DNA瞬态损伤的快速修复阻断癌变最早事件的发展

DNA瞬态损伤(DNA自由基)引起DNA碱基对断裂和双螺旋结构下沉,导致基因失稳,可能是构成癌变的最早事件。基因失稳是癌的共同特征标志之一,而DNA修复可通过维持基因完整性来降低癌的发生。修复DNA的能力低下也是癌的共同特征标志之一。近年新发现了一种独特的修复机制,称为快速修复,专一地修复DNA瞬态损伤,只需几个微秒就能完成,比已知的酶性修复快十亿倍,修复速率常数达到109L.mol-1.s-1。还发现凡是具有快速修复能力的植物多酚类几乎都能不同程度地削弱癌的特征标志,包括使癌细胞形态正常化、抑制癌细胞增殖、促进癌细胞分化或凋亡、降低端粒酶活性、减少植瘤率、阻止细胞迁移和扩散、抑制血管生成、延长存活时间、降低患癌风险等。     

消化系统肉瘤样癌12例临床病理分析

目的分析消化系统肉瘤样癌临床病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断,探讨其治疗方法的进展。方法回顾性分析2012年1月～2018年12月我院12例消化系统肉瘤样癌的临床病理学特征、免疫染色特点、影像学特点,消化系统主要鉴别诊断及预后情况。查阅文献并结合患者临床资料进行分析。结果肉瘤样癌由多形性梭形细胞组成,癌细胞排列分散,呈束状、螺旋状或席纹状,浸润性生长。12例患者中细胞角蛋白阳性率为83.3%(10/12)、波形纤维蛋白阳性率为91.7%(11/12)。12例中仅有1例行术后化疗,其余均未给予术后辅助治疗。结论消化系统肉瘤样癌诊断主要依靠组织病理学检查,免疫组化对其诊断有重要价值。肿瘤恶性程度高,肿瘤切除后结果并不乐观。放化疗对预后无明显差异,基因靶向治疗仍可期待。     

P-钙粘蛋白在人类不同乳腺病中的差异表达及在鉴别诊断中的意义

目的通过研究P-钙粘蛋白在乳腺癌及硬化性腺病中表达的不同、淋巴结转移与P-钙粘蛋白表达的关系,探讨P-钙粘蛋白在硬癌和硬化性腺病鉴别诊断中的意义.方法采用免疫组化染色,观察硬癌和硬化性腺病中P-钙粘蛋白表达、淋巴结转移与淋巴结未转移病例P-钙粘蛋白的表达,利用图像分析系统对乳腺癌,尤其是硬癌细胞中P-钙粘蛋白的表达强度、淋巴结转移与淋巴结非转移病例P-钙粘蛋白的表达强度进行分析.结果 P-钙粘蛋白的表达在硬癌和硬化性腺病、淋巴结转移与淋巴结非转移病例中有显著差异(P<0.05).结论 P-钙粘蛋白的表达可作为硬癌和硬化性腺病鉴别诊断的参考指标,并对估计是否出现淋巴结转移具有一定意义.     

癌细胞与正常细胞相比有哪些不同特征?

问:癌细胞与正常细胞相比有哪些不同特征?答:癌是威胁人们生命的最危险的疾病之一。癌的根本问题是细胞畸形分化的问题。细胞不按正常的规律发育,恶化而成癌细胞。于是,它不再受机体的控制,不受约束地连续分裂,产生新的癌细胞,破坏身体内环境的平衡。癌细胞与正常细胞相比,主要有以下几点不同:形态上最明显的不同是细胞核一般都比正常细胞的大,形状不规则,核仁也变大了;癌细胞的有丝分裂常有“多极分裂”的现象,在1个分裂细胞中出现多个纺缍体,产生3~5个甚至更多的细胞;细胞表面发生了变化,膜上的糖脂或糖蛋白的糖链短缺不全,因而癌细胞可以…     

甲状腺球蛋白免疫组织化学在甲状腺癌诊断中的应用

甲状腺球蛋白（thyroid globulin,Tg）是甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞合成的一种大分子糖蛋白。甲状腺滤泡上皮起源的甲状腺癌,约占甲状腺恶性肿瘤的80％,这些癌细胞可以不同程度的合成Tg,在癌细胞胞浆中可见Tg分布状况。本文利用制备的抗人甲状腺球蛋白单克隆抗体建立甲状腺球蛋白免疫组织化学方法,对判断甲状腺滤泡细胞源性癌有特异诊断意义。     

实验性大鼠肝癌组织中NOS之分布及意义

以酶组织化学方法对实验性大鼠肝癌组织中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）的分布进行定位研究。结果显示：原发及转移的肝癌组织癌细胞中ＮＯＳ呈阴性反应,不同类型肝癌组织内未见明显差异,表明ＮＯＳ活性的降低与细胞的恶变相关。提示可作为临床肝癌诊断的一个指标。癌旁肝细胞、Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞及癌组织中的巨噬细胞胞浆呈ＮＯＳ阳性,此处ＮＯ是否属于一种参与活化巨噬细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的效应分子有待探讨。     

原卟啉Ⅸ发光特性与癌发光关系的研究

研究了人体内源性卟啉──原卟啉Ⅸ（ＰｒｏｔｏｐｏｒｐｈｙｒｉｎⅨ简称ＰＰ）的发光特性,结果表明,它与癌组织抽提物的发光及目前用于临床研究所选用的癌固有荧光特征峰其本相类同     

MiRNA与肾上腺皮质癌

miRNA是一类长度约22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,具有调控基因表达的作用,参与多种生物学过程,包括早期发育、细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞分化等,与糖尿病、免疫或神经退行性疾病以及癌症有关。研究发现,miRNA与肾上腺皮质癌关系密切:首先,miRNA可影响肾上腺皮质癌细胞增殖、侵袭及转移;其次,miRNA可作为肾上腺皮质癌早期诊断的重要标志物;最后,miRNA还是判断肾上腺皮质癌疗效及预后的重要指标。本文就miRNA与肾上腺皮质癌发生发展的关系以及miRNA在预后判断和早期诊断中的应用做一综述。     

AFP阴性与阳性肝细胞癌免疫组化和免疫电镜的比较性研究

目的比较性研究AFP阴性与阳性原发性肝细胞癌超微结构特征及AFP和Tn (Thomsen-Friedenreich-related antigen)蛋白表达及意义.方法 43例原发性肝细胞癌组织和5例正常肝组织分为三组:对照组(正常肝组织,5例);AFP阳性肝细胞癌组 (血清AFP>10ng/ml,22例);AFP阴性肝细胞癌组(血清AFP<10ng/ml,21例).应用透射电镜、免疫组织化学和细胞图象分析技术对AFP阴性与阳性肝癌细胞超微结构及AFP和Tn蛋白表达进行观察,并进行AFP和Tn蛋白免疫电镜标记.结果 1. 免疫组织化学结果显示:在AFP阴性肝细胞癌组癌细胞中(1)Tn蛋白表达强度(0.1498±0.0371)明显高于AFP阳性肝细胞癌组(0.0685±0.0156)(P<0.01);(2)AFP蛋白表达强度(0.1269±0.0347) 低于AFP阳性肝细胞癌组(0.1852±0.0234)(P<0.01).2.透射电镜观察:在AFP阴性组肝癌细胞中,癌细胞最突出的形态特征是胞质内细胞器大多十分简单,唯游离多聚核糖核蛋白体十分丰富.而在AFP阳性组肝癌细胞中,癌细胞胞质内细胞器相对较多,特别是粗面内质网尤为丰富.此外,线粒体及高尔基器也较明显.3.免疫电镜标记显示:AFP蛋白阳性标记主要位于粗面内质网,Tn蛋白阳性标记多位于游离多聚核糖核蛋白体,粗面内质网仅见有散在阳性分布.结论 (1)AFP和Tn蛋白在AFP阴性与阳性肝细胞癌组织中具有差异性分布特征,Tn蛋白有望成为AFP阴性肝细胞癌诊断辅助指标之一.(2)透射电镜和免疫电镜观察表明:AFP和Tn蛋白在肝癌细胞中的合成部位明显不同.     

与单一顺序DNA互补的大鼠肝癌核RNA和聚核糖核蛋白体RNA的变化

对癌细胞的生物学和生物化学研究,揭示了癌细胞的去分化特征和异常分化现象,从这些实验事实出发,认为癌可能是一种分化异常的疾病。这些异常和去分     

基于神经网络数据挖掘的红色籽用西瓜亲本选择方法研究

根据多年来红色籽用西瓜自交系育种过程中,积累的多代性状复杂、数量庞大的种质资源及数据,利用数据挖掘中的反向传播（Back propagation,BP）神经网络方法,建立红色籽用西瓜BP神经网络模型。以红籽瓜数量性状作为预测依据,选择出具有丰产性状的红籽瓜亲本材料,为育种工作者进行亲本选择时提供一种新的途径和方法。     

Progress on carbon dots and hydroxyapatite based biocompatible luminescent nanomaterials for cancer theranostics

Despite the significant advancement in cancer diagnosis and therapy, a huge burden remains. Consequently, much research has been diverted on the development of multifunctional nanomaterials for improvement in conventional diagnosis and therapy. Luminescent nanomaterials offer a versatile platform for the development of such materials as their intrinsic photoluminescence (PL) property offers convergence of diagnosis as well as therapy at the same time. However, the clinical translation of nanomaterials faces various challenges, including biocompatibility and cost-effective scale up production. Thus, luminescent materials with facile synthesis approach along with intrinsic biocompatibility and anticancerous activity hold significant importance. As a result, carbon dots (CDs) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) have attracted much attention for the development of optical imaging probes. CDs are the newest members of the carbonaceous nanomaterials family that possess intrinsic luminescent and therapeutic properties, making them a promising candidate for cancer theranostic. Additionally, nHA is an excellent bioactive material due to its compositional similarity to the human bone matrix. The nHA crystal can efficiently host rare-earth elements to attain luminescent property, which can further be implemented for cancer theranostic applications. Herein, the development of CDs and nHA based nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer has been briefly discussed. The emphasis has been given to different synthesis strategies leading to different morphologies and tunable PL spectra, followed by their diverse applications as biocompatible theranostic agents. Finally, the review has been summarized with the current challenges and future perspectives.     

The breeding of two polyploid rice lines with the characteristic of polyploid meiosis stability

Polyploidization is a basic feature of plant evolution. Nearly all of the main food, cotton and oil crops are polyploid. When ploidy levels increase, yields double; this phenomenon suggested a new strategy of rice breeding that utilizes wide crosses and polyploidization dual advantages to breed super rice.Because low seed set rates in polyploid rice usually makes it difficult to breed, the selection of Ph-liked gene lines was emphasized. After progenies of indica-japonica were identified and selected, two polyploid lines, PMeS-1 and PMeS-2 with Polyploid Meiosis Stability (PMeS) genes were bred. The procedure included seven steps: selecting parents, crossing or multiple crossing, back-crossing, doubling chromosomes, identifying the polyploid, and choosing plants with high seed set rates that can breed themselves into stable lines. The characteristics of PMeS were determined by observing meiotic behaviors and by cross-identification of seed sets. PMeS-1 and PMeS-2, (japonica rice), have several characteristics different from other polyploid rice lines, including a higher rate of seed set (more than 65%, increasing to more than 70% in their F1 offspring); and stable meiotic behaviors (pairing with bivalents and quarivalents nearly without over-quarivalent in prophase, nearly without lagging chromosomes in metaphase and without micronuclei in anaphase and telophase). The latter was obviously different from control polyploid line Dure-4X, which displayed abnormal meiotic behaviors including a higher rate of multivalents, univalents and trivalents in prophase, lagging chromosomes in metaphase and micronuclei in anaphase and telophase. There were also three differences of the breeding method between PMeS lines and normal diploid lines: chromosomes doubling, polyploidism identifying and higher seed set testing. The selection of PMeS lines is the first step in polyploid rice breeding; their use will advance the progress of polyploid rice breeding, which will in turn offer a new way to breed super rice.     

p16逆转录病毒载体的构建及其高滴度克隆的杂交筛选

构建多肿瘤抑制基因 p1 6( mts- 1 )的逆转录病毒载体 ,用一种简便的非放射性杂交方法 ,从多个包装细胞克隆中筛选出病毒滴度高的克隆 ,以提高病毒转导效率 .以 p1 6c DNA全长为目的基因 ,构建逆转录病毒载体 p LMSN,非脂质体转染试剂转染兼性包装细胞 PT67,G41 8筛选抗性克隆 ,扩增单个克隆后提取包装细胞上清的病毒 RNA( v RNA) ,以碱性磷酸酶直接标记的目的基因为探针作斑点杂文 ,化学发光自显影法定量测定 ,在短时间内从多个候选克隆中筛选出高产毒的克隆 .为 p1 6基因治疗的实验研究奠定了物质基础 .     

散发性大肠癌组织及粪便脱落细胞p53蛋白的检测

为了解大肠癌组织及粪便脱落细胞中 p5 3蛋白表达对大肠癌诊断的临床意义 ,采用 S- P法对 38例大肠癌患者的癌组织及其中的 30例患者的粪便脱落细胞 p5 3蛋白进行检测。大肠癌组织中 p5 3蛋白阳性表达率为 39.47% (15 / 38) ,p5 3蛋白阳性与癌组织的分化程度及是否存在淋巴结转移均无相关性 (P>0 .0 5 )。粪便脱落细胞 p5 3蛋白阳性表达率为 36 .6 7%(11/ 30 ) ,脱落细胞与相应患者的癌组织中的 p5 3表达一致率为 83.33% (2 5 / 30 )。表明粪便中脱落细胞 p5 3蛋白的表达忠实反映了相应癌组织的 p5 3突变情况 ,对其检测有望成为大肠癌诊断及筛查的无创分子途径。同时表明粪便中脱落细胞核保持了肿瘤抗原决定簇的主要结构及生物特征 ,进行免疫细胞化学检测是可行的 ,为进行脱落细胞核其它肿瘤标志物或其它生物研究奠定了可行性的基础     

The breeding of two polyploid rice lines with the characteristic of polyploid meiosis stability

Polyploidization is a basic feature of plant evolution. Nearly all of the main food, cotton and oil crops are polyploid. When ploidy levels increase, yields double; this phenomenon suggested a new strategy of rice breeding that utilizes wide crosses and polyploidization dual advantages to breed super rice. Because low seed set rates in polyploid rice usually makes it difficult to breed, the selection of Ph-liked gene lines was emphasized. After progenies of indica-japonica were identified and selected, two polyploid lines, PMeS-1 and PMeS-2 with Polyploid Meiosis Stability (PMeS) genes were bred. The procedure included seven steps: selecting parents, crossing or multiple crossing, back-crossing, doubling chromosomes, identifying the polyploid, and choosing plants with high seed set rates that can breed themselves into stable lines. The characteristics of PMeS were determined by observing meiotic behaviors and by cross-identification of seed sets. PMeS-1 and PMeS-2, (japonica rice), have several characteristics different from other polyploid rice lines, including a higher rate of seed set (more than 65%, increasing to more than 70% in their F1 offspring); and stable meiotic behaviors (pairing with bivalents and quarivalents nearly without over-quarivalent in prophase, nearly without lagging chromosomes in metaphase and without micronuclei in anaphase and telophase). The latter was obviously different from control polyploid line Dure-4X, which displayed abnormal meiotic behaviors including a higher rate of multivalents, univalents and trivalents in prophase, lagging chromosomes in metaphase and micronuclei in anaphase and telophase. There were also three differences of the breeding method between PMeS lines and normal diploid lines: chromosomes doubling, polyploidism identifying and higher seed set testing. The selection of PMeS lines is the first step in polyploid rice breeding; their use will advance the progress of polyploid rice breeding, which will in turn offer a new way to breed super rice. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 39970447, 30240090, 30471063 and 30650002), the High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. SZ-01-02-02), the Chenguang Youth Science and Technology Project of Wuhan City (Grant No. 20045006071-31), and the Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China (Grant No. 2004D004)     

Bioluminescence intensity difference observed in luminous bacteria groups with different motility

Aims:  The aim of this study was to compare the luminescent intensity of bioluminescence from marine luminous bacteria with different motility.
Methods and Results:  Luminescent bacteria were separated according to their motility using a microfluidic device. The cell densities of the separated samples were measured using a counting plate. The luminescent intensity of the separated samples was measured using a luminometer. The luminescent intensity per cell was calculated, and the values from the mobile (swimmers) and the nonmobile cells (nonswimmers) per single cell were compared; as a result, the former were proved to be larger than the latter.
Conclusions:  Microfluidics were shown to be effective for the separation of bioluminescent bacteria and the bioluminescent intensity difference per cell was recognized with this experiment.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study introduced for the first time a method to examine the individual cell function of Photobacterium kishitanii .     

Metabolic flexibility and cell hierarchy in metastatic cancer

Cancer is characterized by disturbed homeostasis of self-renewing cell populations, and their ability to seed and grow in multiple microenvironments. This overarching cellular property of metastatic cancer emerges from the contentious cancer stem cell hypothesis that underpins the more generic hallmarks of cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000) and its subsequent add-ons. An additional characteristic, metabolic flexibility, is related to concepts developed by Warburg and to subsequent work by mid 20th century biochemists who elucidated the bioenergetic workings of mitochondria. Metabolic flexibility may circumvent limitations inherent in the increasingly popular but erroneous view that aerobic glycolysis is a universal property of cancer cells. Cancer research in the second half of the 20th century was largely the domain of geneticists and molecular biologists using reductionist approaches. Integrated approaches that address cancer cell hierarchy and complexity, and how cancer cells adapt their metabolism according to their changing environment are now beginning to emerge, and these approaches promise to address the poor mortality statistics of metastatic cancer.     

铽(Ⅲ)离子及其复合物:从发光特性到传感应用

稀土元素也称镧系元素,因其独特的发光性质和配位性质,其发光复合物被广泛研究于生物技术领域。其中稀土铽(Ⅲ)离子复合物因具有优异的光谱特性,关于其研究呈现出快速的发展趋势。主要从其发光特性的角度出发,探讨了其发光机理,并对铽(Ⅲ)离子与不同有机化合物结合形成的发光铽配合物以及铽(Ⅲ)离子及其配合物与不同纳米材料形成的复合物进行了分类综述。此外,还详细地阐述了铽离子及其复合物在荧光探针、生物传感器、药物递送、细胞成像、癌症治疗等相关领域的应用。最后,对其今后发展趋势和潜在的研究价值进行了展望。