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1.
The passive sorption of Pb +2, Cd +2, Zn +2, Co +2, Ni +2, and Mn +2 by isolated corn mitochondria was determined, and, except for Pb +2, the maximum sorption for each cation was about 58 nmol per milligram of protein. Sorption of Pb +2 was apparently ten times greater, but precipitation may have been the cause of this larger value. The effects of Pb +2, Cd +2, Zn +2, Co +2, and Ni +2 on acceptorless rates of electron transport for three substrates were determined. Greater than 50% inhibitions of oxidation were observed for succinate after additions of >0.1 m M Cd +2, Zn +2, or Pb +2: for NADH after additions of >0.5 m M Cd +2 or Zn +2; and for malate + pyruvate after additions of >0.1 m M Cd +2. Some inhibition of the rate of substrate oxidation was observed for most cations at higher concentrations. Coupling, as measured by ADP/O ratios, was inhibited at lowest concentrations by Cd +2 or Zn +2 and at higher concentrations by Co +2 or Ni +2. Substantial swelling of mitochondria oxidizing succinate was observed following additions of O.1 m M Cd +2 or Pb +2, Correlations are drawn between the effects of Pb +2, Cd +2, Zn +2, Co +2, and Ni +2 and their sorption to mitochondrial membranes. 相似文献
2.
Effects of heavy metals on the isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.) are studied by static toxicity tests. Results demonstrate that the species is sensitive to Cd +2, Cr +6, Cu +2, Fe +3, Hg +2, Ni +2 Pb +2 and Zn +2, but the toxicity of each metal is different. Differences are also found between adults and between adults and juveniles. The comparative analysis of all data on the toxicity has been performed on the concentrations of metal ions and not on metal compound concentrations.Criteria for establishing water quality in order to guarantee protection of the environment are discussed. 相似文献
3.
The ability of trout to metabolize aniline in vitro in the presence of some divalent metal ions was investigated in the liver microsomes of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Trout liver microsomes were highly capable of catalyzing aniline hydroxylation to p-aminophenol with a specific activity of 0.068 nmoles/min per mg of microsomal protein in potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at 25°C. The activity of the aniline hydroxylase system was competitively inhibited by Hg +2, Ni +2, Cd +2, and Zn +2, while Cu +2 and Fe +3 seemed to inhibit the activity noncompetitively at 1 mM aniline concentrations. IC 50 values at fixed aniline concentration were estimated to be 0.45 mM for Hg +2, Ni +2, and Cd +2, 1.8 mM for Zn +2 and Fe +3, and 1.3 mM for Cu +2. Eadie-Hofstee plots gave identical V max values of approximately 0.046 nmol/min per mg of protein while K m values were increased in the presence of Hg +2, Ni +2, CD +2, and Zn +2, indicating competitive inhibition. Both K m and V max values were affected by Fe +3 and Cu +2, suggesting noncompetitive inhibition. K i values extracted from the Dixon plots were determined t be 0.23, 0.43, and 0.65 mM for Hg +2, Ni +2, and Cd +2, respectively, providing the most effective inhibition on the aniline hydroxylase system among studied metal ions. The K i values were much higher in the presence of others. The results indicate a selective inhibition of the aniline hydroxylase system of trout liver microsomes by divalent metal ions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
4.
A water‐soluble, high‐output fluorescent sensor, based on a lumazine ligand with a thiophene substituent for Cd 2+, Hg 2+ and Ag + metal ions, is reported. The sensor displays fluorescence enhancement upon Cd 2+ binding (log β = 2.79 ± 0.08) and fluorescence quenching by chelating with Ag + and Hg 2+ (log β = 4.31 ± 0.15 and 5.42 ± 0.1, respectively). The mechanism of quenching is static and occurs by formation of a ground‐state non‐fluorescent complex followed by rapid intersystem crossing. The value of the Stern–Volmer quenching rate constant ( kq) by Ag + ions is close to 6.71 × 10 12 mol/L/s at 298 K. The thermodynamic parameters ( ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were also evaluated and indicated that the complexation process is spontaneous, exothermic and entropically favourable. The quantitative linear relationship between the softness values of Klopman ( σK) or Ahrland ( σA) and the experimental binding constants ( β) being in the order of Hg 2+ > Ag + > Cd 2+ suggests that soft–soft interactions are the key for the observed sensitivity and selectivity in the presence of other metal ions, such as: Pb 2+, Ni 2+, Mn 2+, Cu 2+, Co 2+, Zn 2+ and Mg 2+ ions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Biosorption of metal ions (Li +, Ag +, Pb 2+, Cd 2+, Ni 2+, Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Sr 2+, Fe 2+, Fe 3+ and Al 3+) by Rhizopus nigricans biomass was studied. It was shown that metal uptake is a rapid and pH-dependent process, which ameliorates with increasing initial pH and metal concentrations. Different adsorption models: Langmuir, Freundlich, split-Langmuir and combined nonspecific-Langmuir adsorption isotherm were applied to correlate the equilibrium data. The maximum biosorption capacities for the individual metal ions were in the range from 160 to 460 mol/g dry weight. Scatchard transformation of equilibrium data revealed diverse natures of biomass metal-binding sites. The binding of metals was also discussed in terms of the hard and soft acids and bases principle. The maximum biosorption capacities and the binding constant of R. nigricans were positively correlated with the covalent index of metal ions.The following types of waste microbial biomass originating as by-products from industrial bioprocesses were tested for biosorption of metal ions: Aspergillus terreus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Micromonospora purpurea, M. inyoensis and Streptomyces clavuligerus. The determined maximum biosorption capacities were in the range from 100 to 500 mol/g dry weight. The biosorption equilibrium was also represented with Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms. 相似文献
6.
A new rhodamine–ethylenediamine–nitrothiourea conjugate (RT) was synthesized and its sensing property as a fluorescent chemodosimeter toward metal ions was explored in water media. Analytical results from absorption and fluorescence spectra revealed that the addition of Hg 2+ ions to the aqueous solution of the chemodosimeter RT caused a distinct fluorescence OFF–ON response with a remarkable visual color change from colorless to pink; however, no clear spectral and color changes were observed from other metal ions including: Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Pb 2+, Ag +, Fe 2+, Cr 3+, Co 3+, Ni 2+, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K + and Na +. The sensing results and the molecular structure suggested that a Hg 2+‐induced a desulfurization reaction and cyclic guanylation of the thiourea moiety followed by ring‐opening of the rhodamine spirolactam in RT are responsible for a distinct fluorescence turn‐on signal, indicating that RT is a remarkably sensitive and selective chemodosimeter for Hg 2+ ions in aqueous solution. Hg 2+ within a concentration range from 0.1 to 25 μM can be determined using RT as a chemodosimeter and a detection limit of 0.04 μM is achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are the superfamily of multifunctional detoxification isoenzymes and play important role cellular signaling. The present article focuses on the role of Cd 2+, Cu 2+, Zn 2+, and Ag + in vitro inhibition of GST. For this purpose, GST was purified from Van Lake fish ( Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas) gills with 110.664 EU mg ?1 specific activity and 79.6% yield using GSH‐agarose affinity chromatographic method. The metal ions were tested at various concentrations on in vitro GST activity. IC 50 values were found for Cd +2, Cu +2, Zn +2, Ag + as 450.32, 320.25, 1510.13, and 16.43 μM, respectively. K i constants were calculated as 197.05 ± 105.23, 333.10 ± 152.76, 1670.21 ± 665.43, and 0.433 ± 0.251 μM, respectively. Ag + showed better inhibitory effect compared with the other metal ions. The inhibition mechanisms of Cd 2+ and Cu 2+ were non‐competitive, whereas Zn 2+ and Ag + were competitive. Co 2+, Cr 2+, Pb 2+, and Fe 3+ had no inhibitory activity on GST. 相似文献
8.
A bench study was carried out to characterize the kinetics of two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus megaterium to adsorb heavy metals from solution. Adsorption of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ by bacterial cells was processed quickly with an equilibration achieved within 5 min. The adsorptions were fitted well with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The comparison of isotherm parameters indicated that A. chroococcum had a stronger capacity to bind metal ions than B. megaterium, with an average increase of 59.8% for Pb 2+ and 75.6% for Cd 2+, respectively. Both bacteria had a stronger affinity to Pb 2+ than Cd 2+ since Pb 2+ was more easily bound with the phosphoryl groups on the cell surface than Cd 2+. This demonstrated that the presence of bacteria in the rhizosphere may result in the reduction of mobile ions in soil solution. 相似文献
9.
Summary 1. The ability of various divalent metal ions to substitute for Ca 2+ in activating distinct types of Ca 2+-dependent K + [K +(Ca 2+] channels has been investigated in excised, inside-out membrane patches of human erthrocytes and of clonal N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells using the patch clamp technique. The effects of the various metal ions have been compared and related to the effects of Ca 2+.2. At concentrations between 1 and 100 µ M Pb 2+, Cd 2+ and Co 2+ activate intermediate conductance K +(Ca 2+) channels in erythrocytes and large conductance K +(Ca 2+) channels in neuroblastoma cells. Pb 2+ and Co 2+, but not Cd 2+, activate small conductance K +(Ca 2+) channels in neuroblastoma cells. Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ do not activate any of the K +(Ca 2+) channels.3. Rank orders of the potencies for K +(Ca 2+) activation are Pb 2+, Cd 2+>Ca 2+, Co 2+>>Mg 2+, Fe 2+ for the intermediate erythrocyte K +(Ca 2+) channel, and Pb 2+, Cd 2+>Ca 2+>Co 2+>>Mg 2+, Fe 2+ for the small, and Pb 2+>Ca 2+>Co 2+>>Cd 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 2+ for the large K +(Ca 2+) channel in neuroblastoma cells.4. At high concentrations Pb 2+, Cd 2+, and Co 2+ block K +(Ca 2+) channels in erythrocytes by reducing the opening frequency of the channels and by reducing the single channel amplitude. The potency orders of the two blocking effects are Pb 2+>Cd 2+, Co 2+>>Ca 2+, and Cd 2+>Pb 2+, Co 2+>>Ca 2+, respectively, and are distinct from the potency orders for activation.5. It is concluded that the different subtypes of K +(Ca 2+) channels contain distinct regulatory sites involved in metal ion binding and channel opening. The K +(Ca 2+) channel in erythrocytes appears to contain additional metal ion interaction sites involved in channel block. 相似文献
10.
The cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides Kützing is expected to be effective in toxic metal adsorption as it produces abundant exopolysaccharides with functional groups. Therefore, the adsorption properties of Cu 2+, Cd 2+, Cr 3+, Pb 2+, Ni 2+, and Mn 2+ on fresh macrocolonies and algal powder of N. sphaeroides were compared at pH 5 and 25 °C. The adsorption capacity of fresh biomass for Pb 2+ and of algal powder for Pb 2+ and Cr 3+ were highest in single metal solutions. Compared to the fresh biomass, the metal adsorption capacities of algal powder were similar for Ni 2+, Cd 2+, and Pb 2+ and slightly greater for Cr 3+, but they were markedly smaller for Mn 2+ and Cu 2+. Coexisting ions (in tap water or in multiple solutions) significantly decreased the metal adsorption capacity, except for Cr 3+ in tap water. The Pb 2+ and Cr 3+ adsorption dynamic process fitted the pseudo-second-order model well, showing fast adsorption at the first stage in 10 and 20 min, respectively. Higher pH in acidic ranges favored the adsorption greatly. The Langmuir isotherm model was suitable for explaining the adsorption, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 116.28 and 22.37 mg g ?1 for Pb 2+ and Cr 3+, respectively. The adsorption process was endothermic, confirmed by the significantly higher adsorption capability at higher temperature. Hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups were the main functional groups based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, and they bind to metal ions via ion exchange. The results suggest that fresh macrocolonies of N. sphaeroides can be used as an effective biosorbent for metal ion removal, especially for Pb 2+ and Cr 3+. 相似文献
11.
The present work deals with the biosorption performance of dried and non-growing biomasses of Exiguobacterium sp. ZM-2, isolated from soil contaminated with tannery effluents, for the removal of Cd 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+, and Zn 2+ from aqueous solution. The metal concentrations studied were 25 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l and 200 mg/l. The effect of solution pH and contact time was also studied. The biosorption capacity was significantly altered by pH of the solution. The removal of metal ions was conspicuously rapid; most of the total sorption occurred within 30 min. The sorption data have been analyzed and fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The highest Q max value was found for the biosorption of Cd 2+ at 43.5 mg/g in the presence of the non-growing biomass. Recovery of metals (Cd 2+, Zn 2+, Cu 2+ and Ni 2+) was found to be better when dried biomass was used in comparison to non-growing biomass. Metal removal through bioaccumulation was determined by growing the bacterial strain in nutrient broth amended with different concentrations of metal ions. This multi-metal resistant isolate could be employed for the removal of heavy metals from spent industrial effluents before discharging them into the environment. 相似文献
12.
Essentially all bacteria have genes for toxic metal ion resistances and these include those for Ag+, AsO
−2
, AsO
3−4
, Cd2+, Co2+, CrO
2−4
, Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, TeO
2−3
, Tl+ and Zn2+. The largest group of resistance systems functions by energy-dependent efflux of toxic ions. Fewer involve enzymatic transformations (oxidation, reduction, methylation, and demethylation) or metal-binding proteins (for example, metallothionein SmtA, chaperone CopZ and periplasmic silver binding protein SilE). Some of the efflux resistance systems are ATPases and others are chemiosmotic ion/proton exchangers. For example, Cd2+-efflux pumps of bacteria are either inner membrane P-type ATPases or three polypeptide RND chemiosmotic complexes consisting of an inner membrane pump, a periplasmic-bridging protein and an outer membrane channel. In addition to the best studied three-polypeptide chemiosmotic system, Czc (Cd2+, Zn2+, and Co2), others are known that efflux Ag+, Cu+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. Resistance to inorganic mercury, Hg2+ (and to organomercurials, such as CH3Hg+ and phenylmercury) involve a series of metal-binding and membrane transport proteins as well as the enzymes mercuric reductase and organomercurial lyase, which overall convert more toxic to less toxic forms. Arsenic resistance and metabolizing systems occur in three patterns, the widely-found ars operon that is present in most bacterial genomes and many plasmids, the more recently recognized arr genes for the periplasmic arsenate reductase that functions in anaerobic respiration as a terminal electron acceptor, and the aso genes for the periplasmic arsenite oxidase that functions as an initial electron donor in aerobic resistance to arsenite. 相似文献
13.
Effects of Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ ions on thermally induced conformational transitions in the poly(dA)·poly(dT) polynucleotide duplex and poly(dA)·2poly(dT)
triplex under near physiological ionic conditions were studied by measurement of UV absorption melting curves and static light
scattering intensity. The diagrams of conformational transitions in poly(dA)-poly(dT)-Me 2+ systems were plotted. An aggregation in these polynucleotide systems arises at certain values of the metal ions concentration
and the temperature after the polymer dissociation into single strands. The phenomenon is conditioned by the aggregation of
poly(dA) via the interstrand cross-linking by the dication bridges. Unlike Ni 2+, Cd 2+ induces formation of very stable aggregates which did not disintegrate even upon cooling up to room temperature. 相似文献
14.
In this study, dried and humid fruiting bodies of Tremella fuciformis and Auricularia polytricha were examined as cost-effective biosorbents in treatment of heavy metals (Cd 2+, Cu 2+, Pb 2+, and Zn 2+) in aqueous solution. The humid T. fuciformis showed the highest capacity to adsorb the four metals in the multi-metal solutions. The Pb 2+ adsorption rates were 85.5%, 97.8%, 84.8%, and 91.0% by dried T. fuciformis, humid T. fuciformis, dried A. polytricha, and humid A. polytricha, respectively. The adsorption amount of Pb 2+ by dried and humid T. fuciformis in Cd 2+ + Pb 2+, Cu 2+ + Pb 2+, Pb 2+ + Zn 2+, Cd 2+ + Cu 2+ + Pb 2+, and Cd 2+ + Zn 2+ + Pb 2+ solutions were not lower than that in Pb 2+ solutions. The results suggested that in humid T. fuciformis, Cd 2+, Cu 2+, and Zn 2+ promoted the Pb 2+ adsorption by the biomass. In the multi-metal solutions of Cd 2+ + Cu 2+ + Pb 2+ + Zn 2+, the adsorption amount and rates of the metals by all the test biosorbents were in the order of Pb 2+ > Cu 2+ > Zn 2+ > Cd 2+. Compared with the pseudo first-order model, the pseudo second-order model described the adsorption kinetics much better,
indicating a two-step biosorption process. The present study confirmed that fruiting bodies of the jelly fungi should be useful
for the treatment of wastewater containing Cd 2+, Cu 2+, Pb 2+, and Zn 2+. 相似文献
15.
A dead dried alga, Chlorella sp., was used for the uptake of Cr +3, Cr 2O 7 ?2, Cu +2, and Ni +2 from the aqueous solutions of these metal ions. The equilibrium data were fitted using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model and the maximum uptakes for Cr +3, Cr 2O 7 ?2, Ni +2, and Cu +2 were 98, 104, 108, and 183 mg/g, respectively. The Freundlich model, in comparison to the Langmuir model, better represented the sorption process. The kinetics of metal ions uptake by Chlorella sp. was best described by a pseudo-second order rate equation. Infrared spectroscopic data were employed to identify the site(s) of bonding in Chlorella sp. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of pure dead Chlorella sp. and the species treated with different metal ions provided an idea of the extent of metal uptake by this species. The dead Chlorella sp took up maximum Cu(II). The size of the cell of the metal-treated Chlorella sp. obtained from SEM data is in agreement with the extent of metal uptake. 相似文献
16.
We prepared an aminothiourea‐derived Schiff base (DA) as a fluorescent chemosensor for Hg 2+ ions. Addition of 1 equiv of Hg 2+ ions to the aqueous solution of DA gave rise to an obvious fluorescence enhancement and the subsequent addition of more Hg 2+ induced gradual fluorescence quenching. Other competing ions, including Pb 2+, Cd 2+, Cr 3+, Zn 2+, Fe 2+, Co 3+, Ni 2+, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K + and Na +, did not induce any distinct fluorescence changes, indicating that DA can selectively detect Hg 2+ ions in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Leadmium Green is a commercially available, small molecule, fluorescent probe advertised as a detector of free intracellular cadmium (Cd 2+) and lead (Pb 2+). Leadmium Green has been used in various paradigms, such as tracking Cd 2+ sequestration in plant cells, heavy metal export in protozoa, and Pb 2+ absorption by vascular endothelial cells. However very little information is available regarding its affinity and selectivity for Cd 2+, Pb 2+, and other metals. We evaluated the in vitro selectivity of Leadmium Green using spectrofluorimetry. Consistent with manufacturer’s claims, Leadmium Green was sensitive to Cd 2+ (K D ~600 nM) and also Pb 2+ (K D ~9.0 nM) in a concentration-dependent manner, and furthermore proved insensitive to Ca 2+, Co 2+, Mn 2+ and Ni 2+. Leadmium Green also responded to Zn 2+ with a K D of ~82 nM. Using fluorescence microscopy, we evaluated Leadmium Green in live mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. We demonstrated that Leadmium Green detected ionophore-mediated acute elevations of Cd 2+ or Zn 2+ in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the maximum fluorescence produced by ionophore-delivered Zn 2+ was much less than that produced by Cd 2+. When tested in a model of oxidant-induced liberation of endogenous Zn 2+, Leadmium Green responded weakly. We conclude that Leadmium Green is an effective probe for monitoring intracellular Cd 2+, particularly in models where Cd 2+ accumulates rapidly, and when concomitant fluctuations of intracellular Zn 2+ are minimal. 相似文献
18.
Ion-specific electrodes were used to study the binding of Hg 2+, Pb 2+, Cu 2+, and Cd 2+ ions to widely used bacterial growth media (Nutrient broth, trypticase soy broth, the medium of Foot and Taylor [6] and of Nelson et al.[12]) and to media components [yeast extract, peptone, tryptone, proteose peptone, and casamino acids (acid hydrolyzed casein)]. Volatilization of Hg 2+ from aqueous solutions could be prevented by any of the growth media or their components. All media bound large amounts of Hg 2+, Pb 2+, and Cu 2+, but much less Cd 2+. Of the media components, casamino acids showed the most binding activity for all metal ions; the relative affinity of other media components to different ions varied with the cation studied. In general, the Irving-Williams [8] series for cation affinity to organic ligands was followed: Hg 2+>Pa 2+ Cu 2+ Cd 2+.After adding 20 ppm of Hg 2+, Pb 2+, or Cu 2+ (concentrations inhibitory to the growth of most microorganisms) to the growth media, 80 ppb or less remained as free cations in the solution. This might suggest that such ions enter bacterial cells as organic complexes, or that bacterial cells can compete successfully with growth media for the bound ions. 相似文献
19.
A modified six-step sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate and determine the following trace metals: U 4+, As 5+, Cd 2+, Cr +2, Cu 2+, Ni 2+, Pb 2+, Zn 2+, and V 5+ in three different phosphate rocks from mines in Jordan. The mean values of uranium in the samples investigated were 98 ± 6 mgkg ?1, 92 ± 3 mgkg ?1, 215 ± 6 mgkg ?1, and 159 ± 13 mgkg ?1, respectively. The sequential extraction results obtained showed that most of the U 4+ in these samples was strongly bound with 87%, 93%, 97%, and 93% of the total content, respectively, remaining in the samples after the sequential extraction steps were performed. Hence, 13%–7% and 3%–7%, respectively, of the U 4+ is distributed in the most labile form, indicating that the majority of the U 4+ in these samples was highly incorporated within the apatite present in the samples. The aforementioned was in agreement with the XRD and SEM-EDX results obtained. The apparent mobility of U 4+, As 5+, Cd 2+, Cr +2, Cu 2+, Ni 2+, Pb 2+, Zn 2+, and V 5+ (using all six extraction steps) from the Al-Abied and Al-Hasa samples was as follows: As 5+ (30.17%)> Cu 2+ (6.55%)> Zn 2+(4.34%)> Cd 2+ (3.84%) Cr +2 (3.66%)> Pb 2+ (2.57%)> V 5+ (53%)> Ni 2+ (1.71%)> U 4+ (0.99%). The mobility of As 5+, Cd 2+, Cu 2+, Cr +2, Ni 2+, Pb 2+, U 4+, Zn 2+, and V 5+ (using all six extraction steps) from Eshidiya samples was as follows: As 5+ (17.32%)> Cr +2 (4.84%)> Zn 2+ (4.25%)> Pb 2+ (4.19%)> Cu 2+ (3.49%)> V 5+ (1.42%)> Cd 2+ (0.78) U 4+ (0.09%)> Ni 2+ (0%). 相似文献
20.
Marine algae—as inexpensive and renewable natural biomass—have attracted the attention of many investigators to be used to preconcentrate and biosorb many heavy metal ions. Impressed by this concept, the metal uptake capacity of Egyptian marine algae was examined using representatives of green and brown algae, namely, Ulva lactuca L. and Sargassum latifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, respectively. The biosorption efficiencies of Cu 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cd 2+, Hg 2+, Ag 2+, and Pb 2+ ions seem to depend on the type of the algae used as well as the conditions under which the uptake processes were conducted. It was demonstrated that a pH range of 7.5–8.8 was optimum for the removal of the tested metals. Similarly, the uptake process was markedly accelerated during the first 2 h using relatively low metal level and sufficient amounts of the dried powdered tested algae. 相似文献
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