normal cells. NK cells respond to a variety of biologic agents, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), or interferons, by upregulation of cytolytic, secretory, and proliferative functions. In cancer-bearing hosts, NK cells have been considered to be the major component of antitumor immunity responsible for rapid elimination of malignant cells from the blood. More recently, however, studies have demonstrated the ability of adoptively transferred, IL-2-activated NK cells to selectively localize into solid tumors tissue and to eliminate established tumors. While these findings indicate a role for NK cells in cancer immunotherapy, additional studies are needed in both animal models and in humans to optimize clinical protocols of cancer therapy based on these cells.