香港岛森林群落的聚类与排序

本文应用聚类、极点排序、主分量分析等多元分析方法,对香港岛的森林群落进行了分类与排序。根据组平均法、离差平方和法、最近邻体法等三种聚类分析的结果,香港岛的森林群落可划分为三个植被亚型和七个群系。极点排序较好地反映了植被的连续性,以及群落所在地的海拔、干湿程度、土壤类型等生境条件的梯度变化。主分量分析表示出13个森林群落的相互关系,可以从原来60个彼此相关的变量降为13个互相独立的变量。主分量分析的二维排序图较好地划分出南亚热带常绿阔叶林为低地林,低山林和山地林等三个植被亚型。     

广东亚热带部分森林群落排序分析

本文应用极点排序、主坐标分析和位置向量排序等3种排序技术,对广东亚热带11个森林群落进行排序。探索了这3种方法在广东亚热带植被分析上的应用效果;经过对排序结果的分析,说明了11个森林群落的相互关系,在一定程度上揭示了植被变化的生态学原因。     

香港岛森林群落的聚类的排序

 本文应用聚类、极点排序、主分量分析等多元分析方法,对香港岛的森林群落进行了分类与排序。根据组平均法、离差平方和法、最近邻体法等三种聚类分析的结果,香港岛的森林群落可划分为三个植被亚型和七个群系。极点排序较好地反映了植被的连续性,以及群落所在地的海拔、干湿程度、土壤类型等生境条件的梯度变化,主分量分析表示出13个森林群落的相互关系,可以从原来60个彼此相关的变量降为13个互相独立的变量。主分量分析的二维排序图较好地划分出南亚热带常绿阔叶林为低地林,低山林和山地林等三个植被亚型。     

河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落与环境的关系

植物与环境之间的关系是一个复杂的演变过程,运用数量生态学方法探讨森林群落的物种组成、种群的生态特征、不同植物群落与环境之间的关系,有助于保护该区森林群落的稳定性和生物多样性。根据148个森林群落样方数据,选用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,对河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落进行分类和排序研究。结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为20个类型;(2)CCA排序结果较好地反映出群落分布格局与环境梯度的关系,各个森林群落类型在前两轴分异明显,在11个环境因子中,海拔、坡位、凋落层厚度、土壤导电率、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤厚度和干扰程度这8个环境因子对森林群落的分布起较大的作用,影响森林群落的分布格局,形成不同的植被类型。(3)乔木层优势种的CCA二维排序图所揭示的环境梯度与群落类型的分布有很大的相似性;t值双序图阐明了海拔、凋落层厚度、土壤温度、干扰程度等环境因子对森林群落乔木层优势种有着重要影响。采用TWINSPAN分类与CCA排序的方法,较好地解释了森林群落与环境因子的关系,为小五台山地区森林生态系统的科学管理和保护提供了理论依据,研究结果也为同类地区森林生态系统研究及保护提供参考和借鉴。     

山西蟒河自然保护区栓皮栎林的聚类和排序

本文用等级聚类、极点排序、主成分分析和对应分析等多元分析法, 对蟒河自然保护区的栓皮标(Quercus variabilis)林进与于了聚类和排序。等级聚类法将蟒河自然保护区的栓皮栎林划分为五个群丛, 极点排序、主成分分析和对应分析三种方法得出一致的结论, 并较好地反映了环境变化的梯度及植被变化的连续性。综合分析表明栓皮栎林是保护区内稳定的群落类型。     

广东森林群落排序分析

本文应用极点排序和位置向量排序的方法对广东13个森林群落进行排序分析,并分别用极点排序图和位置向量排序的二维图和三维图表示排序的结果。同时对排序图的生态学意义及排序方法的优缺点进行讨论。结果表明,三维位置向量排序图能较好地把性质相近的群落类型聚在一起,可作为植被分类的辅助方法;积点排序图从一定程度上反映了植被的连续变化;极点排序与位置向量排序虽然取得一定结果,但由于同属线性排序,损失的信息量较多,寻求非线性排序方法是研究的方向。     

粤北与粤东北部分自然保护区森林群落的相似性探讨

利用样方调查法 ,对地处粤北和粤东北的乐昌大瑶山、乐昌十二度水 -杨东山、英德滑水山、连平黄牛石、和平黄石坳以及蕉岭长潭等地的植被优势科和优势种进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,各地植被的共有优势科为壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、金缕梅科、杜鹃花科等 ,与它们所处的中亚热带地理位置相适应 ,但优势种类及其优势度有差异。群落的相似性系数以黄石坳与长潭之间的 44.97%为最大 ;黄石坳与大瑶山之间的1 0 96%为最低 ,提示和平黄石坳可能是广东植被区划东西分区的一个关键地区。     

陕西洛河流域不同生境蝗虫的群落结构

应用种-多度分布模型、多样性指数、相似性分析、主成分(PCA)分析及多元逐步回归等方法比较了洛河流域不同生境的蝗虫群落结构。结果显示:洛河流域各生境的蝗虫分布基本上服从Preston对数正态分布,其中以森林拟合的最好。各多样性指数的变化趋势均为森林>森林草原>河滩和农田>典型草原。在相似性分析中,典型草原、森林草原和森林这3种生境相似性很高,而河滩和农田则是完全不同的另一种生境。对各生境植被因素和蝗虫群落所进行的主成分分析,结果非常理想,两维主成分的累计方差贡献率分别达到了92.558%和78.566%。通过多元逐步回归发现,影响蝗虫种类和数量变化的植被因有草本植物高度多样性、树木盖度、豆科优势度、禾本科优势度和其他科优势度等。     

小兴安岭森林恢复期不同植被区域蛾类组成及其多样性

为了研究小兴安岭地区不同植被类型的森林恢复区域和原始林区域的蛾类群落结构和多样性,对位于凉水自然保护区的4个典型区域的蛾类群落进行了系统调查。共采集蛾类标本56079号,隶属于28科598种,其中夜蛾科、尺蛾科为优势类群,豆卷叶野螟、头橙荷苔蛾、一色兜夜蛾等为小兴安岭地区优势种。对蛾类群落的种-多度关系分析得知,4个区域均符合对数正态分布假说。多样性指数分析表明,多样性和均匀度均为ⅣⅢⅡⅠ;优势集中性指数为ⅠⅢⅡⅣ。相似性分析和群落排序结果表明各植被恢复区域与原始林蛾类群落均存在差异,但差异不大。研究认为小兴安岭地区蛾类赖以生存的生态系统稳定,环境条件良好。     

粤北六地森林群落的比较研究

利用植被样方法和重要值计算,对地处广东北部山区的南雄青嶂山、始兴南山、曲江沙溪、翁源青云山、新丰云髻山、河源大桂山的森林群落乔木层优势科、优势种及各地共优种的径级结构进行了比较分析。结果表明,各地共有优势科为壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、金缕梅科、冬青科、杜鹃花科等13科,与他们所处的中亚热带地理位置相适应;6地共有优势种9个,优势度存在明显差异。群落的相似性系数以沙溪与南山之间的75．88％为最大;青云山与大桂山之间的45．64％为最低;南山与其他各地的群落相似性系数均大于60％。共有优势种的种群径级结构中,甜锥（Castanopsis eyrei）、罗浮柿（Diospyros morrisiana）、酸枣（Choerospondias axillaris）种群在粤北6地的个体数量分布,与各地的纬度差异有较明显的相关性。云髻山和沙溪的黧蒴（Castanopsis fissa）种群呈增长趋势,而南山和大桂山的趋于衰退。青云山的木荷（Schima superba）种群呈增长趋势,而其他地区的更新不良。黄樟（Cinnamomum porrectum）在各地分布为散生,种群规模小,径级结构不完整。各地枫香（Liquidambar formosana）种群的径级结构不完整,缺乏Ⅰ级幼苗。杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）种群在粤北6地均呈现衰退趋势。研究结果提示,整体上粤北6地森林的非地带性植被趋于衰退,常绿阔叶林的恢复进展顺利。     

Vegetation recovery and plant facilitation in a human-disturbed lava field in a megacity: searching tools for ecosystem restoration

Unplanned urban development threatens natural ecosystems. Assessing ecosystem recovery after anthropogenic disturbances and identifying plant species that may facilitate vegetation regeneration are critical for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in urban areas. At the periphery of Mexico City, illegal human settlements produced different levels of disturbance on natural plant communities developed on a lava field near the Ajusco mountain range. We assessed natural regeneration of plant communities 20 years after the abandonment of the settlements, in sites that received low (manual harvesting of non-timber forest products), medium (removal of aboveground vegetation), and high (removal of substrate and whole vegetation) disturbance levels. We also tested the potential facilitative role played by dominant tree and shrub species. Plant diversity and vegetation biomass decreased as disturbance level increased. Sites with high disturbance level showed poor regeneration and the lowest species similarity compared to the least disturbed sites. Six dominant species (i.e., those with the highest abundance, frequency, and/or basal area) were common to all sites. Among them, three species (the tree Buddleja cordata, and two shrubs, Ageratina glabrata and Sedum oxypetalum) were identified as potential facilitators of community regeneration, because plant density and species richness were significantly higher under their canopies than at open sites. We propose that analyzing community structural traits of the successional vegetation (such as species diversity and biomass) and identifying potential facilitator species are useful steps in assessing the recovery ability of plant communities to anthropogenic disturbances, and in designing restoration strategies.     

黄岗山西北坡森林垂直带群落特征及区系分析

为研究森林垂直带的群落组成特征及其植物地理区系成分,于黄岗山西北坡从低海拔至高海拔设置5个群落带,依次为常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、针叶林、中山苔藓矮曲林。通过统计分析,结果显示,黄岗山垂直带森林具有典型的中亚热带地带性植被特点,以常绿阔叶树和常绿针叶树为主要优势种;种的相似性指数表明,不同植被群落间物种组成具有较大的差异性,同时也说明黄岗山森林丰富的物种多样性;植物区系地理成分复杂多样,以热带成分为主,并具有由热带向温带过渡的性质。     

Predicting the responsiveness of soil biodiversity to deforestation: a cross‐biome study

The consequences of deforestation for aboveground biodiversity have been a scientific and political concern for decades. In contrast, despite being a dominant component of biodiversity that is essential to the functioning of ecosystems, the responses of belowground biodiversity to forest removal have received less attention. Single‐site studies suggest that soil microbes can be highly responsive to forest removal, but responses are highly variable, with negligible effects in some regions. Using high throughput sequencing, we characterize the effects of deforestation on microbial communities across multiple biomes and explore what determines the vulnerability of microbial communities to this vegetative change. We reveal consistent directional trends in the microbial community response, yet the magnitude of this vegetation effect varied between sites, and was explained strongly by soil texture. In sandy sites, the difference in vegetation type caused shifts in a suite of edaphic characteristics, driving substantial differences in microbial community composition. In contrast, fine‐textured soil buffered microbes against these effects and there were minimal differences between communities in forest and grassland soil. These microbial community changes were associated with distinct changes in the microbial catabolic profile, placing community changes in an ecosystem functioning context. The universal nature of these patterns allows us to predict where deforestation will have the strongest effects on soil biodiversity, and how these effects could be mitigated.     

三峡水库岛屿成岛前的植被特征与物种丰富度

三峡水库蓄水导致原有生境的岛屿化, 本文调查了三峡水库6个即将形成的岛屿蓄水前的植被特征, 并对这些岛屿上各类群落类型的物种丰富度进行了分析。共调查到群落类型28个, 其中草丛12个, 灌丛7个, 森林9个。研究结果表明, 绝大多数岛屿自然植被覆盖率低, 植被退化严重。主要表现为森林比重很小, 群落多样性低, 撂荒地上处于次生演替初始阶段的杂类草草丛占了相当大的比例。6个岛屿的植物种数分别为126、157、175、189、242、254; 其中森林群落的平均物种丰富度指数为42.19, 灌、草丛分别为15.96和17.89。杂类草草丛具有较高的丰富度指数, 而演替到较为稳定的退化草丛物种丰富度指数呈下降趋势。各类灌丛之间物种丰富度指数相差不大。在针阔混交林向阔叶林演替过程中, 物种丰富度指数表现为较大的波动性。由于自然植被被严重破坏, 岛屿上外来入侵种形成了较大的灾害。三峡库区即将形成的这些岛屿具有重要的研究价值, 建议选择一些岛屿建立保护区。     

粤北八宝山森林群落的组成和结构特征

在线路调查和样方凋查材料的基础上分析了粤北八宝山自然保护区森林群落的组成和结构特征。八宝山森林群落外貌终年常绿,群落的区系组成以亚热带的科属为主,优势科为壳斗科、山茶科、樟科、木兰科、金缕梅科、安息香科、五列本科、杜英科、杜鹃花科、松科、冬青科以及交让本科。优势种亦大部分由这些科的种类组成。群落中胸径≥２ｃｍ的个体密度为３３７７株／ｈｍ２,平均距离为１．６２ｍ。群落的垂直分化比较明显,乔木层一般可分为２—３亚层。第１亚层高１６—２２ｍ;第２亚层高１０—１６ｍ;第３亚层高５—１０ｍ。群落缺乏板根现象和大型木质藤本,附生植物也不发达,表现出中亚热带森林的特色。     

Diversity of Tabanidae,Asilidae and Syrphidae (Diptera) in natural protected areas of Yucatan,Mexico

Although dipteran communities play a fundamental role in the ecosystem, little is known about their diversity, richness and abundance in different environments. In spite of the importance of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) as reservoirs of biological diversity, information about community parameters of most insects, including Diptera, are practically unknown in these areas. In this study, we described and compared the composition and structure of Dipteran communities (considering Tabanidae, Asilidae and Syrphidae families) within six (NPAs) of Yucatan, Southeast Mexico, comprising four main vegetation types: seasonally flooded forest, tropical deciduous forest, semi-deciduous tropical forest and coastal dune. We used Malaise-traps to collect samples during a period of two days, twice a month, for one year (2006–2007) within each NPAs. A total of 6 910 specimens belonging to 33 genera and 78 species/morphospecies were recorded. Our results show that the four vegetation types host a vast diversity of dipterans. However, species richness, abundance, diversity and similarity were higher in the communities of tropical deciduous forests compared with those from semi-deciduous forests and coastal dune vegetation, probably as a result of microhabitat differences between sites. We highlight the role of tropical deciduous forests as a refuge for Diptera species and the importance of these forests for conservation of dipteran communities.     

上海大金山岛植被分类与制图——基于网格化清查方法

网格化清查方法有助于准确诊断一个地区的植被性质,并为探索植被分类方法提供支持。该研究以上海大金山岛为对象,借助航拍影像等间距地将其划分为140个清查网格(40 m × 40 m),按照统计样方法逐网格调查植物群落特征,综合运用列表法和双向指示种法,进行植被分类并绘制现状植被图。按照新修订的植被三级分类系统进行分类:一级单位根据植被型,大金山岛植被划分为落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿落叶阔叶混交灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛和草丛; 二级单位根据优势种和植物区系特征,可划分出15种群丛或群落类型; 三级单位根据群落年龄和外貌可划分为22种群落类型。以上结果表明,大金山岛不仅是上海市物种多样性最高的区域,也拥有华东海岛最典型、最多样的自然半自然森林群落。就植被状态而言,地带性森林群落处于演替中后期,但少数次生植被处于演替前期,且面临着猴群干扰导致的植被发育停滞不前等生态问题。关于植被分类方法,网格化清查方法可充分揭示植物群丛连续性中包含间断性和过渡性群落的现象。     

Do riparian reserves support dung beetle biodiversity and ecosystem services in oil palm-dominated tropical landscapes?

Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to global biodiversity, ecological functions, and ecosystem services. The rapid expansion of oil palm in forested tropical landscapes is of particular concern given their high biodiversity. Identifying management approaches that maintain native species and associated ecological processes within oil palm plantations is therefore a priority. Riparian reserves are strips of forest retained alongside rivers in cultivated areas, primarily for their positive hydrological impact. However, they can also support a range of forest‐dependent species or ecosystem services. We surveyed communities of dung beetles and measured dung removal activity in an oil palm‐dominated landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The species richness, diversity, and functional group richness of dung beetles in riparian reserves were significantly higher than in oil palm, but lower than in adjacent logged forests. The community composition of the riparian reserves was more similar to logged forest than oil palm. Despite the pronounced differences in biodiversity, we did not find significant differences in dung removal rates among land uses. We also found no evidence that riparian reserves enhance dung removal rates within surrounding oil palm. These results contrast previous studies showing positive relationships between dung beetle species richness and dung removal in tropical forests. We found weak but significant positive relationships between riparian reserve width and dung beetle diversity, and between reserve vegetation complexity and dung beetle abundance, suggesting that these features may increase the conservation value of riparian reserves. Synthesis and applications: The similarity between riparian reserves and logged forest demonstrates that retaining riparian reserves increases biodiversity within oil palm landscapes. However, the lack of correlation between dung beetle community characteristics and dung removal highlights the need for further research into spatial variation in biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships and how the results of such studies are affected by methodological choices.