蛋白质跨线粒体膜的运送

线粒体约含１０００种左右蛋白质,其中９８％以上系由细胞核编码,在细胞质核酸体上以前体形式合成之后再运至线粒体并选分定位于各部分,现对定位于基持和内膜的蛋白质的运送途径研究的新进展作一扼要介绍,脱血红素细胞色素ｃ是细胞色素ｃ的前体,它既不含导肽,在线粒体外膜迄今也未发现共受体,对其转运的研究概况也作了评述。     

脱血红素细胞色素c对DMPG膜的插入研究

气－液界面单分子层实验发现鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ对ＤＭＰＧ单分子层表现出很强的插入能力,这种插入能力受亚相溶液离子强度的调节。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱对鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ与ＤＭＰＧ脂质体的作用进行了进一步研究,对磷脂不同区域的红外光谱分析表明鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ不仅与ＤＭＰＧ头部存在静电相互作用而且与其疏水部分也存在相互作用。     

磷脂酸(PA)-磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)相互作用有利于脱血红素细胞色素c跨脂质体的运送

细胞色素c的前体 -脱血红素细胞色素c(Apocyt.c)在细胞质中核糖体合成 ,之后跨线粒体膜运送 ,在线粒体内、外膜间隙中经酶催化与血红素Heme结合形成成熟型的细胞色素c定位于线粒体内膜外侧     

脱血红素细胞色素C自发折叠的进一步验证

用胰蛋白酶水解结构聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及纳秒内源荧光衰减谱分析对鸡心脱血红素细胞色素Ｃ在透析复性过程的自发折叠现象作进一步确定，结果显示随着透析复性时间的增加，鸡心脱血红素细胞色素Ｃ对胰蛋白酶的水解敏感性逐渐下降，内源荧光寿命值增大，与此对应的马心脱血红素细胞色素Ｃ没有发生变化。     

线粒体膜间隙蛋白在细胞凋亡中的作用

线粒体除了作为细胞内的“能量工厂”外,在控制细胞凋亡中起主导作用。细胞凋亡时,线粒体膜通透性增加,释放可溶性线粒体膜间隙蛋白质,进一步破坏细胞结构。在这些致死性蛋白质中,有些(cytc、Smac／DIABLO、Omi／HtrA2等)能够激活caspases,另一些(endo G、AIF、Omi/HtrA2等)则以非caspase依赖的方式发挥作用。多种线粒体因子参与细胞凋亡,强化了细胞器在凋亡控制中的核心作用。     

脱血红素细胞色素c的68~88肽段在插膜及与线粒体结合中具有关键作用

细胞色素c的前体蛋白——脱血红素细胞色素c是在细胞质中合成后运入线粒体的. 结合人工合成多肽及完整分子的缺失突变体探索了脱血红素细胞色素c跨膜转运中的关键肽段, 结果表明, 无论在单分子层插膜, 还是在与脂质体、线粒体的相互作用中, 脱血红素细胞色素c的68~88肽段都起着关键作用.     

脱血红素细胞色素c插入磷脂单分子层能力的研究

介绍了一种改进的、用于研究膜脂-蛋白相互作用的气-液界面单分子层实验模型及实验装置,并在该实验装置上研究了来自马心和金枪鱼心的线粒体前体蛋白脱血红素细胞色素c与大豆磷脂单分子层的相互作用,实验结果表明这两种前体蛋白对大豆磷脂单分子层都具有较强的亲和性和插膜能力,其临界插膜压力分别为43mN/m、45mN/m.     

C17S和H18D突变对鸡脱辅基细胞色素c跨线粒体膜输入的影响

体外转录鸡脱辅基细胞色素c(apocytochromec,简称apocyt.c)mRNA ,以之翻译apocyt.c并以3 5 S 甲硫氨酸标记 ,在纯化的鸡心线粒体上对它的跨膜转运与其经血红素加合酶催化转化为细胞色素c的关系进行了研究 .结果表明 ,即使在不利于形成细胞色素c的生化条件下鸡apocyt.c也能有效地输入线粒体 .为进一步证实apocyt.c的跨膜转运过程独立于转化为细胞色素c ,对apocyt.c的血红素结合位点进行基因的定点突变 ( 1 7位 :Cys→Ser;1 8位 :His→Asp) ,然后研究了 2个突变体apocyt.c的跨膜转运 .结果C1 7S和H1 8D都仍能有效地输入线粒体 ,但发现转运初速率已显著变慢     

Insertion of hydrophobic membrane proteins into the inner mitochondrial membrane--a guided tour

Only a few mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the organellar genome. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded and thus have to be transported into the organelle from the cytosol. Within the mitochondrion proteins have to be sorted into one of the four sub-compartments: the outer or inner membranes, the intermembrane space or the matrix. These processes are mediated by complex protein machineries within the different compartments that act alone or in concert with each other. The translocation machinery of the outer membrane is formed by a multi-subunit protein complex (TOM complex), that is built up by signal receptors and the general import pore (GIP). The inner membrane houses two multi-subunit protein complexes that each handles special subsets of mitochondrial proteins on their way to their final destination. According to their primary function these two complexes have been termed the pre-sequence translocase (or TIM23 complex) and the protein insertion complex (or TIM22 complex). The identification of components of these complexes and the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying their function are currently an exciting and fast developing field of molecular cell biology.     

Change of apocytocrhome c translocation across membrane in consequence of hydrophobic segment deletion

Wild-type apocytochrome c and its hydrophobic segment deleted mutants, named 28–39, 72–86 and 28–29/72–86 were constructed, expressed and highly purified respectively. Insertion ability into phospholipid monolayer, inducing leakage of entrapped fluorescent dye fluorescein sulfonate (FS) from liposomes, and translocation across model membrane system showed that the wild-type apoprotein and 28–39 almost exhibited the same characteristics, while mutants with segment 72–86 deletion did not. Furthermore, CD spectra, intrinsic fluorescence emission spectra, and the accessibility of the protein to the fluorescence quenchers: KI, acrylamide and HB demonstrated that the segment 72–86 deletion has a significant effect on the conformational changes of apocytochrome c following its interaction with phospholipid. On the basis of these results it is postulated that the C-terminal hydrophobic segment 72–86 plays an important role in the translocation of apocytochrome c across membrane.     

Phosphatidylserine translocation into brain mitochondria: Involvement of a fusogenic protein associated with mitochondrial membranes

Data reported in the literature indicate that lipid movement between intracellular organelles can occur through contacts and close physical association of membranes (Vance, J.E. 1990. J Biol Chem 265: 7248-7256). The advantage of this mechanism is that the direct interaction of membranes provides the translocation event without the involvement of lipid-transport systems. However, pre-requisite for the functioning of this machinery is the presence of protein factors controlling membrane association and fusion. In the present work we have found that liposomes fuse to mitochondria at acidic pH and that the pre-treatment of mitochondria with pronase inhibits the fusogenic activity. Mixing of ¹⁴C-phosphatilyserine (PS) labeled liposomes with mitochondria at pH 6.0 results in the translocation of ¹⁴C-PS into mitochondria and in its decarboxylation to¹⁴ C-phosphatidylethanolamine through the PS decarboxylase activity localized on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Incorporation of ¹⁴C-PS is inhibited by the pre-treatment of mitochondria with pronase or with EEDQ, a reagent for the derivatization of the protonated form of carboxylic groups. These results indicate the presence of a protein associated with mitochondria which is able to trigger the fusion of liposomes to the mitochondrial membrane. A partial purification of a mitochondrial fusogenic glycoprotein is described in this work. The activity of the fusogenic protein appears to be dependent on the extent of protonation of the residual carboxylic groups and is influenced by the glucidic moiety, as demonstrated by its interaction with Concanavalin A. The purifed protein is able to promote the recover of the¹⁴ C-PS import from liposomes to pronase-treated mitochondria. Therefore, the protein is candidate to be an essential component in the machinery for the mitochondrial import of PS. (Mol Cell Biochem 175: 71–80, 1997)     

The protein import machinery of the mitochondrial membranes

Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes that contain independent and non-related protein transport machineries. Remarkable progress was recently achieved in elucidating the structure of the outer membrane import channel and in the identification of new components involved in protein traffic across the intermembrane space and the inner membrane. Traditional concepts of protein targeting and sorting had to be revised. Here we briefly summarize the data on the mitochondrial protein import system with particular emphasis on new developments and perspectives.     

线粒体蛋白质运输机制

：线粒体的大多数蛋白质是由核基因编码、细胞质合成,而最终运输到线粒体。在此过程中,需要线粒体外膜和内膜的蛋白质运输机器(至少三种主要的移位酶复合物)来保证前体蛋白质的正确运输。     

Active remodelling of the TIM23 complex during translocation of preproteins into mitochondria

The TIM23 (translocase of the mitochondrial inner membrane) complex mediates translocation of preproteins across and their insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane. How the translocase mediates sorting of preproteins into the two different subcompartments is poorly understood. In particular, it is not clear whether association of two operationally defined parts of the translocase, the membrane-integrated part and the import motor, depends on the activity state of the translocase. We established conditions to in vivo trap the TIM23 complex in different translocation modes. Membrane-integrated part of the complex and import motor were always found in one complex irrespective of whether an arrested preprotein was present or not. Instead, we detected different conformations of the complex in response to the presence and, importantly, the type of preprotein being translocated. Two non-essential subunits of the complex, Tim21 and Pam17, modulate its activity in an antagonistic manner. Our data demonstrate that the TIM23 complex acts as a single structural and functional entity that is actively remodelled to sort preproteins into different mitochondrial subcompartments.     

Understanding protein translocation across chloroplast membranes: Translocons and motor proteins

Subcellular organelles in eukaryotes are surrounded by lipid membranes.In an endomembrane system,vesicle trafficking is the primary mechanism for the delivery of organellar proteins to specific organelles.However,organellar proteins for chloroplasts,mitochondria,the nucleus,and peroxisomes that are translated in the cytosol are directly imported into their target organelles.Chloroplasts are a plant-specific organelle with outer and inner envelope membranes,a dual-membrane structure that is simil...