限制和修饰酶基因Lla BⅢ的克隆及分析

pJW566是从丹麦乳酪生产菌株Lactococcus lactis subsp.cremoris W56中分离到的,一个22.4kb,具有限制和修饰作用的质粒,内切酶ClaⅠ和pJW566不完全消化,所得片段与来自于质粒pVC5的氯霉素抗性基因连接得到一个携带有完整限制和修饰酶基因的质粒pJK1。基因亚克隆分析发现该基因位于约5kb的Sph0Ⅰ-Hin dⅢDNA片段上。序列分析表明该片段包含一个4572bp的开放阅读框架、编码一个由1576／1584个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,该基因命名为Lla BⅢ。蛋白质同源性查询发现在该蛋白的N－末端有7个保守区域,与R／M系统Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型内切酶有较高同源性,在蛋白的中间区域有4个代表N^6-腺苷酰甲基转移酶的特征序列,而蛋白的C－末端不同于任何已知蛋白。这种具有限制、修饰和可能的DNA识别作用的多功能蛋白,可能是一新的R／M系统。     

麦迪霉素产生菌生米卡链霉菌1748的质粒Psmyi及其特性的研究

从大环内酯类抗生索麦迪霉素的产生菌生米卡链霉菌1748(Streptomyces,mycarofa-ciens1748)中首次分离到质粒pSMYl DNA,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和电镜观察,测定pSMYl的分子量为7．17×10⁶道尔顿。用限制性内切酶EcoRI、PstI、XhoI、SalI和BamHl酶切该质粒DNA,构成了pSMYl的限制性内切酶酶切图谱。EcoRI、Pstl对该质粒均只有一个切点。pSMYI能转化到变青链霉菌1326(S.lividansl326)菌株中能稳定地存在,且具有形成麻点(pock)的特性。     

葡萄溃疡病菌限制性内切酶介导整合方法的建立及转化子库的构建

[目的]摸索葡萄溃疡病菌(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)限制性内切酶介导整合(Restriction enzyme mediated integration,REMI)的转化方法,并构建CSS-01s (L.theobromae)的REMI转化子库.[方法]利用REMI转化方法,将线性化的含有潮霉素抗性基因(Hygromycin phosphotransferase gene,Hyg)的pUCATPH质粒转化CSS-01s菌株的原生质体;测定其对潮霉素B的敏感浓度,摸索不同酶解液和酶解时间对原生质体制备的影响,统计不同限制性内切酶酶量对转化效率的影响,以摸索出的最优条件构建CSS-01s菌株的REMI转化子库,采用Southern blot的方法验证转化子.[结果]首次建立了一套L.theobromae的REMI转化方法,经转化得到包含6 000余个转化子的L.theobromaeCSS-01s转化子库,随机挑选的5个转化子经Southern blot分析,质粒均插入到了Hind Ⅲ相应的酶切位点处.[结论]浓度为2％崩溃酶+2％蜗牛酶酶混合液、酶解4h为原生质体获得的最优条件,每管转化体系中加入30 UHind Ⅲ时转化效率最高,该方法可以用来获得大量不同表型的REMI转化子.     

低双乙酰抗老化啤酒酵母工程菌的构建

用来源于啤酒酵母的γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶基因（GSH1）和铜抗性基因（CUP1）取代质粒pLZ-2中α-乙酰乳酸合成酶基因（ILV2）内部约2.3kb的DNA片段,构建成重组质粒pICG。限制酶酶切质粒pICG后获得在基因GSH1和CUP1两端含有ILV2序列的6.0kb的DNA片段。用此片段转化啤酒酵母YSF31,得到铜抗性高的转化子。并通过PCR和α-乙酰乳酸合成酶（AHAS）活性测定筛选到酵母工程菌。小试实验结果表明酵母工程菌谷胱甘肽含量比受体高34％,而双乙酰含量是受体的75％。其他发酵指标并没有发生改变。中试实验表明酵母工程菌发酵周期缩短3d,而且成品啤酒的保鲜时间延长50％。由于DNA操作过程中没有外源基因介入,因此啤酒酵母工程菌为生物安全的自克隆菌株,具有重要的实际应用价值。     

黑曲霉pepD基因阻断突变菌株的构建及功能分析

运用同源重组技术破坏了黑曲霉基因组中的pepD基因,该基因编码一种类subtilisin的胞外蛋白酶PEPD。实验以黑曲霉GICC2773基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增pepD基因,并在此基因中间插入潮霉素抗性基因(hph)表达单元,由此产生了3.7kb的pepD阻断基因片段。将此阻断基因片段与载体pBS连接,构建成pepD基因阻断质粒pBSDH。采用原生质体-CaCl₂/PEG法将酶切阻断质粒得到的含pepD基因和hph表达单元的3.7kb线性片段转化AspergillusnigerGICC2773菌株,在含潮霉素的平板上筛选潮霉素抗性转化子,从这些抗性转化子中经PCR检测分离到到1个pepD基因阻断突变菌株?pepD66。外源漆酶分泌活性分析显示,黑曲霉pepD基因的破坏使其外源漆酶的分泌表达有所提高。     

限制和修饰酶基因LlaBⅢ的克隆及分析

Pjw5 66是从丹麦乳酪生产菌株Lactococcuslactissubsp .cremorisW5 6中分离到的 ,一个 2 2 4kb、具有限制和修饰作用的质粒。内切酶ClaⅠ对Pjw5 66不完全消化 ,所得片段与来自于质粒Pvc5的氯霉素抗性基因连接得到一个携带有完整限制和修饰酶基因的质粒pJK1。基因亚克隆分析发现该基因位于约 5kb的SphⅠ HindⅢDNA片段上。序列分析表明该片段包含一个 4572bp的开放阅读框架 ,编码一个由 1576/1584个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质 ,该基因命名为LlaBⅢ。蛋白质同源性查询发现在该蛋白的N 末端有 7个保守区域 ,与R M系统Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型内切酶有较高同源性 ,在蛋白的中间区域有 4个代表N⁶-腺苷酰甲基转移酶的特征序列 ,而蛋白的C 末端不同于任何已知蛋白。这种具有限制、修饰和可能的DNA识别作用的多功能蛋白 ,可能是一新的R M系统。     

一株具有噬菌体抗性的芽孢杆菌BS-2的鉴定及葡萄糖流加工艺优化

筛选噬菌体抗性菌株以解决枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)生产过程中噬菌体污染问题并提高抗性菌株的发酵水平。采用双层平板法从异常发酵液中分离并纯化以枯草芽孢杆菌为宿主的噬菌体,利用纯化得到的噬菌体筛选实验室芽孢杆菌库以得到抗性菌株,结合16S rDNA和gyrA基因序列进行系统发育分析确定其分类地位,以分批发酵的生长曲线及葡萄糖含量曲线作为基础,对发酵培养基的初糖浓度及葡萄糖的流加方式进行优化提高筛选到的噬菌体抗性菌株的发酵水平。从异常发酵液中分离到噬菌体S01及S02并在实验室芽孢杆菌库中筛选到一株噬菌体无法侵染的芽孢杆菌BS-2,结合16S rDNA及gyrA基因序列的系统发育分析将BS-2鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌,按照葡萄糖初始浓度15 g/L,葡萄糖浓度低于5 g/L时以2 g/L·h的速度流加葡萄糖,补加量10 g/L的流加补料方法,可以将发酵水平提高至2.43×1010 CFU/mL。枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2具有较好的噬菌体抗性且经过工艺优化可以达到较高发酵水平,有较强工业化应用潜力。     

黄地老虎颗粒体病毒DNA片段在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆和启动氯霉素抗性基因表达

黄地老虎颗粒体病毒(Agrotis segetum granulosis virus简称AsGv)DNA和pPL603质粒DNA,用限制性核酸内切酶EcoR I酶切后,再用T4连接酶连接,转化枯草芽孢杆菌BRl51感受态细胞。然后在loμg／m1氯霉素的sPBY选择平皿上筛选,得到了抗氯霉素的转化子。经过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,转化于中的重组质粒比原载体pPL603质粒分子量大。由于重组质粒上的抗性表达水平可达250μg／m1氯霉素,比pPL603质粒抗性表达水平(5μg／m1)提高50倍。所以重组质粒携带了有启动作用的DNA片段。启动功能片段的分子量,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定约为O．9kb。除进行DNA—DNA分子杂交确证外,并用重组质粒pAsGVPl5进行了第二次转化、抗性水平测定和分子量分析。     

特异腐质霉中性内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因的克隆及表达*

利用RT-PCR的方法,以特异腐质霉(Humicolainsolens)H31-3总RNA为模板,克隆到中性内切葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因egl2的cDNA,将其插入到表达载体pGAPZαA中,重组质粒经线性化,电击转化毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)菌株GS115,筛选到分泌表达重组EGⅡ的毕赤酵母工程菌株。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,重组EGⅡ在酵母中得到了特异性表达,表达产物的表观分子量约为55kD,同时对工程菌株的发酵条件和重组EGⅡ的性质进行了初步研究。     

嗜碱芽孢杆菌XE22-4-1碱性弹性蛋白酶发酵条件的研究

从西藏天然碱湖中筛选到一株产碱性弹性蛋白酶 (alkalineelastase)菌株 ,最适生长pH为 1 0 0 ,经鉴定为Bacillussp .,编号XE2 2 4 1。该菌产酶最适碳源为 2 %葡萄糖 ,氮源为0 2 5%酵母粉 ,豆饼粉对发酵产酶有促进作用。 2L发酵罐实验表明 ,溶解氧是影响该菌株产酶的重要因素。通过提高通气量和改变搅拌速度 ,该菌株可在发酵 48h内达到产酶高峰 ,酶活力最高达 2 66u mL     

限制和修饰系统LlaBIII在构建抗噬菌体菌株中的作用

限制和修饰 (ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ,Ｒ Ｍ)系统是指由限制性内切酶和甲基化酶组成的单亚基或多亚基复合酶系统 ,两者通常成对出现 ,具有相同的ＤＮＡ识别位点 ,其作用相反。Ｒ Ｍ系统在原核生物中普遍存在 ,在保护细胞免遭外源病毒侵害方面具有重要作用[1] 。作为发酵剂的乳酸乳球菌在乳制品发酵中具有重要作用 ,但这类菌株极易遭受噬菌体感染 ,导致菌株产酸力降低 ,甚至发酵失败 ,造成严重的经济损失。所以在乳制品发酵过程中防止噬菌体感染就成为十分重要的问题。通过自然筛选或诱变处理等手段筛选噬菌…     

限制和修饰系统LlaBⅢ在构建抗噬菌体菌株中的作用

限制和修饰(restriction and modification,R/M)系统是指由限制性内切酶和甲基化酶组成的单亚基或多亚基复合酶系统,两者通常成对出现,具有相同的DNA识别位点,其作用相反.R/M系统在原核生物中普遍存在,在保护细胞免遭外源病毒侵害方面具有重要作用[1].     

Identification of three different plasmid-encoded restriction/modification systems in Streptococcus lactis subsp. cremoris W56

Abstract Streptococcus lactis subsp. cremoris W56 ( S. cremoris W56) is a strain partially resistant to phage attack. Derivatives which had lost either plasmid pJW563 or pJW566 no longer expressed the restriction and modification systems encoded by these plasmids. Genetic evidence for the correlation between the plasmids and the R/M systems was obtained by transformation. In addition, a third R/M system was discovered among the transformants and was shown to be encoded by pJW565. Thus, genetic evidence for at least 3 distinct R/M systems encoded by plasmids in S. cremoris W56 is presented. One of the R/M-systems showed stronger restriction of the isometric phage p2 than of the prolate phage c2. The other two systems restricted both classes of phages with equal efficiencies.     

The ability of the plasmid-encoded restriction and modification system LlaBIII to protect Lactococcus lactis against bacteriophages

AIMS: To investigate the potential of the plasmid-encoded restriction and modification (R/M) system LlaBIII to protect Lactococcua lactis against bacteriophages during milk fermentations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The R/M system LlaBIII on plasmid pJW566 was cloned with a chloramphenicol cassette, resulting in plasmid pJK1. When introduced into L. lactis strains, pJK1 conferred increased phage resistance against the three most common lactococcal phage species 936, c2, and P335 and three unclassified industrial phages. The growth of the strains in RSM was not affected by the presence of plasmid pJK1. CONCLUSIONS: The plasmid-encoded R/M system LlaBIII has great ability to protect L. lactis strains against bacteriophages in milk fermentations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study evaluates the ability of the LlaBIII R/M system to function as a phage defence mechanism which is an essential step prior to considering utilizing it for improving starter cultures.     

Genetic construction of nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and analysis of a rapid method for conjugation.

Conjugation was used to construct nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains. Recipients were obtained by electroporation of L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains with the drug resistance plasmid pGK13 or pGB301. A method, direct-plate conjugation, was developed in which donor and recipient cells were concentrated and then combined directly on selective media. This method facilitated transfer of the nisin-sucrose (Nip+ Suc+) phenotype from the donor strain, L. lactis subsp. lactis 11454, to three L. lactis subsp. cremoris recipient strains. Nip+ Suc+ L. lactis subsp. cremoris transconjugants were obtained at frequencies which ranged from 10(-7) to 10(-8) per donor CFU. DNA-DNA hybridization to transconjugant DNAs, performed with an oligonucleotide probe synthesized to detect the nisin precursor gene, showed that this gene was transferred during conjugation but was not associated with detectable plasmid DNA. Further investigation indicated that L. lactis subsp. cremoris Nip+ Suc+ transconjugants retained the recipient strain phenotype with respect to bacteriophage resistance and acid production in milk. Results suggested that it would be feasible to construct nisin-producing L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains for application as mixed and multiple starter systems. Additionally, the direct-plate conjugation method required less time than filter or milk agar matings and may also be useful for investigations of conjugal mechanisms in these organisms.     

Resistance plasmids in Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9.

Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9 utilizes 2-tridecanone as its sole carbon source and has been shown to be resistant to a variety of antibiotics. To ascertain whether any of these characteristics were plasmid mediated, Escherichia coli HB101 was transformed with plasmid DNA isolated from Pseudomonas cepacia 4G9. No 2-tridecanone-utilizing transformants were obtained. Tetracycline (Tc)- and ampicillin (Ap)- resistant transformants were obtained at a low frequency. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from antibiotic-resistant E. coli HB101 transformants had molecular weights of 2.9 x 10(6) for pJW2 Tcr and 5.4 x 10(6) for pJW3 Apr as determined by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from P. cepacia 4G9 revealed a single plasmid species, pJW1 of 1.78 x 10(6). Tetracycline resistance in both P. cepacia 4G9 and E. coli HB101(pJW2) was inducible, whereas ampicillin resistance in P. cepacia 4G9 was constitutive. The level of ampicillin resistance coded by pJW3 was lower in P. cepacia 4G9 than in the transformant E. coli HB101(pJW3).     

Genetic construction of nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and analysis of a rapid method for conjugation

Conjugation was used to construct nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains. Recipients were obtained by electroporation of L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains with the drug resistance plasmid pGK13 or pGB301. A method, direct-plate conjugation, was developed in which donor and recipient cells were concentrated and then combined directly on selective media. This method facilitated transfer of the nisin-sucrose (Nip+ Suc+) phenotype from the donor strain, L. lactis subsp. lactis 11454, to three L. lactis subsp. cremoris recipient strains. Nip+ Suc+ L. lactis subsp. cremoris transconjugants were obtained at frequencies which ranged from 10(-7) to 10(-8) per donor CFU. DNA-DNA hybridization to transconjugant DNAs, performed with an oligonucleotide probe synthesized to detect the nisin precursor gene, showed that this gene was transferred during conjugation but was not associated with detectable plasmid DNA. Further investigation indicated that L. lactis subsp. cremoris Nip+ Suc+ transconjugants retained the recipient strain phenotype with respect to bacteriophage resistance and acid production in milk. Results suggested that it would be feasible to construct nisin-producing L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains for application as mixed and multiple starter systems. Additionally, the direct-plate conjugation method required less time than filter or milk agar matings and may also be useful for investigations of conjugal mechanisms in these organisms.     

Cloning and sequencing of LlaDCHI [corrected] restriction/modification genes from Lactococcus lactis and relatedness of this system to the Streptococcus pneumoniae DpnII system.

The natural 7.8-kb plasmid pSRQ700 was isolated from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris DCH-4. It encodes a restriction/modification system named LlaDCHI [corrected]. When introduced into a phage-sensitive L. lactis strain, pSRQ700 confers strong phage resistance against the three most common lactococcal phage species, namely, 936, c2, and P335. The LlaDCHI [corrected] endonuclease was purified and found to cleave the palindromic sequence 5'-GATC-3'. It is an isoschizomer of Streptococcus pneumoniae DpnII. The plasmid pSRQ700 was mapped, and the genetic organization of LlaDCHI [corrected] was localized. Cloning and sequencing of the entire LlaDCHI [corrected] system allowed the identification of three open reading frames. The three genes (llaIIA, llaIIB, and llaIIC) overlapped and are under one putative promoter. A putative terminator was found at the end of llaIIC. The genes llaIIA and llaIIB coded for m6A methyltransferases, and llaIIC coded for an endonuclease. The LlaDCHI [corrected] system shares strong genetic similarities with the DpnII system. The deduced amino acid sequence of M.LlaIIA was 75% identical with that of M.DpnII, whereas M.LlaIIB was 88% identical with M.DpnA. However, R.LlalII shared only 31% identity with R.DpnII.     

Glutamate dehydrogenase activity can be transmitted naturally to Lactococcus lactis strains to stimulate amino acid conversion to aroma compounds

Amino acid conversion to aroma compounds by Lactococcus lactis is limited by the low production of alpha-ketoglutarate that is necessary for the first step of conversion. Recently, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity that catalyzes the reversible glutamate deamination to alpha-ketoglutarate was detected in L. lactis strains isolated from a vegetal source, and the gene responsible for the activity in L. lactis NCDO1867 was identified and characterized. The gene is located on a 70-kb plasmid also encoding cadmium resistance. In this study, gdh gene inactivation and overexpression confirmed the direct impact of GDH activity of L. lactis on amino acid catabolism in a reaction medium at pH 5.5, the pH of cheese. By using cadmium resistance as a selectable marker, the plasmid carrying gdh was naturally transmitted to another L. lactis strain by a mating procedure. The transfer conferred to the host strain GDH activity and the ability to catabolize amino acids in the presence of glutamate in the reaction medium. However, the plasmid appeared unstable in a strain also containing the protease lactose plasmid pLP712, indicating an incompatibility between these two plasmids.