腐食酪螨、粉尘螨传播霉菌的实验研究

探讨粉满能否携带、传播霉菌,对腐食酪螨(Tyrophagus putrescentiae)和粉尘螨(Dermatophagoides farinae)传播5种霉菌进行实验观察,并对自然环境中分离出的腐食酪螨和粉尘螨进行霉菌培养。结果表明,无论是实验条件下,还是自然情况下,腐食酪螨和粉尘螨均可携带、传播霉菌,两者无明显差异(p>0.05),且腐食酪螨和粉尘螨携带、传播霉菌不受其种类的影响。因此认为粉螨是携带、传播霉菌的重要媒介之一,应积极控制粉螨孳生,减少粉螨和霉菌对人类的危害。     

肺螨病病原学的研究

在流行病学的基础上,我们对肺螨病的病原学进行了研究,痰检共发现10种螨:包括粗脚粉螨、腐食酪螨、椭圆食粉螨、粉尘螨、屋尘螨、伯氏嗜木螨、食菌嗜木螨、梅氏嗜霉螨、谷跗线螨、和普通肉食螨。其中粉尘螨和跗线螨是主要致病原,其次为肉食螨。同时对肺螨病患者工作环境中滋生的螨类作了调查,共分离出28种螨,隶属10科,19属。把痰螨与环境中的螨相比较,二者有一致性,说明了患者的致病原来于工作环境。     

腐食酪螨成螨形态观察

利用光学显微镜观察腐食酪螨成螨外部形态特征。通过观察发现,腐食酪螨雄性成螨体长约300～440μm,表皮光滑,附肢4对呈淡棕色,各足均着生有刚毛和感器;胛内毛（sci）较胛外毛（sce）长;基节上毛（ps）膨大且有刺状侧突;背毛（d）4对,d1最短,d4最长;腹面可见圆形的肛吸盘和前肛毛（pra）各1对。雌螨体型较雄螨大,长约486～492μm,生殖区位于腹面第Ⅲ、Ⅳ基节之间,生殖毛3对;肛门达躯体末端,周围着生有肛毛（a）5对,肛后毛（pa）3对。通过对腐食酪螨成螨外部形态结构的观察为其科学分类提供了实验依据。     

粉螨污染储藏干果的调查研究

目的调查粉螨污染储藏干果状况及其孳生种类、密度、物种多样性和种群动态。方法从安徽某些城市干果商店(仓库)和中药店(仓库)采集食用干果和药用干果,分离其中的孳生粉螨。结果从60种干果样本中共分离出粉螨18种,隶属于6科16属,其中以甜果螨、家食甜螨、害嗜鳞螨和腐食酪螨为主。结论贮藏干果孳生粉螨种类较多,虫口密度较高,因此,应采取措施控制粉螨孳生以降低粉螨对人类健康的危害。     

斯氏钝绥螨取食三种替代猎物的实验种群生命表

【目的】粉螨等储粮害螨易于获得和大量饲养,被广泛用作商业化大量繁殖捕食螨的替代猎物,为了明确常见粉螨等仓储害螨对斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot)的饲养潜力。【方法】室内分别对3种替代猎物(甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis (L.)、腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)、椭圆食粉螨AleuroglyphusovatusZachvatkin)饲养的斯氏钝绥螨生命表参数进行测定。【结果】斯氏钝绥螨取食3种替代猎物均能从卵发育至成螨并繁殖后代。取食甜果螨、腐食酪螨、椭圆食粉螨的斯氏钝绥螨雌螨的世代历期分别为6.43、9.20、6.30 d,平均每雌总产卵量分别为31.70、8.39和11.50粒,内禀增长率rm分别为0.191 8、0.055 0、0.116 2,周限增长率λ分别为1.211 4、1.056 5、1.123 2。此外,以甜果螨饲养的雌成螨寿命(39.02d)也是最长的。取食3种猎物的内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ均以取食甜果螨的值为高。【结论】甜果螨是这3种猎物中最适于大量繁殖斯氏钝绥螨的猎物螨。     

腐食酪螨在不同温度和营养条件下生长发育的比较研究

在12.5℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃恒温下,用啤酒酵母粉和玉米粉为饲料,测定了不同温度和饲料条件下腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae各个发育阶段和世代的发育历期,获得其在各条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在本文的实验温度范围内,该螨的发育历期与温度呈负相关,即随着温度的升高发育历期缩短。在各发育阶段不同饲料条件下发育起点温度和有效积温都有所差异。用啤酒酵母粉作饲料时,腐食酪螨的全世代历期为48.04天（12.5℃下）和8.41天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.18℃,有效积温为155.44 d·℃; 用玉米粉作饲料时,全世代历期为78.79天（12.5℃下）和10.77天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.52℃,有效积温为208.33 d·℃。以成螨体长和体宽为指标,比较了在各温度条件及不同饲料条件对其生长的影响,结果表明不同饲料对螨体大小有显著影响,温度的影响不明显。     

尿螨病的病原学研究

探讨引起尿螨病的病原螨种类,以离心沉淀法浓缩尿液或用铜丝筛（100目／寸）过滤,分离尿液中的螨,直接镜检鉴定螨种,从69例尿螨阳性者的尿液中共分离出17种病原螨,即：粗脚粉螨Acarus siro,腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae,长食酪螨T.longior,椭圆食粉螨Aleuroglyphus ovatus,伯氏嗜木螨Caloglyphus berlesei,食菌嗜木螨C.mycophagus,纳氏皱皮螨Suidasianesbitti,河野脂螨Lardoglyphus konoi,家食甜螨Glycyphagus domesticus,甜果螨Carpoglyphuslactis,害嗜鳞螨Lepidoglyphus destructor,粉尘螨Dermatophagoides farinae,屋尘螨D.pteronyssinus,梅氏嗜霉螨Euroglyphus maynei,赫氏蒲螨Pyemotes hughesi,谷跗线螨Tarsonemus granarus,人跗线螨T.hominis,在同一受检者尿液中检出成螨者19例,检出幼螨者18例,同时发现成螨和幼螨者11例,成螨和卵同时检出者3例,成螨,幼螨和卵同时检出者11例,幼螨和卵同时检出者6例,休眠休和卵同时检出者1例;分别占尿螨阳性总数的27．54％,26．09％,15.94%,4.35%,15.94%,8.70%,1.44%.69例悄螨病患者每200mL尿液中检出螨数0．5个以下者32人,0．6－1个者25人,1．1＝－1．5个者10人,1．5个以上者2人,引起尿螨病的病原螨种类较多,其中粉螨是主要的病原螨。     

温度胁迫对腐食酪螨抗氧化能力的影响

【目的】以储藏物主要害螨腐食酪螨Tyrophagusputrescentiae(Schrank)为研究对象,采用温度胁迫处理,探讨其体内抗氧化系统对不同温度胁迫的响应机制。【方法】采用低温(0、5、10、15、20℃)、常温(25℃)、高温(30、33、36、39、42和45℃)胁迫处理1、2、3h后,测定腐食酪螨超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)3种酶的活力以及总抗氧化(T-AOC)能力和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。【结果】腐食酪螨3种抗氧化酶的活力、总抗氧化能力和MDA含量变化都与胁迫温度和时间密切相关;无论低温还是高温胁迫,SOD酶和GSTs酶活性较对照组均显著增加,说明它们在清除活性氧(ROS)过程中发挥着重要作用。【结论】温度胁迫对腐食酪螨有重要作用,可提高其抗氧化酶活力。     

叶螨及两种替代食物对尼氏真绥螨发育和繁殖的影响

在温度25 ℃、相对湿度80％条件下,以油茶花粉、二斑叶螨和腐食酪螨3种食物饲喂尼氏真绥螨,研究不同食物对尼氏真绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明：尼氏真绥螨虽能取食腐食酪螨的卵,但因摄食量不足导致不能完成正常发育;而取食油茶花粉和二斑叶螨能正常完成发育,并进行繁殖.取食油茶花粉的尼氏真绥螨全世代发育历期、雌螨寿命、产卵历期、平均每雌总产卵量分别为6.18 d、24.97 d、16.72 d和23.03粒,取食二斑叶螨的尼氏真绥螨分别为5.67 d、25.72 d、18.17 d和25.38粒;以二斑叶螨为食的尼氏真绥螨发育快,寿命和产卵历期长,平均每雌产卵量高.以油茶花粉和二斑叶螨为食的尼氏真绥螨实验种群数量动态均呈上升趋势,其中以油茶花粉饲养的种群趋势指数最高（I=14.28）,以二斑叶螨饲养的种群加倍时间最短（t=3.5201 d）.     

淮南地区储藏中药材孳生粉螨的群落组成及多样性

采集501种中药材样本,分别进行粉螨的分离、鉴定及计数,并利用统计学方法进行多样性分析,共检获粉螨49种,隶属于7科25属。粉螨的平均孳生密度为77．69只儋,物种丰富度指数为3．31,物种多样性指数为5．88,物种均匀度指数为1．51。其群落组成呈多样化。     

New trifluoromethanesulfonanilide compounds having high miticidal activity against house dust mites

Several 2-alkoxycarbonyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilides were prepared to examine their miticidal activity. 4-Halo-2-alkoxycarbonyltrifluoromethanesulfonanilides in particular showed good miticidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Tp), Dermatophagoides farinae (Dp) and Chelacaropsis moorei (Cm). Amidoflumet (methyl 5-chloro-2-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]aminobenzoate) was selected and has been developed as a new miticide for house dust mites.     

安徽省城市居民储藏物中孳生粉螨群落组成及多样性研究

从安徽省15个城市居民储藏物中采集了48种样本,采用水膜镜检法和电热集螨法进行粉螨的分离,并进行螨种的鉴定及计数。检获粉螨27种,隶属于7科19属。其平均孳生密度为28.65±7.6只/g,物种丰富度指数为2.70,物种多样性指数为2.62,物种均匀度指数为0.89。其群落组成较为多样化,粉螨污染储藏物的情况严重。     

Temperature preference and respiration of acaridid mites

The thermal preferences in a grain mass and respiration at various temperatures in mites (Acari: Acarididae) of medical and economical importance [Acarus siro (L. 1758), Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes 1961, Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank 1871), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank 1781)] were studied under laboratory conditions. Based on the distribution of mites in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., grain along a thermal gradient from 10 to 40 degrees C, L. destructor, D. farinae, and A. siro were classified as eurythermic and T. putrescentiae as stenothermic. The lowest preferred temperature was found for D. farinae (28 degrees C), followed by A. siro (28.5 degrees C), L. destructor (29.5 degrees C), and T. putrescentiae (31.5 degrees C). The relationship between the respiration rate and the temperature was similar for all four mite species. The highest respiration was found in the range from 31 to 33 degrees C. This is approximately 2 degrees C higher than the preferred temperature of these species. The lower temperature threshold of respiration ranged from 1 to 5 degrees C and the upper threshold ranged from 45 to 48 degrees C. Acclimatization of A. siro to temperature regimes of 5, 15, and 35 degrees C resulted in thermal preferences between 9 and 12 degrees C, 9 and 20 degrees C, and 28 and 35 degrees C, respectively. The respiration rate of acclimatized specimens increased with the temperature, reaching a maximum at 29.0 degrees C for mites acclimatized at 5 and 15 degrees C and a maximum at 33.7 degrees C for those acclimatized at 30 degrees C.     

Molecular cloning and the allergenic characterization of tropomyosin from Tyrophagus putrescentiae

Storage mites have been recognized as a cause of asthma and rhinitis. Studies from several countries have shown that the IgE-mediated allergy to storage mites is of considerable importance, especially in rural populations. This study aimed to identify and characterize new allergens from Tyrophagus putrescentiae. A partial cDNA sequence encoding tropomyosin was isolated from the cDNA library by immunoscreening using anti-mouse IgG1 sera raised against T. putrescentiae whole body extract. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 64-94% identity with previously known allergenic tropomyosins. Its recombinant protein was produced by using a pET 28b expression system and purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose. The IgE reactivities of tropomyosins from T. putrescentiae and Dermatophagoides farinae were compared by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Recombinant Tyr p 10 showed 12.5% (5/40) IgE-binding reactivity, whereas recombinant Der f 10 showed 25% (10/40) IgE-binding reactivity against the same sera from storage mite-sensitized and house dust mite-sensitized subjects. Both recombinant Tyr p 10 and Der f 10 showed little inhibition of IgE binding to T. putrescentiae crude extract by ELISA. Tropomyosin seems to contribute only a small portion of the cross-reactivity with house dust mites.     

Detection and identification of species-specific bacteria associated with synanthropic mites

Internal bacterial communities of synanthropic mites Acarus siro, Dermatophagoides farinae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Astigmata) were analyzed by culturing and culture-independent approaches from specimens obtained from laboratory colonies. Homogenates of surface-sterilized mites were used for cultivation on non-selective agar and DNA extraction. Isolated bacteria were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) and cloning sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using universal bacterial probes was used for direct bacterial localization. T-RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed distinct species-specific bacterial communities. The results were further confirmed by cloning and sequencing (284 clones). L. destructor and D. farinae showed more diverse communities then A. siro and T. putrescentiae. In the cultivated part of the community, the mean CFUs from four mite species ranged from 5.2?×?10(2) to 1.4?×?10(3) per mite. D. farinae had significantly higher CFUs than the other species. Bacteria were located in the digestive and reproductive tract, parenchymatical tissue, and in bacteriocytes. Among the clones, Bartonella-like bacteria occurring in A. siro and T. putresecentiae represented a distinct group related to Bartonellaceae and to Bartonella-like symbionts of ants. The clones of high similarity to Xenorhabdus cabanillasii were found in L. destructor and D. farinae, and one clone related to Photorhabdus temperata in A. siro. Members of Sphingobacteriales cloned from D. farinae and A. siro clustered with the sequences of "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" and as a separate novel cluster.     

Delayed hypersensitivity to house dust-storage mites Thyrophagus putrescentiae in experimental allergic dermatoses]

House dust mites and storage mites proved to be one of the main allergens causing hypersensitivity in atopic dermatitis in allergic patients. The authors reproduced experimental allergic dermatosis on the model of delayed type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs, caused by sensitization to the allergen from the mite's bodies Tyrophagus putrescentiae--species having wide distribution in the country. The results characteristic for T-cell type hypersensitivity have been obtained: delayed positive skin tests after 24 hours, typical histomorphological picture (strong allergic alteration, epidermis desquamation, vasculitis, dermis T-cell infiltration and spongiosis--Waksman's syndrome). It is concluded that side by side with humoral IgE-mediated reaction there is strong delayed T-cell hypersensitivity to the storage mites Tyrophagus putrescentiae.     

储藏中药材孳生粉螨的调查

采用清水漂浮法和塔氏电热集螨器分离法,共分离中药材样品129种,1290份,从中分离出粉螨44种,隶属7科25属。得出结论:中药材粉螨的污染严重,应加强对中药材螨类的防治,以保护中药材及预防人体螨病。     

Efforts to control mites on Iberian ham by physical methods

This study is aimed at the development of a method for integrated mite control in the industrial production of Iberian and Alentejan ham. The investigations were carried out on the premises of five factories in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Tyrophagus longior was predominant on hams in the drying rooms, Tyrophagus putrescentiae in cellars, while Tyrolichus casei was observed only in one factory, together with Melichares dendriticus (Acari: Ascidae), a predator of tyroglyphids. Relative humidity levels below 60% reduced the growth of mites on the ham surface, but these conditions forced the mites to seek refuge: T. putrescentiae and T. casei were found in cavities inside the ham. At the end of the experimental curing period, 11% of the hams were totally disintegrated by mite damage inside. Mites survived high-temperature treatments which are detrimental to the hams: 71 degrees C, 11 min; 57 degrees C, 30 min and 40 degrees C, 96 h. They also survived a long low-humidity period: 1 month at 18 degrees C and 32% R.H.     

The effectiveness of organophosphate acaricides on stored product mites interacting in biological control

Three organophosphates (pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorpyrifos) were tested on a laboratory strain of Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank), a predatory mite used for biological control of stored food mites, and on tow species of acaroid mites, Acarus siro L. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Biological control is often preceded by a chemical treatment with organophosphates and thus it is important to know how the acaricides affect the predators. It was found that chlorpyrifos-methyl was the most toxic organophosphate on C. eruditus. The effectiveness of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos was approximately equal and was three times lower than the effectiveness of chlorpyrifos-methyl. The organophosphates were nearly equally effective on both acaroid mites but A. siro was slightly more susceptible than T. putrescentiae. On the basis of these results, the use of pirimiphos-methyl or chlorpyrifos rather than chlorpyrifos-methyl is recommended for protection of empty stores or stored grain against resiliant populations of stored food mites.