多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因分析

目的了解临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药情况、氨基糖苷类耐药相关基因和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因存在情况以及菌株之间的亲缘性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定临床分离的30株铜绿假单胞菌对7种临床常用于治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染的抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应分析氨基糖苷类修饰酶、16S rRNA甲基化酶基因型及其他基因型,运用SPSS统计分析软件对菌株样本亲缘性做聚类分析。结果30株铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药率分别是奈替米星70%、妥布霉素63.3%、庆大霉素63.3%、环丙沙星53.3%、亚氨培南40%和阿米卡星13.3%,而多黏菌素B的耐药率为0。21株氨基糖苷类耐药菌株中（其中20株为多药耐药菌株）,氨基糖苷类耐药基因型aac（6＇）-Ⅰ阳性13株（61.9%）、aac（6＇）-Ⅱ阳性13株（61.9%）、ant（2＇＇）-Ⅰ阳性10株（47.6%）、ant（3＇＇）-Ⅰ阳性9株（42.9%）、aac（3）-Ⅱ阳性1株（4.8%）,另有1株菌oprD2基因缺失,未检出基因型aac（6＇）-Ⅰae、aph（3＇）-Ⅲ、aac（6＇）-aph（2＇＇）和ant（4＇）-Ⅰ;16S rRNA甲基化酶基因rmtA基因型阳性19株（90.4%）、armA基因型阳性有8株（38.1%）,未检出基因型rmtC、rmtD。聚类分析结果显示分离的菌株中存在克隆传播。结论大部分测试的铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用的铜绿假单胞菌抗感染药物已产生广泛耐药,尤其对氨基糖苷类抗生素。这些菌株的氨基糖苷类修饰酶常见耐药基因型检出率高,16SrRNA甲基化酶基因型rmtA和armA的检出率亦较高。30株测试菌株中存在克隆传播。     

多重耐药黏液型铜绿假单胞菌 氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检测

摘要：目的 研究多重耐药黏液型铜绿假单胞菌（MDR-mPA）氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的分布,为合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法 采用纸片扩散（K-B）法对临床分离的MDR-mPA进行药敏试验,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶。结果 61株MDR-mPA中共有23株检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶,其中aac(3)-Ⅱ阳性12株（48%）,aac(6′)-Ⅱ阳性9株（36%）,aac(6′)-Ⅰ阳性3株（12%）,ant(2″)-Ⅰ阳性1株（4%）。结论 黏液型铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药与氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因表达有关。     

100例鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与整合子表达及耐药基因分析

目的 了解鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和整合子表达及耐药基因携带情况.方法 收集100株鲍曼不动杆菌,以VITEK-64系统鉴定细菌,并进行14种抗生素药敏试验,通过PCR法检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶基因(intI1、2、3)及Ⅰ类整合子可变区基因盒,并对基因盒测序.结果 除阿米卡星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,鲍曼不动杆菌对其他12种抗菌药物耐药率均大于60.0％,多重耐药率为88.0％.鲍曼不动杆菌整合酶基因阳性率为64.0％,均为intI1,整合子阳性菌株对多数药物的耐药率显著高于整合子阴性者(P＜0.05).intI1阳性菌株中,84.4％ (54/64)扩增出整合子可变区,检出3种耐药基因盒组合形式:aac(6’)-Ib-cr-arr-3-dfrA27 14株、aacA4-catB8-aadA1 24株、aacC1-orfA-orfB-aadA1 16株.结论 临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药与Ⅰ类整合子表达有关.Ⅰ类整合子主要携带早期使用的氨基糖苷类抗菌药、甲氧苄啶和氯霉素耐药基因.     

大肠埃希菌连续分离株氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因研究

目的了解临床分离的大肠埃希菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMEs）基因的存在状况。方法测定临床分离的60株大肠埃希菌对19种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR技术检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因。结果60株大肠埃希菌呈现多重耐药,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac（3）-Ⅱ、aac（6′）-Ⅰb、aac（6′）-Ⅱ、ant（3′′）-Ⅰ、ant（2′′）-Ⅰ的阳性率分别为36.7%、18.3%、0%、10%、1.6%。携带1种或1种以上基因的菌株有33株（55%）。结论临床分离的大肠埃希菌多重耐药严重,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因携带率较高。     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因探讨

目的了解浙江省丽水地区铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa)临床分离株中氨基糖苷类修饰酶(aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes,AMEs)基因存在状况。方法从分离的40株Pa中,用微量稀释法测定其对3种氨基糖苷类抗生素的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析AMEs基因{aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ}类型。结果40株Pa分离株中ant(2")-Ⅰ和aac(6')-Ⅱ基因阳性率分别为52.5%和45.0%,未检出aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3')基因类型。结论丽水地区耐氨基糖苷类抗生素的铜绿假单胞菌存在ant(2")-Ⅰ和aac(6')-Ⅱ基因,且Pa对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药严重,应注意对其进行临床检测和监控。     

鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性检测及泛耐药菌株的耐药基因研究

目的考察临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性并对泛耐药菌株的耐药基因进行检测。方法用纸片扩散法对60株临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌进行药物敏感试验,并用PCR法检测8株泛耐药菌株携带7种耐药基因OXA-51、OXA-23、OXA-24、OXA-58、aac(3)-Ⅰ、gyr A、abe M的情况。结果所分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用的β-内酰胺类抗生素、氨基糖苷类抗生素、四环素类抗生素、磺胺类抗菌药及喹诺酮类抗菌药均产生耐药性;在8株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中OXA-51、OXA-23、OXA-58、gyr A、abe M基因检测均全部呈阳性;OXA-24基因检测均呈阴性;aac(3)-I基因检测有5株呈阳性,3株呈阴性。结论鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严重,其耐药机制与多种耐药基因密切相关。     

耐多药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药基因检测结果的样本聚类分析

目的 调查一组耐药鲍曼不动杆菌菌株间的亲缘关系.方法 收集2010年1月至2010年12月浙江某医院ICU患者痰液标本中分离的耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共20株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)的方法分析3种与耐药相关的看家基因(carO、gyrA、parC)和55种水平转移获得与β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类耐药相关基因以及12种接合性质粒、转座子、插入序列、整合子等可移动遗传元件遗传标记,再对检测结果作样本聚类分析.结果 20株耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共检出3种与耐药相关的看家基因carO、gyrA、parC,4种获得性β-内酰胺类耐药基因(TEM-1、ADC-30、ADC-60、OXA-23),5种获得性氨基糖苷类耐药基因[aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ b、ant(3”)-Ⅰ、aph(3’)-Ⅰ、armA],2种抗菌制剂外排泵基因(adeB、qacE△1),5种可移动遗传元件的遗传标记(int Ⅰ 1、tnpU、tnp513、IS26、ISaba1).样本聚类分析提示,20株耐药鲍曼不动杆菌可分为A与B二个簇,A簇群均为多耐药(MDR)株;A簇群又可分为A1(ADC-60阳性)与A2簇群(ADC-30阳性),均为克隆传播.B簇群均为泛耐药(PDR)株,除8号株外为克隆传播.结论 MDR和PDR菌株中均存在克隆传播.获得菌株之间的亲缘关系对院内感染实时监测和控制院内感染意义重大.     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷16SrRNA甲基化酶基因分析

目的调查215株湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因分布情况。方法收集2011年1月至2012年12月湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌215株,琼脂稀释法测定5种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物（庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、伊帕米星、奈替米星）的MIC值;PCR检测armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD和npmA六种氨基糖苷类16S rRN甲基化酶基因,序列分析明确基因型。测定产16S rRNA甲基化酶菌株对常见抗菌的敏感性,并检测碳青霉烯耐药株产碳青霉烯酶情况。结果铜绿假单胞菌对异帕米星敏感率最高为81.4%,对5种氨基糖苷类抗生素全部耐药的22株菌株中,17株检出armA基因;未发现其他16S rRNA甲基化酶基因阳性菌株。17株armA阳性菌株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药5株（耐药率为29.4%）,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星耐药率均超过40%。5株碳青霉烯耐药菌株中检测到2株产VIM-2型金属碳青霉烯酶。结论铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率高,检测到16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA。产16S rRNA甲基化酶铜绿假单胞菌耐药性强,部分菌株同时产金属碳青霉烯酶,给临床抗感染治疗及院内感染控制带来挑战。     

产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性分析

目的了解本地区质粒介导的耐药机制在产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌多重耐药中的作用、氨基糖苷修饰酶(AMEs)基因类型及转移方式。方法头孢西丁三维试验方法,检测产AmpC酶菌株;采用接合转移试验了解肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因转移方式。采用K-B纸片测定产AmpC接合子对4种氨基糖苷类抗生素的敏感性,并采用PCR技术检测AMEs基因。结果临床分离的820株肺炎克雷伯菌共筛选出108株疑产AmpC酶菌株,阳性率为13.17%。经接合转移试验、AmpC酶表型确认试验共获得53株产AmpC接合子。其中67.9%的接合子(36/53)检出氨基糖苷修饰酶基因,aac(3)-I和aac(6′)-II未检出,对4种常用氨基糖苷类抗生素(阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、奈替米星)耐药率分别为37.7%、68.0%、43.4%和62.3%。结论本地区质粒介导AmpC酶是肺炎克雷伯菌产生多重耐药的重要原因,产酶株对氨基糖苷类高度耐药,其耐药性与AMEs密切相关,耐药基因质粒的转移可导致耐药性的传播扩散。     

大连市伤寒沙门菌耐药性及耐药基因分析

目的检测多重耐药伤寒沙门菌对抗菌药物的敏感性及其耐药基因携带情况,为伤寒沙门菌引起的腹泻治疗提供科学依据。方法采用微量肉汤稀释的方法测定大连地区临床分离的78株伤寒沙门菌对12种抗生素的敏感性;用PCR方法检测TEM型β内酰胺酶基因、catA和catB氯霉素乙酰基转移酶基因以及cmlA氯霉素外排泵蛋白基因、aac(6′)Ⅰb和aac3Ⅱ型氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、qacEΔ1sul1耐消毒剂和磺胺基因、多重耐药外排基因acrB等8种耐药基因。结果78株沙门菌对12种药物有不同程度耐药(1.28%~74.35%)。得到9株多重耐药菌株,其中5株检出TEM型β内酰胺酶基因;7株耐氯霉素的伤寒沙门菌菌株中,2株仅检出catA基因,1株仅检出catB基因,1株仅检出cmlA氯霉素外排泵蛋白基因,2株同时检出catA基因和cmlA氯霉素外排泵蛋白基因;2株检出aac(6′)Ⅰb基因,1株检出aac3Ⅱ型氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因;4株检出耐消毒剂和磺胺基因qacEΔ1sul1;6株检出多重耐药外排基因acrB。结论大连地区临床分离的伤寒沙门菌存在严峻的耐药现象,多种耐药基因存在于耐药伤寒沙门菌中,可能是导致菌株对多种抗菌药物耐药的原因。     

葡萄花翅小卷蛾抗药性研究进展

葡萄花翅小卷蛾是葡萄上的重要害虫,具有多食性、多化性等生物学特点,抗逆能力极强。该虫起源于欧洲,现已入侵全球多个国家。葡萄花翅小卷蛾主要以幼虫取食葡萄花序、幼果和成熟果实,给葡萄生产造成重大损失;其危害有利于真菌的侵入,导致灰霉病、白粉病等病害大量发生,从而造成葡萄腐烂。由于该虫入侵风险极高,已被我国列为重要的进境检疫性有害生物。国外对葡萄花翅小卷蛾的防治主要采用化学杀虫剂,由于长期大量且不合理地使用化学杀虫剂,葡萄花翅小卷蛾已对多种不同类型的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本研究总结了葡萄花翅小卷蛾的抗性测定方法、抗性现状及其抗性机理,同时结合国外葡萄花翅小卷蛾抗性和防治相关研究,提出该虫抗性治理策略,并对我国预防该虫的入侵提出建议。     

食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌耐药性及其机制研究进展

蜡样芽孢杆菌是常见的食源性致病菌之一,其产生的毒素会引起食物中毒。蜡样芽孢杆菌主要引起2种类型的食物中毒,即呕吐和腹泻综合征,并可造成各种局部和全身感染。随着抗生素的广泛、大量使用,蜡样芽孢杆菌的耐药性不断增强,现已有报道出现多重耐药性。本文对蜡样芽孢杆菌的耐药现状及耐药性机制进行了综述,以期正确理解蜡样芽孢杆菌耐药性的特点及其规律,从而为防治蜡样芽孢杆菌耐药性的产生及合理用药提供理论依据。     

整合子系统介导沙门菌耐药性的研究进展

沙门菌（Salmonella spp.）是公共卫生学上具有重要意义的人畜共患病病原菌。人、畜感染沙门菌后会引起伤寒、副伤寒、胃肠炎、败血症和肠外局灶性感染等疾病。抗生素是治疗沙门菌严重感染的有效手段,随着临床和畜牧业中抗生素的大量使用,使得沙门菌的耐药情况日益严重。整合子是普遍存在于细菌中的一种可移动基因元件,可有效捕获外源基因确保其表达,并复合于转座子、质粒等,使多种耐药基因在细菌种内或者种间进行传播。在过去的二十年中,随着新基因盒和复杂整合子的不断出现,导致整合子系统迅速进化。整合子在沙门菌耐药性传播过程中具有非常重要的作用,因此,本文对整合子系统的分子结构、分类、作用机制,以及沙门菌中存在的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合子介导的耐药性及现有检测方法的研究进展进行综述,以期为沙门菌耐药性研究提供参考。     

Plasmid-borne resistance to arsenate, arsenite, cadmium, and chloramphenicol in a Rhodococcus species

Summary A primarily genetic approach was employed to obtain plasmids in Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 12674 which carried genes conferring increased resistance to sodium arsenate and arsenite, cadmium chloride, and chloramphenicol. The plasmids were large, migrating more slowly than chromosomal DNA in agarose gels, and were made up of resistance determinants from the host organism together with part of the genome of nocardiophage Q4. Purified plasmid was used to transform a suitable recipient to increased resistance to sodium arsenate, sodium arsenite, and cadmium chloride.     

Plasmid-determined resistance to arsenic and antimony inPseudomonas aeruginosa

Resistance to arsenic salts in aPseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate was shown to be determined by a 100 kb transferable plasmid. The resistance pattern included arsenate, arsenite, and antimonate ions. Arsenate and arsenite resistances were inducible by previous exposure of cultures to subinhibitory amounts of either of the two ions. Phosphate ions protectedP. aeruginosa cells from the toxic effects of arsenate but did not alter arsenite toxicity.     

Agrobacterium mediated transfer of a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase gene confers resistance to chlorsulfuron in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Summary Leaf discs of C. intybus were inoculated with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring a neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene for kanamycin resistance and a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (csr1-1) from Arabidopsis thaliana conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. A regeneration medium was optimized which permitted an efficient shoot regeneration from leaf discs. Transgenic shoots were selected on rooting medium containing 100 mg/l kanamycin sulfate. Integration of the csr1-1 gene into genomic DNA of kanamycin resistant chicory plants was confirmed by Southern blot hybridizations. Analysis of the selfed progenies (S1 and S2) of two independent transformed clones showed that kanamycin and chlorsulfuron resistances were inherited as dominant Mendelian traits. The method described here for producing transformed plants will allow new opportunities for chicory breeding.     

Tagging QTLs for late blight resistance and plant maturity from diploid wild relatives in a cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) background

Phytophthora infestans causes an economically important disease of potato called late blight. The epidemic is controlled chemically but resistant potatoes can become an environment-friendly and financially justified alternative solution. The use of diploid Solanum tuberosum derived from European tetraploid cultivars enabled the introgression of novel genes encoding foliage resistance and tuber resistance from other species into the modern cultivated potato gene pool. This study evaluated the resistance of the obtained hybrids, its quality, expression in leaflets and tubers and its relation to the length of vegetation period. We also identified genetic loci involved in late blight resistance and the length of vegetation period. A family of 156 individuals segregating for resistance to late blight was assessed by three laboratory methods: detached leaflet, tuber slice and whole tuber test, repeatedly over 5 years. Length of vegetation period was estimated by a field test over 2 years. The phenotypic distributions of all traits were close to normal. Using sequence-specific PCR markers of known chromosomal position on the potato genetic map, six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance and length of vegetation period were identified. The most significant and robust QTL were located on chromosomes III (explaining 17.3% of variance observed in whole tuber tests), IV (15.5% of variance observed in slice tests), X (15.6% of variance observed in leaflet tests) and V (19.9% of variance observed in length of vegetation period). Genetic characterization of these novel resistance sources can be valuable for potato breeders and the knowledge that the most prominent QTLs for resistance and vegetation period length do not overlap in this material is promising with respect to breeding early potatoes resistant to P. infestans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Tomato resistance to Alternaria stem canker: localization in host genotypes and functional expression compared to non-host resistance

Summary The Alternaria stem canker resistance locus (Asc-locus), involved in resistance to the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and in insensitivity to host-specific toxins (AAL-toxins) produced by the pathogen, was genetically mapped on the tomato genome. Susceptibility and resistance were assayed by testing a segregating F₂ population for sensitivity to AAL-toxins in leaf bioassays. Linkage was observed to phenotypic markers solanifolium and sunny, both on chromosome 3. For the Asc-locus, a distance of 18 centiMorgan to solanifolium was calculated, corresponding to position 93 on chromosome 3. This map position of the resistance locus turned out to be the same in three different resistant tomato accessions, one Dutch and two American, that are at least 40 years apart. AAL-toxin sensitivity in susceptible and resistant tomato genotypes was compared with AAL-toxin sensitivity in a non-host Nicotiana tabacum during different levels of plant cell development. In susceptible and resistant tomato genotypes, inhibitory effects were demonstrated at all levels, except for leaves of resistant genotypes. However, during pollen and root development, inhibitory effects on susceptible genotypes were larger than on resistant genotypes. In the non-host Nicotiana tabacum, hardly any effects of AAL-toxins were demonstrated. Apparently, a cellular target site is present in tomato, but not in Nicotiana tabacum. It was concluded that three levels of AAL-toxin sensitivity exist: (1) a susceptible host sensitivity, (2) a resistant host sensitivity, (3) a non-host sensitivity, and that the resistance mechanism operating in tomato is different from that operating in Nicotiana tabacum.     

猪链球菌生物被膜形成的耐药机制

猪链球菌病(Streptococcus suis)是一种严重影响各国养猪业发展和人类健康的人兽共患传染病,可以引起败血症、关节炎、脑膜炎等多种疾病,造成巨大的经济损失。猪链球菌生物被膜的形成是导致其致病性和耐药性增加的主要原因。为了预防和治疗猪链球菌病以及解析其耐药的可能机制,深入了解和掌握猪链球菌生物被膜的形成和耐药机制具有重要意义。本文综述了猪链球菌生物被膜形成和耐药机制的最新科学知识,着重从生化因素、生理因素、分子机制和环境改变等方面总结讨论猪链球菌生物被膜的耐药机制,进一步为该病的防治提供科学的理论依据。     

In vitro susceptibility ofTrichophyton rubrum isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole. Induction and isolation of a resistant mutant to both antimycotic drugs

The in vitro susceptibility of three clinicalTrichophyton rubrum isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole, determined by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), was 2 and 0.5 to 1.0g/ml, respectively. One mutant (gril) obtained after mutagenic treatment of one of these isolates was selected and showed simultaneous resistance to griseofulvin (MIC > 2000g/ml) and tioconazole (MIC=1.0g/ml). The clinical importance and the possibility of a multidrug resistance (MDR)-type mechanism being involved in this event is discussed.