定点突变人α99、β82位的血红蛋白及在大肠杆菌中的表达

模拟分析发现血红蛋白两条α珠蛋白链上 99位的 Lys突变为 Cys后 ,它们之间可以形成二硫键 ,两条β珠蛋白链上 82位的 Lys突变为 Cys后可以增加血红蛋白四聚体间氢键的作用 ,分别起到稳定四聚体的作用 .利用寡核苷酸介导的定点突变技术将α99、β82 位的 Lys突变为 Cys.将突变后的血红蛋白插入 p BV2 2 0载体 ,在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达 ,其表达产物达细菌总蛋白的2 0 %左右 ,并经 Western印迹证实     

胎儿血红蛋白的表达调控

胎儿血红蛋白是胎儿体内主要的血红蛋白类型,是由两条α肽链和两条γ肽链组成的四聚体。出生后胎儿血红蛋白在人体中的表达急剧降低至1%,由两条α肽链和两条β肽链组成的成人血红蛋白取而代之成为主要的血红蛋白类型。β地中海贫血和镰刀型细胞贫血发病原因均基于β-珠蛋白基因发生突变,致使β-珠蛋白合成不足或异常,进而引起一系列临床症状。诸多实验结果及临床疗效表明,提高患者体内γ-珠蛋白的表达可部分替代异常β-珠蛋白从而有效缓解患者的临床症状。随着基因治疗的发展,如何安全高效的再激活胎儿血红蛋白的表达成为治疗β型地中海贫血和镰刀型细胞贫血患者的重要科学命题。本文重点回顾近年来γ-珠蛋白表达的调控机制,以期对寻找更加有效激活胎儿血红蛋白的方法提供参考。     

两种血红蛋白病的分子生物学基础的比较

镰形细胞贫血症和地中海贫血症均属于血红蛋白病,血红蛋白是一种含有色素辅基的结合蛋白质,其色素部分是血红素(heme,haem),蛋白质部分是珠蛋白(globin)。血红蛋白是一个四聚体,每个亚单位由一条肽链和一分子血红素组成。构成各种血红蛋白的珠蛋白肽链有7种：α、β、^Gγ、^Aγ、δ、ε和ζ。据统计至今已发现异常血红蛋白200多种,异常血红蛋白携带者有一亿多人。镰贫和地贫都与血红蛋白异常有关,二者的分子生物学基础都涉及到基因突变、缺失而导致某种蛋白链合成障碍,引起融血性贫血,使其发生功能性改变直至致病,但二者又有不同之处,镰贫主要原因是发生了基因的错义突变,而地岔系由于α链或β链合成失去平衡所致．     

西藏温泉蛇血红蛋白高原低氧适应性分子机制研究

本文结合基因组学、分子进化以及计算生物学等分析方法,对西藏温泉蛇(Thermophis baileyi)血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)基因家族成员、基因簇结构和蛋白质结构等进行研究,探索西藏温泉蛇对高原低氧环境适应的分子机制。结果显示,西藏温泉蛇基因组中包含2个α珠蛋白基因和2个β珠蛋白基因,其中β珠蛋白基因簇高度保守,α^A珠蛋白基因在有鳞目祖先分化及形成蛇类和蜥蜴类的过程中发生了基因转座事件,转座后在蛇类中的排列模式为(5′-RREB1,SSR1,α^A,RIOK1,DSP-3′)。西藏温泉蛇α^D和β²基因分别有2个和4个潜在的正选择位点,其中α^D亚基p.Arg9Lys和p.Val36Thr突变使得该亚基血红素口袋体积增大和亲水性升高,这有利于提高O₂的运输效率。β²亚基p.Ser53Asn突变导致血红素口袋的亲水性升高,p.Ile112Leu、 p.Thr135Cys和p.Ala139Ser突变使得β²...     

血红蛋白突变体的稳定性预测

为了研究提高血红蛋白粘聚体的稳定性,利用计算机同源模建、分子间氢键形成及表观静电势理论,探讨血红蛋白及相应突变体的结构与功能与功能关系。分析发现两个α９９位的Ｌｙｓ突变为Ｃｙｓ后,它们之间可以形成二硫键,两个β８２位的Ｌｙｓ突变为Ｃｙｓ可以增强形成分了间氢键的能力,分别起到稳定四聚体的作用。分析表明,突变体血红蛋白将具有更高的稳定性,从而提高血红蛋白稳定性及借助计算机工具设计新型奕变体提供参考。     

β珠蛋白基因5'远端新沉默子克隆及定点诱变

通过凝胶滞留分析和荧光素酶报告基因检测系统,鉴定出人类β珠蛋白基因5'旁侧远端帽位上游-2 132～-1 82 2 bp间存在一个活性沉默子片段(310 bp),将其亚克隆至pUC-T载体中,然后采用人工设计的突变引物,将经DNA足纹分析确定的两个结合位点的核心基序(β珠蛋白基因帽位上游 -2 017～-2 011 bp间的"CTTCCGC"序列和-2 006～-1 997 bp间的"CACTTT ATTT"序列) 分别定点诱变为"CTTAAGC"和"CACTTAAGTT"两个突变序列,从而构建成两种突变型310 bp片段,可用于对活性沉默子位点的结构与功能及β珠蛋白基因表达调控机制的深入研究.     

β-β交联的Fe(Ⅱ)-Co(Ⅱ)杂化血红蛋白玻尔(Bohr)效应的研究

本文使用500MHz ~1H NMR谱仪研究了β—β交联的β_1 82Lys—β_2 82Lys不对称Fe(Ⅱ)Co(Ⅱ)杂化血红蛋白在去氧状态下其四级结构与溶液 pH的相互关系.实验结果证明,溶液中H~+浓度的减少,有利于血红蛋白从束缚态(T态)向松弛态(R态)方向转化.在可交换质子区(9.0—15.0PPm)由pH的改变所引起的[2(Co)β(Fe)]_A[α(Co)β(Co)]_cXL的~1H NMR谱峰的变化比[α(Fe)β(Co)]_A[α(Co)β(Co)]_cXL的~1H NMR谱峰的变化大.这为研究血红蛋白四个亚基的构象随pH改变而变化的先后次序提供了一定的依据,可以认为,当溶液中H~+浓度减少时,首先使蛋白构象发生改变的应在α—亚基上,而不在β—亚基上.此外,从它们的~1H NMR谱图随pH的变化可推测,溶液中除了 T态和R态之外,还存在着一些中间过渡态.o     

人胎儿γ-珠蛋白基因的再活化及在β血红蛋白病治疗中的

在个体发育过程中,人β类珠蛋白基因的表达存在从胎儿（γ）到成人（β）珠蛋白基因的表达转换（或称开关）.β-地中海贫血和镰刀型贫血症是两种最为常见的严重危害人类健康的单基因遗传病,通过诱导胎儿期血红蛋白（HbF,α2γ2）在成人期表达对该病的治疗是一种有效的策略.一些活化γ珠蛋白基因表达的转录因子和辅助因子已经被鉴定,一些可以增加胎儿血红蛋白在成人红细胞中表达的药物也已被鉴别和实验,它们的作用机制被部分揭示,这些研究为发展通过活化γ-珠蛋白基因治疗镰刀形细胞贫血和重型β-地中海贫血的方法提供了重要线索和实验依据.     

PCR定点突变血红蛋白基因的克隆和筛选

为开展以基因重组血红蛋白为基础的血液代用品研究,我们首先用PCR 突变法扩增出含血红蛋白α、β珠蛋白的串联基因片段,经测序表明,所克隆的α、β基因符合预期设计结果,未发生意外突变。     

γ-珠蛋白基因表达调控机制与临床应用

成人体内的血红蛋白是由2个 α-珠蛋白和2个β-珠蛋白组成的四聚体,负责氧气的运输。珠蛋白基因在基因组中成簇分布,其表达受到多种顺式作用元件和反式作用因子的共同调控,具有高度的组织特异性和发育时序性。β-地中海贫血和镰刀型细胞贫血是两种最常见的由于β-珠蛋白基因突变引起的常染色体隐性遗传病。γ-珠蛋白是一种主要在胎儿时期表达的类β-珠蛋白,同样具有载氧功能,但编码该蛋白的基因在上述贫血患者中却保持完好。因此,临床上优选的治疗方案之一是重新激活患者体内沉默的γ-珠蛋白基因的表达来弥补缺损的β-珠蛋白,从而缓解临床症状。目前已有多种能提高γ-珠蛋白基因表达的药物,在临床上用于治疗β-地中海贫血和镰刀型细胞贫血。随着基因组编辑技术的发展,针对这两种贫血的精准基因治疗研究也在进行中。本文着重介绍了参与γ-珠蛋白基因调控的转录因子和表观遗传修饰分子,以及目前相关的β-地中海贫血和镰刀型细胞贫血的临床治疗药物和手段,以期为深入阐明γ-珠蛋白基因的转录表达分子调控机制提供参考。     

Modification of isolated α and β chains of human hemoglobin by the metal tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines. Studies on hybrid phthalocyanine-heme intermediates

α and β chains of hemoglobin have been modified with cobalt(II) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine in place of heme. They display properties very similar to those of iron(II) phthalocyanine modified α and β chains. Mixed together they form tetrameric cobalt(II) phthalocyanine hemoglobin.Incorporation of Co(II)L into α and β globins results in stabilization of the protein structure, which is shown by a marked increase in its helicity content. Cobalt phthalocyanine substituted α and β chains are able to combine reversibly with oxygen giving more stable oxygenated species than their native analogues. The rate of both processes is lower in the case of the modified α chain. Recombination of the phthalocyanine α and β chains with the alternate heme containing chains give tetrameric hybrid hemoglobins. These comprise two phthalocyanine modified subunits and two heme containing subunits. The helicity content of the tetrameric hybrid hemoglobin calculated for one subunit is lower that the arithmetic mean of helicities for its isolated subunits. This suggests a destabilizing chain-chain interaction within the tetramer. Unlike in the separated subunits, oxygen binding by hybrid hemoglobins is irreversible. Deoxygenation by argon bubbling leads to the formation of inactive species which in oxygen atmosphere undergo irreversible oxidation with destruction of the complex.     

Carbon-13 NMR studies of 13CO binding to human hemoglobin

In the ¹³C NMR spectrum of hemoglobin A carbonylated with ¹³CO, separate resonances can be distinguished at 207.04 ppm and 206.60 ppm (with respect to the ¹³C resonance of external tetramethyl-silane) for ¹³Co bound to the α and β chains of the hemoglobin tetramer. A study of the ¹³Co derivatives of the isolated α and β chains, and of the abnormal hemoglobin M_IWATE which contains α chains which are in the met [Fe(III)] form and do not bind CO, has permitted an assignment of the high field (206.60 ppm) resonance to the β chain ¹³CO and the low field one to the α chain ¹³CO. The identification of these ¹³Co resonances permits a study of the differences in the chemistry of the α and β heme units in intact hemoglobin. Some results on the differences in the redox behavior of these chains are included.     

The multigenic family of the extracellular hemoglobin from the annelid polychaete Arenicola marina

The extracellular hemoglobin of the lugworm Arenicola marina which inhabits on the intertidal area, a sulfide-rich environment, comprises eight globin chains previously determined by mass spectrometry. We have cloned and sequenced five of the globin components. The deduced amino-acid sequences exhibit an extracellular signal peptide and two cysteine residues involved in an internal disulfide bond. The molecular weights calculated from the globin primary structures obtained from complete cDNA sequences are in good agreement with the mass spectrometry values obtained with the native hemoglobin. Phylogenetic analysis has allowed assigning the five A. marina sequences to the different globin sub-families. Two of the globins were found to be A2 globin chains lacking the cysteine residues proposed to be involved in the binding of hydrogen sulfide by such hemoglobin. We discuss the unusual absence of these cysteines in the light of their invariant occurrence in the A2 subfamily of hemoglobins from annelids inhabiting sulfide-rich environments.     

The translation of rabbit hemoglobin messenger RNA in a cell-free extract from chick embryo brain

The translation of rabbit hemoglobin messenger RNA in an unfractionated cytoplasmic extract from chick embryo brain was studied. This translation was not dependent upon reticulocyte-specific factors. An analysis of the product synthesized in vitro with the embryo brain cell-free extract and rabbit hemoglobin messenger RNA by carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography showed that the system was capable of synthesizing both the α and β globin chains. Analysis of the tryptic peptides of the in vitro synthesized α chain by ion-exchange chromatography showed that the embryo brain extract with rabbit hemoglobin messenger RNA was capable of synthesizing the complete α chain of rabbit hemoglobin. The results suggest that no stringent tissue-specific controls exist for the translation of globin messenger RNA and were discussed in this context.     

Linked functions in allosteric proteins: Extension of the concerted (MWC) model for ligand-linked subunit assembly and its application to human hemoglobins

The allosteric model of Monod et al. (1965) (MWC) has been extended to take into account the effects of subunit dissociation. The problem is formulated theoretically in terms of a general model for two allosteric species (dimers and tetramers) linked by a polymerization reaction. Relationships are presented for interpreting the dimer-tetramer association constants in terms of allosteric model parameters.Sub-cases of the general model were tested against recent experimental data on the oxygenation-linked dimer-tetramer equilibria in normal human hemoglobin and in the variant hemoglobin Kansas (β₁₀₂, Asp → Thr). The objectives of these analyses were: (1) to find the simplest models capable of describing the linked dimer-tetramer equilibria in the two hemoglobin systems, and (2) to evaluate the corresponding model parameters so that allosteric properties of the two hemoglobins may be compared.In the simplest version of the model, the dimer is half of an R-state tetramer. This model was found to be excluded unequivocally by the data for both normal hemoglobin and hemoglobin Kansas when the α and β chains have equal binding affinities. When this two-state model was modified to permit non-equivalent affinities for the chains, the model could be fitted to hemoglobin Kansas, but not to hemoglobin A. A model, in which the dimers are allowed to exist in a state different from the tetramer R state, was found to be consistent with the data for hemoglobin A, with equivalent binding by the α and β chains. For hemoglobin A, the unliganded R-state tetramers have a different subunit dissociation energy from that of fully liganded R-state tetramers. The simplest model capable of describing both hemoglobin A and hemoglobin Kansas was obtained by extending this three-state model to permit (but not require) functional non-equivalence of the α and β chains. For these MWC models, unique estimates were obtained for the model parameters.The allosteric constants for tetrameric hemoglobins A and Kansas are approximately equal. The value obtained from hemoglobin A is similar to previous estimates, whereas the value for hemoglobin Kansas is lower than previously estimated (Edelstein, 1971) by approximately two orders of magnitude. The low affinity of hemoglobin Kansas tetramer does not arise from an unusually high allosteric constant favoring the T-state species. It is largely the consequence of a greatly reduced oxygen affinity of β chains in the T state, and reduced values for the ratio between affinities in the R and T states.     

Competition between α and β globin messenger RNA

Addition to an unfractionated reticulocyte lysate of either α or β globin mRNA or reticulocyte initiation factors does not alter the overall rate of globin synthesis. Addition of β mRNA results in enhanced synthesis of β product and decreased production of α; conversely, addition of α mRNA results in enhanced synthesis of α globin and decreased production of β. We conclude that the amount of any putative α mRNA or β mRNA-specific factor does not normally limit the rate of synthesis of α or β chains; rather, the two mRNAs compete for some non-specific rate-limiting component of chain initiation.     

Separation of alpha and beta chains of rabbit globin using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

A procedure to separate the α and β globin chains of rabbit hemoglobin, denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of mercaptoethanol, on a column of polyacrylamide gel was developed. The identity of the two separated chains was verified by (a) differences in distribution of radioactivity between the chains when the hemoglobin samples were labeled uniformly with various ³H- or ¹⁴C-labeled amino acids; (b) the analysis of the chain distribution of radioactivity in purified hemoglobin isolated from rabbit reticulocytes, pulse-labeled with [³H] leucine; and (c) the separation pattern of a mixture of authentic [α-³H]- and [β-¹⁴C]-labeled globin chains. The globin chains of human hemoglobin A also could be separated in a similar manner. This procedure is particularly useful when only microgram quantities of hemoglobin are available for study.     

Balanced globin protein expression and heme biosynthesis improve production of human hemoglobin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Due to limitations associated with whole blood for transfusions (antigen compatibility, transmission of infections, supply and storage), the use of cell-free hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier substitute has been in the center of research interest for decades. Human hemoglobin has previously been synthesized in yeast, however the challenge is to balance the expression of the two different globin subunits, as well as the supply of the prosthetic heme required for obtaining the active hemoglobin (α₂β₂). In this work we evaluated the expression of different combinations of α and β peptides and combined this with metabolic engineering of the heme biosynthetic pathway. Through evaluation of several different strategies we showed that engineering the biosynthesis pathway can substantially increase the heme level in yeast cells, and this resulted in a significant enhancement of human hemoglobin production. Besides demonstration of improved hemoglobin production our work demonstrates a novel strategy for improving the production of complex proteins, especially multimers with a prosthetic group.