牛卵母细胞及着床前胚胎发育的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学作为一种能够全景式展示特定生物学过程的蛋白质表达谱的高通量研究手段,正被应用到越来越多的研究领域。牛的卵子发生以及着床前胚胎的生长发育都离不开蛋白质的一系列变化,通过蛋白质组学的研究手段可对牛卵母细胞成熟以及胚胎发育分子机制进行研究。前人通过构建成熟前后的卵母细胞或不同时期的着床前胚胎等的蛋白质组表达谱,来获得与卵母细胞成熟相关的标志蛋白,并对这些标志物进行验证和分析,将有利于理解牛卵母细胞成熟、体外受精及着床前胚胎发育的分子机制,为提高牛卵母细胞的成熟率以及胚胎的发育率及提高牛繁殖率等奠定基础。主要从双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、色谱技术以及质谱技术等蛋白质组学研究手段为切入点,对蛋白质组学在牛卵母细胞和着床前胚胎发育过程中的研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究牛卵母细胞及附植前胚胎提供参考。     

哺乳动物早期胚胎发育及干细胞分化过程中的表观遗传调控研究

哺乳动物早期发育过程伴随着细胞的增殖、迁移以及细胞命运的层级特化。体外干细胞系在合适刺激下的定向分化可以部分模拟早期胚胎发育及细胞命运决定的历程。在细胞命运层级特化过程中,细胞通过多重调控机制协调全能性相关基因的维持及关闭、特定谱系关键基因的时空特异性表达,表观遗传调控在该过程中发挥着十分重要的作用。开展针对体内胚胎发育及体外干细胞定向分化过程中细胞命运决定表观调控机制的研究,将推动对发育生物学基本科学问题的认识,同时也将进一步推动再生医学的发展,最终服务于国家人口健康发展战略。     

TFIID在配子发生和早期胚胎发育过程中的作用

配子发生以及胚胎早期发育过程受严格且有序的基因表达调控。多种转录因子与靶基因结合,激活基因的时空特异性表达,实现受精卵全能性的获得,完成母型基因组转录调控向合子基因组转录调控的转变以及随后胚胎细胞的分化调节。研究表明,TFIID转录因子家族在这些关键阶段起重要作用,在基因转录调节的起始阶段,TFIID转录因子家族成员作为通用转录因子被招募到靶基因的启动子上,与其他转录因子共同形成转录前起始复合物,起始转录。该文总结了TFIID转录因子的结构、作用方式,以及在配子发生和早期胚胎发育中的调控作用。     

PTEN在小鼠卵细胞和早期胚胎发育中的功能研究

PI3K/AKT信号通路在哺乳动物早期胚胎发育中起重要作用.抑癌基因PTEN是该通路中的负调节因子,但PTEN在卵和早期胚胎中的表达、分布以及作用都还未见报道.本研究通过免疫荧光方法发现卵细胞及着床前胚胎都表达PTEN,且具活性的PTEN主要分布在生发泡期(germinal vesical,GV)卵细胞的皮层部位以及致密桑椹胚的卵裂球表面.在培养基中添加低浓度的PTEN特异性抑制剂bpV(pic),GV期卵母细胞的成熟不受影响,但着床前胚胎发育受到阻滞.该结果提示PTEN在小鼠着床前胚胎发育中可能起重要作用.     

同源盒基因Msx及其在胚胎着床中的作用

Msx(muscle segment homeobox)基因的编码产物Msx蛋白质属于抑制性转录因子,参与多种生物学调控过程,如调控细胞的增殖与凋亡等。近期研究表明,Msx基因在胚胎着床中表达并发挥重要作用,Msx基因在胚胎着床的不同时间和空间特异性表达,从而调控胚胎着床。目前发现,Msx基因通过负向调节Wnt5a(Wnt family member 5a)来控制着床过程。Msx基因在控制胚胎滞育和再次激活胚胎着床过程中起到一个保守的分子开关作用。该文叙述Msx基因的分子生物学特征及其在体内特异性调控靶基因的机制,并探讨其主要生物学功能以及着重介绍其在胚胎着床及胚胎滞育中的作用和可能的潜在机制。     

兔胚胎时期特异性基因相关新片段的克隆

阶段特异性基因的表达是早期胚胎发育过程中的重要事件,对植入前胚胎基因表达模式的研究是进一步研究植入前胚胎发育调控机制的前提。本实验利用mRNA差异显示技术来研究兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus domestica)植入前各期胚胎的基因表达差异。在获得的42个阳性阶段特异性表达的基因中,有5个在NCBI和EMBL数据库中没有同源序列,登录EMBL,申请了登录号。这些新基因片段都是桑葚期特异表达的基因,而且在以后的囊胚期也有表达。兔由母源型调控向合子型调控的过渡是在8～16细胞期开始的,在桑葚期开始表达的这些基因片段应该是兔胚胎时期特异性基因。这些基因的克隆将为进一步研究兔的植入前胚胎发育模式奠定基础。     

胚胎着床过程中血管生成相关因子的表达及其调控

血管生成（angiogenesis）主要在雌性生殖器官中发生,在其它器官和组织中则很少见。许多血管生成相关因子参与血管生成。在哺乳动物的胚胎着床过程中,胚胎着床位点处子宫内膜的血管通透性发生变化,随后进行蜕膜化及胎盘形成,以利于胎儿进一步发育,这些过程均与血管生成相关。本文综述了近年来关于血管内皮生长因子等血管生成因子在着床过程中的表达、调节以及作用机制。     

Oct-4/Sox-2 协同调控下游基因表达的分子机制

Oct-4属POU家族蛋白,是一类在动物早期胚胎发育过程中起重要作用的转录因子,参与维持细胞的全能性及未分化状态。Oct-4蛋白的主要结构特征为具有POU家族特有的保守结构域（POUS）和POU同源异型结构域（POUHD）,这两个结构域可与DNA上特定区域形成双向结合,进而对基因转录进行调控。Sox-2是另一种转录因子,其HMG结构域可结合在DNA的特定序列上,并可通过与Oct-4的POUs结构域之间的蛋白质．蛋白质相互作用形成POU／HMG／DNA三元复合体以调控下游靶基因的表达。文章就POU家族成员Oct-4和HMG-box家族成员Sox-2在动物早期胚胎发育中调控部分下游基因表达的分子机制进行了概述。     

mRNA前体的剪接因子

真核生物通过mRNA前体的剪接,包括选择性剪接机制,调控着自身的生长与发育,了解其基本过程和有关参与因子,对进一步探索真核生物基因的表达调控和分子进化都具有极其重要的意义.该文简要综述了mRNA前体剪接的基本过程及有关剪接因子的最新研究进展,介绍了SR蛋白（Ser-Arg rich protein）家族因子、某些新发现的参与形成核不均一核糖核蛋白（heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein,hnRNP）的因子及部分：RNA解旋酶等在mRNA前体剪接过程中的功能和作用.     

早期胚胎发育合子基因组激活调控

动物早期胚胎发育始于分化成熟的雌雄配子经受精后重编程为全能性合子。在胚胎发育的初期,合子基因组的转录水平处于静默状态,母源物质调控占据主导地位。随着胚胎发育的进行,母源物质会经历分阶段的降解,合子基因组开始逐渐激活转录,标志着早期胚胎发育从母源性调控向合子基因组调控的转变,也称为母源-合子转换（maternal-zygotic transition,MZT）。其中一个关键的转折性事件就是合子基因组激活（zygotic genome activation,ZGA）,ZGA的正确发生对于早期胚胎发育和细胞命运决定至关重要。然而,目前对于ZGA的调控因子和具体的分子机制仍知之甚少。研究表明,ZGA在不同物种中存在较大差异,可能受到DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA、染色质重塑以及ZGA相关因子等多种调控因素的影响。本文探讨了上述几种调控因素影响合子基因组激活的研究进展,对进一步研究早期胚胎ZGA的相关机制具有借鉴意义。     

fusca3: A Heterochronic Mutation Affecting Late Embryo Development in Arabidopsis

Molecular studies of late embryogenesis and seed development have emphasized differential gene expression as a means of identifying discrete stages of embryogenesis. Little has been done to identify factors that regulate the length of a given developmental stage or the degree of overlap between adjacent developmental programs. We designed a genetic screen to identify mutations that disrupt late embryo development in Arabidopsis without loss of hormonal responses. One such mutation, fusca3 (fus3), alters late embryo functions, such as the establishment of dormancy and desiccation tolerance, and reduces storage protein levels. fus3 cotyledons bear trichomes, and their ultrastructure is similar to that of leaf primordia. Immature fus3 embryos enter germinative development, and the shoot apical meristems develop leaf primordia before seed desiccation begins. The cotyledons resemble leaf primordia, yet retain some cotyledon characteristics; thus, cotyledon- and leaf-specific functions are expressed simultaneously. Together, these observations are consistent with a heterochronic interpretation of the fus3 mutation.     

Isolation and characterization of a diverse set of genes from carrot somatic embryos.

The early events in plant embryogenesis are critical for pattern formation, since it is during this process that the primary apical meristems and the embryo polarity axis are established. However, little is known about the molecular events that are unique to the early stages of embryogenesis. This study of gene expression during plant embryogenesis is focused on identifying molecular markers from carrot (Daucus carota) somatic embryos and characterizing the expression and regulation of these genes through embryo development. A cDNA library, prepared from polysomal mRNA of globular embryos, was screened using a subtracted probe; 49 clones were isolated and preliminarily characterized. Sequence analysis revealed a large set of genes, including many new genes, that are expressed in a variety of patterns during embryogenesis and may be regulated by different molecular mechanisms. To our knowledge, this group of clones represents the largest collection of embryo-enhanced genes isolated thus far, and demonstrates the utility of the subtracted-probe approach to the somatic embryo system. It is anticipated that many of these genes may serve as useful molecular markers for early embryo development.     

Genes and mechanisms involved in early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis

Our laboratory is studying genes involved in the regulation of the balance between cell growth and differentiation during embryonic development in Xenopus. We have analyzed the developmental expression of the proto-oncogenes c-myc, and KiRas 2B, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the tumor suppressor gene p53. These genes, usually expressed during cell proliferation, are expressed in the oocyte in large quantities, but the majority of their maternal RNAs are degraded by the gastrula stage. The expression of c-myc and the localization of the protein indicate that c-myc has the characteristics expected for a gene involved in the regulation of the mid-blastula transition, when zygotic expression is turned on in the embryo. Its expression during late development or during regeneration indicates that it enables the cells to remain competent for cycling during organogenesis. In vitro systems that reproduce the principal cellular functions during early development are used as model systems to understand the mechanisms involved in early embryogenesis.     

Isolation of putative glycoprotein gene from early somatic embryo of carrot and its possible involvement in somatic embryo development

Somatic embryogenesis is a unique process in plant cells. For example, embryogenic cells (EC) of carrot (Daucus carota) maintained in a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) regenerate whole plants via somatic embryogenesis after the depletion of 2,4-D. Although some genes such as C-ABI3 and C-LEC1 have been found to be involved in somatic embryogenesis, the critical molecular and cellular mechanisms for somatic embryogenesis are unknown. To characterize the early mechanism in the induction of somatic embryogenesis, we isolated genes expressed during the early stage of somatic embryogenesis after 2,4-D depletion. Subtractive hybridization screening and subsequent RNA gel blot analysis suggested a candidate gene, Carrot Early Somatic Embryogenesis 1 (C-ESE1). C-ESE1 encodes a protein that has agglutinin and S-locus-glycoprotein domains and its expression is highly specific to primordial cells of somatic embryo. Transgenic carrot cells with reduced expression of C-ESE1 had wide intercellular space and decreased polysaccharides on the cell surface and showed delayed development in somatic embryogenesis. The importance of cell-to-cell attachment in somatic embryogenesis is discussed.     

Global gene expression during the human organogenesis: from transcription profiles to function predictions

Human embryogenesis includes an integrated set of complex yet coordinated development of different organs and tissues, which is regulated by the spatiotemporal expression of many genes. Deciphering the gene regulation profile is essential for understanding the molecular basis of human embryo development. While molecular and genetic studies in mouse have served as a valuable tool to understand mammalian development, significant differences exists in human and mouse development at morphological and genomic levels. Thus it is important to carry out research directly on human embryonic development. Here we will review some recent studies on gene regulation during human embryogenesis with particular focus on the period of organogenesis, which had not been well studied previously. We will highlight a gene expression database of human embryos from the 4(th) to the 9(th) week. The analysis of gene regulation during this period reveals that genes functioning in a given developmental process tend to be coordinately regulated during human embryogenesis. This feature allows us to use this database to identify new genes important for a particular developmental process/pathway and deduce the potential function of a novel gene during organogenesis. Such a gene expression atlas should serve as an important resource for molecular study of human development and pathogenesis.