初步探索以“动物法则”评价鼠疫组分疫苗的临床有效性

目的依据"动物法则",探索被动免疫小鼠对鼠疫强毒菌攻击的有效性,为间接评价鼠疫组分疫苗临床有效性提供依据。方法以小鼠为观察对象,依据小鼠耐受正常人血清剂量和小鼠体内异源动物血清代谢动力学研究,确定小鼠耐受正常人血清剂量和攻击时间,基于此对小鼠进行鼠疫组分疫苗免疫人血清被动免疫,观察小鼠抵抗鼠疫强毒菌攻击的存活率和存活时间,判定小鼠被动保护鼠疫强毒菌攻击的有效性。结果 BALB/c小鼠对正常人血清耐受量为1.0 m L,3~4 h间抗体滴度最高。小鼠抵抗鼠疫强毒菌攻击试验显示,在14 d的观察期内,经2MLD、6 MLD和10 MLD鼠疫强毒菌攻击的被动免疫小鼠,存活率分别为57%、25%和42%,平均存活时间依次为11.2 d、8.7 d和9.8 d;1 MLD攻击非免对照小鼠全部死亡,平均存活时间5.3 d。结论初步证实利用被动免疫小鼠可间接评价鼠疫组分疫苗临床有效性的可行性。     

新型DNA疫苗的构建及其对小鼠保护作用的研究

目的：构建新型单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型DNA疫苗,检测其激发小鼠产生免疫反应的能力。方法：RT-PCR鉴定单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型DNA疫苗在COS-7细胞中的表达,ELISA检测血清中中和抗体水平,病毒攻击检测其保护效应。结果：DNA疫苗候选株pVAX-gD能在COS-7细胞中表达,激发小鼠产生高滴度中和抗体,有效保护小鼠免受致死量病毒的攻击。结论：构建的新型单纯疱疹DNA疫苗是一株很有希望的人用生殖器疱疹疫苗。     

抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单克隆抗体对小鼠的被动免疫保护作用

目的研究抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单克隆抗体(单抗)被动免疫BALB/c小鼠后的抗鼠疫保护效果,确认鼠疫抗体治疗依据,探索鼠疫免疫学治疗的评价手段。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分组,用不同剂量的抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单抗4C6和2D2分别进行免疫,再分别用不同剂量的鼠疫强毒菌攻击,通过小鼠的存活率和存活时间,判定F1单抗免疫小鼠被动保护其抵抗鼠疫强毒菌攻击的有效性和剂量相关性。结果在14 d的观察期内,在100.0 MLD鼠疫强毒菌攻击下,4C6单抗400.0μg组、200.0μg组、100.0μg组、50.0μg组和25.0μg组小鼠的存活率分别为100%、83%、50%、50%和0%,平均存活时间分别为15.00 d、14.67 d、13.00 d、13.50 d和9.67 d;2D2单抗400.0μg组、200.0μg组、100.0μg组、50.0μg组、25.0μg组小鼠的存活率分别为83%、50%、50%、33%和0%,平均存活时间分别为14.83 d、13.33 d、12.67 d、12.33 d和8.00 d。在10.0 MLD鼠疫强毒菌攻击下,4C6单抗50.0μg组、25.0μg组和12.5μg组小鼠的存活率分别为83%、83%和17%,平均存活时间分别为14.17 d、14.50 d、9.83 d;2D2单抗50.0μg组、25.0μg组、12.5μg组小鼠的存活率分别为100%、33%和33%,平均存活时间分别为15.00 d、12.33d和11.67 d。2.0 MLD和1.0 MLD攻击的未免疫对照组小鼠全部死亡,平均存活时间分别为6.1 d和6.7 d。F1抗原单抗的免疫剂量与小鼠的平均存活时间和存活率有比较明显的相关性(P<0.05)。结论用抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单抗被动免疫小鼠,在受到鼠疫强毒菌攻击时,对小鼠具有免疫保护作用。     

基于rV270抗原的鼠疫多孔微球疫苗的制备及其免疫保护作用评价

目的：评价生物可降解高分子材料多孔微球作为鼠疫亚单位疫苗佐剂的可行性。方法：制备可生物降解的高分子材料多孔微球,将rV270抗原蛋白吸附到多孔微球中制备微球疫苗,肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,初次免疫后21d加强免疫1次,于初次免疫后第10周用600LD50鼠疫耶尔森氏菌攻毒,攻毒后观察14d。结果：攻毒后,微球疫苗免疫的小鼠全部存活,且健康状况良好,对照组小鼠几乎全部死亡。结论：生物可降解多孔微球可作为免疫佐剂用于鼠疫亚单位疫苗研制。     

季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中针对同型与异型流感病毒的免疫保护效力

为了研究季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中针对甲型流感病毒同型同株、同型异株、异型异株攻击的免疫保护效力及其与诱发的血凝抑制(HI)抗体滴度的关系,本研究使用我国2008~2009年度季节性流感裂解疫苗中不同剂量的甲1型流感病毒H1N1(疫苗株病毒A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)-like)和甲3型流感病毒的H3N2(疫苗株病毒A/Brisbane/10/2007(H3N2)-like)疫苗组分免疫BALB/c小鼠,首先确定了能在小鼠中诱发血HI抗体滴度达到40的疫苗免疫剂量;然后以此剂量免疫小鼠,分别使用同型同株流感病毒(鼠肺适应株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)-like virus(MA))(简称A1)和同型异株流感病毒(鼠肺适应株A/Purto Rico/8/34(H1N1))(简称PR8)攻击H1N1疫苗免疫小鼠,使用异型异株流感病毒A1攻击H3N2疫苗免疫小鼠,通过体重变化和存活率情况,探讨季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中针对甲型流感病毒同型同株、同型异株、异型异株攻击的保护效力。结果显示,季节性流感裂解疫苗H1N1和H3N2组分按照HA不同剂量0.15μg、0.5μg、1.5μg、5μg和15μg免疫小鼠后,所诱发的HI抗体滴度随免疫剂量的增加而增强,1.5μgHA即可以诱发免疫小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40;以此剂量免疫小鼠,分别使用3LD50、10LD50、30LD50、100LD50、300LD50、1 000LD50和3 000LD50的同型同株流感病毒A1进行攻击,1.5μgH1N1疫苗可以100%保护小鼠抵御高至1000LD50同型同株流感病毒A1的攻击,15μg甚至可以100%保护3 000LD50同型同株流感病毒A1的攻击,但是这两个剂量免疫的小鼠在低至3LD50同型异株流感病毒PR8的攻击后都全部死亡;使用可以诱发HI抗体滴度达到140的15μg H3N2疫苗免疫小鼠,在低至3LD50异型异株流感病毒A1的攻击后亦全部死亡。以上结果表明,季节性流感疫苗可使小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40的疫苗免疫剂量为1.5μg,该免疫剂量可以有效保护小鼠抵御同型同株流感病毒的攻击,但是难以保护小鼠抵御同型异株与异型异株流感病毒的攻击,这一结果为建立以季节性流感疫苗为参考的免疫保护评价体系提供了实验依据。     

不同剂量伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的抗体水平分析

目的研究伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗免疫效果及不同剂量伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的抗体水平,以确定合适的免疫剂量。方法将150只清洁级NIH雌性小鼠随机分为5组,分别为A组(0.625μg结合疫苗组)、B组(1.250μg结合疫苗组)、C组(2.500μg结合疫苗组)、D组(2.500μg多糖组)及阴性组(10mmol/L PBS),每组30只;另领取10只为空白对照(不接种)。A、B、C、D组及阴性组小鼠经腹股沟皮下注射,剂量0.1 m L/只,每隔2周免疫1次,共免疫3次,每次免疫后第7天采血。采用ELISA检测小鼠血清抗体效价,同时对不同剂量伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的抗体效价进行分析比较。结果与D组相比,A、B、C三组诱导的抗体水平与之均有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组与B组、A组与C组之间的抗体水平也具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而B组与C组之间的抗体水平无统计学意义(P>0.05)。说明与多糖疫苗相比,伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗能够诱导更高的抗体水平,且具有明显的剂次加强效应。同时证明1.250μg的伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗可诱导与2.500μg伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗相同的抗体水平。结论伤寒Vi多糖蛋白结合疫苗的两种免疫剂量在小鼠体内可诱导相同的抗体水平,在选择接种剂量时,可致免疫应答的无统计学意义的低剂量可能是较为经济和安全的选择。     

抗日本血吸虫pVAX1／SjHGPRT-SDISP多价疫苗对昆明小鼠的保护作用及其机制探讨

目的：探讨抗日本血吸虫生殖产卵编码基因多价疫苗pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP对昆明小鼠的保护作用及其机制。方法：选取昆明小鼠30只,分别使用pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP、pVAX1以及生理盐水,每只小鼠100ug或等量经左腿股四头肌注射。处理2周后,采集动物模型血样检测IgG、IL-2,IL-4,IL-10以及INF-Y表达量。处理4周后,以20±1条尾蚴贴腹感染,感染6周后检测减虫率、减卵率。结果：尾蚴攻击动物后6周,pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP免疫组的肝脏减虫率为42．2％,子宫与肝脏减卵率分别为68．04％以及72．96％。与对照组比较,差异有显著性。pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP免疫组虫体内IgG、IL-4以及INF．V表达量明显升高．与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：pVAX1／sjHGPRToSDISP多价疫苗具有较好的免疫保护作用,且该类作用的机制与IgG、IL-4以及INF—v的表达升高存在关联。     

血清同型半胱氨酸水平与冠心病相关性的临床分析

目的:分析血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与冠心病(CHD)的临床相关性,提高对CHD的防治水平.方法:选择2011年2月～2012年6月在我院就诊且确诊为CHD的患者82例,按照患者CHD的类型、冠状动脉病变支数和狭窄程度进行分组后,检测和比较患者血清Hcy水平,并分析其与冠心病严重程度、冠状动脉病变支数和狭窄程度的相关性.结果:血清Hey水平与CHD的严重程度、冠状动脉病变支数和冠状动脉狭窄程度均呈显著正相关(r=0.716,r=0.738,r=0.802,P＜0.05).结论:血清Hcy水平与CHD的发生发展密切相关,通过动态检测患者血清Hcy水平可有助于预测CHD病变的发展并评估患者的预后.     

肾综合征出血热Ⅱ型疫苗(L99株)免疫效果及对Ⅰ型病毒攻击的保护作用

为探讨Ⅱ型肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）疫苗的实际流行病学免疫效果及对姬鼠型ＨＦＲＳ的交叉保护作用,我们选择混合型疫区为研究现场,应用Ⅱ型ＨＦＲＳ疫苗（Ｌ９９株）进行人群接种观察,研究结果表明,该疫苗对以家鼠型为主的混合型疫区具有明显的保护效果,保护率为１００％,接种组家鼠型和姬鼠型ＨＦＲＳ的理论发病数和实际发病数间均具有显著性差异（Ｐ值分别为Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,由此可见,Ⅱ型ＨＦＲＳ苗（Ｌ９９株）除适合家鼠型疫区外,还可在混合型疫区和姬鼠型疫区推广使用     

H1亚型猪流感病毒HA基因DNA疫苗的构建及其对Balb/c小鼠的免疫效果评价

以A/Swine/Guangdong/LM/2004(H1N1)猪流感病毒HA基因为模板,通过RT-PCR技术扩增出HA基因,并将其克隆到pCI-neo真核表达载体中,成功构建重组表达质粒pCI-HA,瞬时转染vero E6和293T细胞,通过免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验(Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay ,IPMA)、间接免疫荧光试验(indirect immunofluorescence assay, iIFA)和蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot,WB）实验证明,HA基因能够在哺乳动物细胞中有效表达并具有良好的生物学活性。将重组质粒三次免疫8w雌性Balb/c小鼠后,ELISA试验和中和试验结果表明该重组质粒能够诱导小鼠产生较高的抗体滴度,并具有良好的中和活性。因此为H1亚型猪流感DNA疫苗的研究奠定了理论基础。     

伤寒Vi多糖结合疫苗免疫小鼠后的抗体类型及动态分析

伤寒Vi多糖结合疫苗和Vi多糖疫苗分别免疫小鼠,分离血清,采用间接ELISA法测定不同时点血清中特异性IgA、IgM、IgG及其亚类(IgG1、IgG2a、IgG3)的抗体滴度。结果显示,免疫一针后,Vi多糖结合疫苗组的IgG抗体GMT值明显升高,第二针有加强效应(P<0.01);所测3种IgG亚型中IgG2a抗体滴度升高明显;Vi多糖和结合疫苗免疫小鼠后,血清中IgA和IgM抗体滴度均有显著升高,但无加强应答。显示Vi多糖结合疫苗在诱导小鼠血清IgG应答方面有加强效应。     

Genetically determined differences in the response of alpha1-antitrypsin levels in human serum to typhoid vaccine

Summary Normal individuals and those homozygous and heterozygous for the gene which determines deficiency in serum ₁-antitrypsin (₁-at) were given an intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine. Following this injection the trypsin-inhibiting capacity of serum and the concentration of ₁-at increases markedly in normal individuals. Heterozygotes for the deficiency gene have an elevation of ₁-at and trypsin-inhibiting capacity of their serum but reach only 50 percent of the levels reached by homozygotes for the common gene (normal individuals). Their values are however temporarily in the range of normal men not given typhoid vaccine. Homozygotes for the deficiency gene show only a small elevation of ₁-at under these conditions. These findings demonstrate that (1) the increase in trypsin-inhibiting capacity of serum after an injection of typhoid vaccine is largely due to the elevation of the ₁-at concentration, and (2) the ₁-at deficiency gene inhibits the quantitative response of the ₁-at to such a stimulus.Supported in part by USPHS grant HE-06285 from the National Heart Institute.Some of these studies were carried out in the General Clinical Research Center Ward, U. C., FR-79, supported by the Division of Research Facilities and Resources, U.S. Public Health Service.     

Assessment of a recombinant F1-V fusion protein vaccine intended to protect Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) from plague

As part of an ongoing restoration program in Colorado, USA, we evaluated adverse reactions and seroconversion in captive Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) after vaccination with a recombinant F1-V fusion protein vaccine against Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague. Ten adult female lynx received the F1-V vaccine; 10 source- and age-matched lynx remained unvaccinated as controls. All of the vaccinated and control lynx remained apparently healthy throughout the confinement period. We observed no evidence of injection site or systemic reactions to the F1-V vaccine. Among vaccinated lynx, differences in log(10) reciprocal antibody titers measured in sera collected before and after vaccination (two doses) ranged from 1.2 to 5.2 for anti-F1 antibodies and from 0.6 to 5.2 for anti-V antibodies; titers in unvaccinated lynx did not change appreciably over the course of confinement prior to release, and thus differences in anti-F1 (P=0.003) and anti-V (P=0.0005) titers were greater among vaccinated lynx than among controls. Although our findings suggest that the F1-V fusion protein vaccine evaluated here is likely to stimulate antibody responses that may help protect Canada lynx from plague, we observed no apparent differences in survival between vaccinated and unvaccinated subject animals. Retrospectively, 22 of 50 (44%; 95% confidence interval 29-59%) unvaccinated lynx captured or recaptured in Colorado during 2000-08 had passive hemagglutination antibody titers >1:16, consistent with exposure to Y. pestis; paired pre- and postrelease titers available for eight of these animals showed titer increases similar in magnitude to those seen in response to vaccination, suggesting at least some lynx may naturally acquire immunity to plague in Colorado habitats.     

V region sequences of anti-DNA and anti-RNA autoantibodies from NZB/NZW F1 mice

The V region sequences of two anti-DNA (A52, D42) and two anti-RNA (D44, D444) autoantibodies, derived from lupus prone NZB/NZW F1 female mice, were determined by mRNA sequencing. The sequences had the following features: 1) there was no clear sequence relationship between anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies; 2) there were no major similarities between any of the L chain sequences and each VL gene segment belonged to a different mouse VK subgroup; 3) the H chains of the two anti-RNA antibodies showed closely related sequences of VH gene segments and very similar third complementarity determining regions (CDR3); 4) the H chains of the two anti-DNA antibodies had VH segments belonging to different VH gene families but had a unique and similar combination of D segments and junctional sequences, suggesting a common recognition element for Ag and/or for idiotypic regulation in the H chain CDR3; and 5) the VH gene segment of one anti-DNA antibody (D42) was found to be very similar to the VH gene segment of a CBA mouse hybridoma antibody (6G6) which binds to the environmental Ag phosphocholine. The three-dimensional structure of the Fv-region of the anti-DNA antibody (D42) was modeled by computer and a stretch of poly(dT), ssDNA was docked to a cleft in the antibody combining site, formed by the three H chain CDR and by CDR1 and CDR3 of the L chain. The cleft is characterized by a preponderance of arginine and tyrosine residues, lining both the walls and base of the cleft.