大兴安岭库都尔地区兴安落叶松年轮宽度年表及其与气候变化的关系

基于建立的大兴安岭库都尔地区兴安落叶松树轮宽度年表,分析了兴安落叶松树轮宽度年表与该区温度、降水和帕尔默干湿指数(PDSI)等主要气候因子之间的关系.结果表明:研究区5月和7月的温度与兴安落叶松年轮宽度变化呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);虽然降水与年轮宽度变化没有表现出显著的相关关系,但6—8月PDSI与年轮宽度变化显著相关(P0.05),说明兴安落叶松的生长明显受区域水热条件共同控制,且以5月和7月最显著.兴安落叶松树轮宽度年表与诸如太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)等大尺度气候系统波动的低频系数和高频系数之间呈显著相关,说明太平洋气候系统的波动对该区树木径向生长具有显著影响.     

江西大岗山林区樟树年轮对气候变化的响应

采用ARSTAN软件对江西大岗山林区樟树年轮生长趋势进行去除和指数化后,建立了樟树年表,并研究了樟树年轮宽度对气候变化的响应.结果表明：所建樟树年表包含了丰富的环境气候信息,适于进行树木年轮生态学分析研究;研究区樟树年轮宽度与生长季的月均温度呈正相关,其中,与4、5月的平均温度呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）;樟树年轮宽度与月降水量的相关性较复杂,与当年5月（P<0.01）及上年12月（P<0.05）降水量呈显著负相关,与当年6月和8月降水量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;樟树年轮宽度与当年5、6、8和9月湿润度指数的相关性较好.温度和降水的综合影响显著作用于大岗山樟树年轮生长.     

中国主要农作物产量波动影响因素分析

为研究我国主要农作物(粮食、水果、油料、糖料和棉花作物)产量波动特征及相关影响因素,以我国1981 ～2010年主要农作物产量和种植面积资料为基础,同时利用4种方法对农作物单产进行趋势拟合与分解.结果表明:(1)近30年来我国农作物总产和单产都逐步提高,特别是水果产量的增长最快,其中柑橘单产年均增长率达7.09％;各类作物趋势产量也呈上升趋势;但气象产量波动剧烈,年际间缺乏连续性,其中水果气象产量波动幅度最大(柑橘为17.76％、苹果为15.83％).(2)作物总产的年际波动中,种植面积和单产因素的贡献率因作物类型不同而有所差异,其中粮食作物和水果总产波动的主要原因是单产波动,糖料作物和棉花产量波动主要因种植面积波动导致,油料作物总产的波动中单产和种植面积贡献相当.(3)各类作物单产年际波动均取决于气象因素,农业政策和科技进步等社会因素对单产年际波动的贡献较低.(4)作物趋势产量的4种拟合方法,其结果无显著差异.各影响因素对我国农作物产量波动的贡献率因作物类型不同而有所差异;重视作物单产提高、关注气候变化对农作物生产的影响是目前我国农业安全生产的重要任务.     

缙云山四川大头茶树木年轮生长动态与气候因子关系的研究

应用相关分析、逐步回归、数字滤波以及功率谱方法对四川缙云山四川大头茶年轮生长动态进行了分析研究,通过数学模型滤除树木本身生长的遗传因素及定年后,建立了缙云山青龙寨和香炉峰的树木年轮年表。结果表明,四川大头茶年轮中保存的信息量较大,两地点年轮年表与其生长环境重庆地区的年降水量相关密切,可以用该年表表征重庆地区的降水情况。气象因子与四川大头茶年轮宽度间的统计数学模型为:Y=-2.19+0.00747J₁+0.00612J₂+0.00140J₃+0.00384J₄+0.00371J₅+0.0731T₁+0.0564T₅,年轮的功率谱密度值随波数的分布不均匀,由年轮宽度变异的功率谱周期分析揭示了树木生长环境2、11～12、22年左右的降水波动周期。树木年轮表的建立与分析,是研究森林生态系统动态及环境历史变迁的重要途径.     

天山东部不同海拔西伯利亚落叶松对气候变暖的响应分析

利用树木年轮气候学方法,探讨了在气候变暖情景下,天山东部上中下限西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）树木径向生长与气候因子之间的响应关系,并利用冗余分析对其关系进行了验证。结果表明：不同海拔的差值年表（RES）要比标准年表（STD）的特征参数大,具有更高的信噪比和平均敏感度,含有较多的环境信息且更能代表树木总体变化;海拔2160m处的年表（L1）在快速升温（1985年）后,树木年轮宽度与降水和温度的相关性明显减弱;海拔2430m处的年表（L2）在两个时段内与降水和温度的关系均较弱;海拔2700m处的年表（L3）在1985~2013年时段内对降水和气温的正响应均增强。树木径向生长对单月气候因子的响应在前一年11、12月份显著性更高,当年6、7月份气温与树轮宽度指数具有更高的相关性。气候变暖使树木径向生长不断减小的特征在低海拔地区表现更为明显。上中下限西伯利亚落叶松对气温升高的敏感性降低。高海拔地区西伯利亚落叶松的径向生长主要受温度的影响,而中低海拔地区主要受降水与温度的共同影响。     

小麦玉米不同幅宽套作对种群生态关系和作物产量的影响

小麦玉米不同幅宽套作对种群生态关系和作物产量的影响李萍萍陈欣（南京农业大学农学系,２１００１４）ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＢｅｄＷｉｄｔｈｏｎｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐａｎｄＹｉｅｌｄｉｎＲｅｌａｙＣｒｏｐｐ...     

天山东部西伯利亚落叶松树轮生长对气候要素的响应分析

天山东部西伯利亚落叶松的树木年轮学研究可以看出：森林上限树轮宽度年表之间相关性较高而下限年表间相关稍低,表明下限小生境要素对树木生长干扰较大。森林上下限树轮年表中样本的总解释量（ESP）和信噪比（SNR）都比较高,说明树木中都含有较多的环境信息;但标准年表中平均敏感度（M．S．）和轮宽指数的标准差（S．D．）都是森林上限数值低于下限,这表明森林上限树木生长对环境变化响应的敏感性降低;相关分析和响应分析也发现森林下限生长的树木对气候因子的响应较为显著。就温度而言,森林上限和下限表现基本一致,树木生长多与温度负相关,其中下限树木生长与春季均温和3．6月份均温显著负相关;降水表现出一定的差别,上限树木生长与春季、夏季及年降水量有较高的负相关,而对下限树木生长影响最大的则是冬季和3—6月份降水。湿润指数与降水基本一致即上限呈负相关而下限正相关,温暖指数全为负相关,寒冷指数下限负相关显著;显然该地区森林上下限树木生长的生态模式存在着一定的差异。研究发现,冬春季节的不同水热组合则是形成树木年轮宽窄的限制因素;同时,前期生长的滞后效应对年轮形成有重要的影响。     

水分胁迫与光照条件对棉花干物质和产量形成影响的数学模型

从作物冠层净同化速率入手,通过引入对CO2浓度、空气湿度、光照强度和土壤含水量反映较敏感的光能利用系数（β）,建立了考虑水分胁迫和光照条件对作物干物质积累与产量形成影响的数学模型,模型考虑了水分胁迫与低光照下冠层阻力增加的设定,将反映作物冠层水分状况的功能叶水势（Ψl）作为参数纳入本模型,通过对土壤相对含水量（Aw)、气温（Ta）、水汽压差（VPD）的多元回归估算出Ψl,并将空气动力学阻力（Ra）简化为风速（u）的函数,盆载试验应用实例和敏感性分析表明,该模型在诊断环境因子特别是土壤水分与光照因子对作物生长和产量构成的影响具有一定的实用性。     

套种玉米覆膜对土壤微生物活性及作物产量的影响

套种玉米覆膜对土壤微生物活性及作物产量的影响李桂芳,王义甫,陈源（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所１１００１５）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｐｌａｎｔｅｄＳｐｒｉｎｇＷｈｅａｔａｎｄＣｏｒｎＭｕｌｃｈｉｎｇｏｎＳｏｉｌＭｌｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍＡｃｔｉｖｉ...     

黑龙滩水库夏季不同水位对鱼产量及浮游生物的影响

水位变动对鱼产量及浮游生物群落结构有着重要影响。本文通过对黑龙滩水库１３年（１９８０—１９９２）水位落差（夏季水位）、年降雨量、５—９月降雨量,年入库流量与鱼产量的关系进行了回归分析,其中鱼产量（Ｙ）与水位落差（Ｘ）呈显著的负相关：Ｙ＝２５．９８－１．３３Ｘ,（ｒ＝－０．７１１３）。对该水库夏季不同水位时浮游生物种类组成,现存量及生物多样性指数进行了分析比较,发现夏季高水位时（１９９２年６月）浮游生物个体小型化,生物量减少,浮游植物多样性增加。根据营养级差串联效应理论（Ｃａｓｃａｄｉｎｇｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ）,可能与鱼的摄食压力有关。     

Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap

Agriculture today places great strains on biodiversity, soils, water and the atmosphere, and these strains will be exacerbated if current trends in population growth, meat and energy consumption, and food waste continue. Thus, farming systems that are both highly productive and minimize environmental harms are critically needed. How organic agriculture may contribute to world food production has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decade. Here, we revisit this topic comparing organic and conventional yields with a new meta-dataset three times larger than previously used (115 studies containing more than 1000 observations) and a new hierarchical analytical framework that can better account for the heterogeneity and structure in the data. We find organic yields are only 19.2% (±3.7%) lower than conventional yields, a smaller yield gap than previous estimates. More importantly, we find entirely different effects of crop types and management practices on the yield gap compared with previous studies. For example, we found no significant differences in yields for leguminous versus non-leguminous crops, perennials versus annuals or developed versus developing countries. Instead, we found the novel result that two agricultural diversification practices, multi-cropping and crop rotations, substantially reduce the yield gap (to 9 ± 4% and 8 ± 5%, respectively) when the methods were applied in only organic systems. These promising results, based on robust analysis of a larger meta-dataset, suggest that appropriate investment in agroecological research to improve organic management systems could greatly reduce or eliminate the yield gap for some crops or regions.     

不同生育期持续干旱对玉米的影响及其与减产率的定量关系

为了探究不同生长阶段土壤水分含量持续下降过程对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响,通过设置遮雨棚人工控水试验,分析不同生长阶段持续干旱条件下玉米株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合性能、地上生物量和产量等生理生态指标的动态变化.试验因素为控水时段和控水持续时间,从拔节普遍期开始分别控水20(T₁)和27 d(T₂),从抽雄普遍期开始控水20(T₃)和27 d(T₄),加上不控水对照(CK),共5个处理.结果表明: 持续干旱导致植株叶片卷曲、打绺,下部叶片衰老加快,对LAI影响较大,从而降低生物量的累积与籽粒产量.T₁～T₄处理结束时LAI分别为CK的74.9%、68.2%、60.5%和48.3%.玉米植株在经历持续控水后,叶片最大净光合速率(P_{n max})逐渐下降,T₁(T₃)和T₂(T₄)处理结束时P_{n max}分别降至CK的23%及不足10%,复水2周后,P_{n max}能恢复到CK的90%左右.T₁和T₂处理产量较CK分别下降18.5%和24.0%,T₃和T₄处理分别减产41.6%和45.8%.抽雄期持续干旱对玉米地上生物量及产量构成的影响大于拔节期干旱.干旱程度(D)能够定量表示土壤干旱状况,与玉米减产率存在线性定量关系,可通过计算D来预测玉米的减产情况.     

激光810大豆高产稳产性分析

笔者运用激光技术选育出了激光810大豆,亩产400kg以上,并分析了激光810高产稳产性的原因。     

Epistatic gene effects on the yield of the parents of F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progeny

The genetic analysis of 5 tomato hybrids (Danubius F₁, Luna F₁, Lido F₁, Balkan F₁ and Mi-10 F₁) was made. We produced their F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂ generations and analysed their yield (on the first three flower branches) as well as some of the yield components of tomato fruits (mean fruit weight, mean fruit weight on the first flower branch, fruit length, fruit width, and number of locules). In order to estimate the gene effects, we applied the additive-dominance mode with three and six parameters. Epistatic gene effects were estimated by applying the six-parameter mode (Mather and Jinks 1982). As for yield and yield components, there were significant differences between the mean values of parents and their progeny. On the basis of the investigated genetic parameters, the obtained results suggested that the additive and dominance gene effects prevailed in the yield and yield components (Danubius F₁, Luna F₁, Lido F₁, Mi-10 F₁), whereas epistatic gene effects were excluded. As for the hybrid Balkan F₁, we recorded significant gene effects, both the additive and the dominance ones in the yield inheritance: additive x additive and dominance x dominance (with the negative sign). The estimated values of the epistatic gene effects were the most prominent in inheriting the feature average fruit weight on the first flower branch — additive x dominance gene effects. They represented the most frequent type of the interallele interaction recorded in the investigated hybrids.     

Lithium toxicity in seedlings of three cool season grasses

Summary Lithium toxicity in seedling of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), Sherman bluegrass (Poa ampla), and Whitmar wheatgrass (Agropyron inerme) was investigated in 2 potted soil studies. Yields of roots and shoots were unaffected at 2.5 and 5 ppm but were significantly (P<0.05) depressed at 15 and 60 ppm. Li was much higher in the herbage than in the roots of grasses grown in Li treated soils. Species tolerancy to Li appeared to be: crested wheatgrass > Sherman bluegrass > Whitmar wheatgrass.The research is a cooperative investigation of the USDA, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, and the Oregon State Agric. Exp. Sta., Squaw Butte Experiment Station, Burns, Technical Paper No. 4974 of the Oregon State Agric. Exp. Sta.     

Variability in yield and yield component responses to genistein pre-incubated Bradyrhizobium japonicum by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivars

The sub-tropical legume, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], has lower grain yields at low temperatures, mainly due to reduced nitrogen fixation. The isoflavone genistein has been identified as one of the major compounds in soybean seed and root extracts responsible for inducing the expression of the B. japonicum nod genes. A 2-year field study was conducted in 1997 and 1998 with 11 soybean cultivars recommended for Québec, and representing a range of yield potentials and maturity groups. The objective of this study was to assess the variability among soybean cultivar maturity groups in terms of response to genistein application under Canadian short season and cool-spring conditions. The experiments were organized in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The two genistein treatments included B. japonicum inoculant pre-incubated with 20 m genistein and B. japonicum inoculant only. The inoculants were applied into the furrow at the time of planting. The results of this study showed that genistein pre-incubated B. japonicum increased soybean grain yield and protein content over two years. In 1998, pod number per plant^–1 and seed number plant^–1 were also clearly increased. When 20 m genistein was applied in 1998, cultivars in the late maturity group had 28 and 70% more shoot and total protein content, respectively, than the early maturity groups with or without genistein, or the late maturity without genistein, in 1998. There was no interaction between genistein application and soybean cultivar in this study, indicating that both early and late maturing cultivars responded similarly to genistein pretreated inocula. Pre-incubation of B. japonicum with genistein can increase N₂ fixation potential in short season areas. Key words: Soybean, cultivars, genistein, yield, and yield components     

云南不同类型一季稻产量形成及其与气象因子的关系

利用云南省14个不同海拔农业气象观测站1994-2010年水稻大田发育期和产量观测资料,研究水稻产量形成及气象因子对低产水稻产量构成因素的影响;根据14个站点水稻产量构成因素的系统聚类分析结果和水稻类型,将水稻分为低产粳型、低产籼型、高产粳型和高产籼型4个类型.对这4类水稻产量构成因素的分析结果表明,单位面积颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关,低产粳型水稻产量主要受结实率和颖花量影响,其他3类颖花量对产量影响较大.低产粳型水稻主要受低温的影响,孕穗期低温降低颖花量和有效穗数,孕穗期和抽穗开花期低温增加空壳率,以平均气温、平均最高气温和冷积温的影响较大;乳熟前期较低的平均气温增加秕谷率,同时降低千粒重.低产籼型水稻产量构成因素受多种气象因子的综合影响明显;分蘖期和拔节期一定程度的增温不利于增加低产籼型水稻有效穗数,而分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加,分蘖期和拔节期气温和日照时数与每穗粒数的关系呈“抛物线型”;低产籼型水稻空壳率一定程度上受抽穗开花期低温的影响,而乳熟前期高温少雨不仅增加秕谷率,还导致千粒重明显下降.     

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Lemna gibba as induced by the interaction between light and temperature. I. Photosynthesis in vivo

The floating angiosperm Lemna gibba L. was exposed for 2 h to various combinations of photosynthetic photon flux densities and temperature. The extent of photoinhibition of photosynthesis was assayed by measuring the net CO₂ uptake before and after a photoinhibitory treatment, and the time course for photoinhibition was studied. It was found that the maximum quantum yield and the light-saturated rate of CO₂ uptake were affected by the interaction between light and temperature during the photoinhibitory treatment. At a constant photon flux density of 650 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ the extent of photoinhibition increased with decreasing temperature showing that even a chilling-resistant plant like L. gibba is much more susceptible to photoinhibition at chilling temperatures. About 60% photoinhibition of the quantum yield for CO₂ uptake could be obtained either by a high photon flux density of 1 750 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 25°C or by a moderate photon flux density of 650 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 3°C. The time courses of recovery from 60% photoinhibition produced by either of these two treatments were similar, indicating that the nature of the photoinhibition was intrinsically similar. The extent of photoinhibition was related to the amount of light absorbed in excess to what could be handled by photosynthesis at that temperature. The vital importance of photosynthesis in alleviating photoinhibition is discussed.