我国食药用菌驯化栽培物种名录

为了解我国食药用菌资源的开发利用情况,需要对我国食药用菌栽培驯化情况进行统计分析。通过公共数据库关键词搜索,统计栽培驯化食药用菌种类,经过拉丁名以及中文名称的核实,本名录收录了192种驯化栽培的食药用菌,隶属于2门15目48科89属,包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota) 26个种,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)166个种,其中在科水平上,多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)、蘑菇科(Agaricaceae)、侧耳科(Pleurotaceae)以及泡头菌科(Physalacriaceae)种类最多;在属水平,侧耳属(Pleurotus)、蘑菇属(Agaricus)、木耳属(Auricularia)、灵芝属(Ganoderma)等栽培驯化种类较多。通过本名录发现,我国已经完成栽培驯化的食用菌种类繁多,还有大量食药用菌有开发利用前景。     

鸡油菌属研究概述

鸡油菌属(Cantharellus)真菌种类众多、分布广泛,是一类重要的食药用菌资源,具有较高的经济、药用和科研价值。本文回顾了鸡油菌属真菌资源与分类学、系统发育研究的主要历程,概述了其化学成分与药理药化、生态习性和人工栽培等方面的研究现状,指出了研究过程中出现的分类混乱、重名异名等问题,展望了亚洲和非洲地区资源挖掘的潜能与重要性,以期为后续研究提供依据。     

羊肚菌生物学特性及栽培技术研究进展

羊肚菌（Morchella）是一类珍贵的食药用菌,其栽培技术发展迅猛,生产规模不断扩大。本文对近年来羊肚菌在种质资源、生物学特性以及栽培技术等3个方面的最新研究进展进行综述。最新研究主要集中在栽培技术优化和生产应用方面,特别是营养袋配方的研究十分突出。通过不断改进完善栽培模式,创造适宜于羊肚菌生长发育的小气候环境条件,使人工栽培技术得到进一步提高和发展。通过对最新研究的总结,可为我国羊肚菌产业可持续发展提供一定的参考。     

食药用菌液体发酵及功能活性成分研究现状与展望

利用食药用菌液体发酵技术可获得品质稳定、产物可控、富含多种有效营养和活性成分的功能性原料。本文系统总结了食药用菌液体发酵技术的研究现状和瓶颈,以及食药用菌液体发酵产物中的主要成分和功效,并与栽培子实体进行了比较。通过对食药用菌液体发酵技术瓶颈突破的展望,为食药用菌液体发酵产物的进一步应用提供参考。     

金耳多糖的提取及其性能研究

金耳（Tre。ilaaurantialba）又称黄木耳,为野生珍稀的食、药用菌,自然分布于我国西藏、云南等地,是滋补养身、防御疾病的保健上品（刘正南,1991）。金耳的这些营养保健特性,与其富含的多糖成分有着密切关系。目前,我国在云南、浙江等地已研究成功人工规模栽培金耳...     

中国秸秆菌业现状及研究进展

农作物秸秆稍加处理后,即为栽培食药用菌的高效基质原料。我国作为一个农业大国,秸秆资源极为丰富,为食用菌产业的蓬勃发展提供了坚实的物质基础。依据“三物循环”的理念,结合食用菌栽培基质特性和食用菌产业发展现状等分析,阐明了秸秆菌业的概念,分析了目前我国秸秆菌业的秸秆资源利用现状以及秸秆菌业发展前景等问题,深入探讨了我国秸秆菌业在秸秆废弃物利用方面的巨大潜力。旨在推动农业资源的高效循环利用,实现食用菌产业的绿色、可持续发展。     

选育适宜东北寒地栽培的香菇菌株

香菇又叫香蕈、冬菇,是著名食药用菌,是理想的营养保健食品。我国南方一些省份,从“砍花”栽培香菇技术到袋料栽培已有８００多年历史。就香菇栽培气候条件而言,我国北方更适宜人工栽培优质香菇。由于南北气候差异很大,急需筛选出适合东北寒地栽培的香菇菌株。１材料...     

食药用菌遗传育种与高效栽培项目组

<正>该项目组为李玉院士菌物团队的重要组成部分,主要承担食药用菌教育部工程研究中心、农业部北方食用菌资源利用重点实验室、教育部创新团队、吉林省食用菌创新中心、吉林省食药用菌工程研究中心、吉林省经济菌物等6个平台的食用菌遗传育种及高效栽培研发任务,并承担国家自然基金、     

中国大型担子菌受威胁现状评估

基于文献和标本信息以及专家提供的数据, 依据中国大型真菌评估的标准和程序, 对中国范围内已知大型担子菌进行了受威胁状态评估。结果显示, 在评估的6,268种担子菌中, 受威胁(疑似灭绝、极危、濒危、易危)的物种有45种, 受威胁比例为0.72%。受威胁的大型担子菌物种中食药用菌比例达1/3以上, 且大部分物种仍无法人工栽培, 主要依赖野生资源。我国受威胁担子菌主要集中分布在西南和东北地区。人类活动导致的物种栖息地萎缩和破坏是我国大型担子菌受威胁的首要因子, 过度采挖是食药用菌受威胁的重要原因。此外, 数据不足的大型担子菌共4,251种, 占被评估大型担子菌总数的67.82%, 表明我国大型担子菌物种多样性及相关研究还存在不足。     

大型真菌子实体发生的形态学过程及调控机制

大型真菌中很多种类具有较高的营养价值和药用价值,而食药用部位多为大型真菌的子实体,所以子实体的形成对大型真菌的开发应用就显得尤为重要。在大型真菌生活史中,子实体的发生揭示着真菌完成了从营养生长向生殖生长的转变。从理论上来说,菌丝体只需完成营养生长,即可进入生殖生长;而实际上,子实体的发生受到各种环境因素、遗传因素等的影响。因此,本文从子实体发生的形态学过程、环境影响因素、分子调控机制等方面综述了近年国内外关于大型真菌子实体发生的研究概况,为大型真菌的系统研究和重要食药用菌的栽培驯化提供理论借鉴和参考依据。     

Genetic diversity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a medicinal fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for its evolution and conservation

Background  

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), endemic to alpine regions on the Tibetan plateau, is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the world. Huge commercial demand has led to excessive harvest and a dramatic decline in its numbers. The diversity of terrains and climates on the Tibetan Plateau and the broad insect host range (more than 50 species in the family Hepialidae) may have resulted in substantial intraspecific genetic diversity for this fungus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population distribution of O. sinensis from geographically diverse regions of the Tibetan Plateau based on nrDNA ITS and MAT1-2-1 gene sequences. Understanding of the genetic diversity and genesis of O. sinensis will provide important information for the evolution and conservation of this fungus.     

A genome scan of diversifying selection in Ophiocordyceps zombie‐ant fungi suggests a role for enterotoxins in co‐evolution and host specificity

Identification of the genes underlying adaptation sheds light on the biological functions targeted by natural selection. Searches for footprints of positive selection, in the form of rapid amino acid substitutions, and the identification of species‐specific genes have proved to be powerful approaches to identifying the genes involved in host specialization in plant‐pathogenic fungi. We used an evolutionary comparative genomic approach to identify genes underlying host adaptation in the ant‐infecting genus Ophiocordyceps, which manipulates ant behaviour. A comparison of the predicted genes in the genomes of species from three species complexes—O. unilateralis, O. australis and O. subramanianii—revealed an enrichment in pathogenesis‐associated functions, including heat‐labile enterotoxins, among species‐specific genes. Furthermore, these genes were overrepresented among those displaying significant footprints of positive selection. Other categories of genes suspected to be important for virulence and pathogenicity in entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., chitinases, lipases, proteases, core secondary metabolism genes) were much less represented, although a few candidate genes were found to evolve under positive selection. An analysis including orthologs from other entomopathogenic fungi in a broader context showed that positive selection on enterotoxins was specific to the ant‐infecting genus Ophiocordyceps. Together with previous studies reporting the overexpression of an enterotoxin during behavioural manipulation in diseased ants, our findings suggest that heat‐labile enterotoxins are important effectors in host adaptation and co‐evolution in the Ophiocordyceps entomopathogenic fungi.     

Composition and Nutritional Characteristics of Fungi Consumed by Callimico goeldii in Pando, Bolivia

Though ≥22 species of Primates consume fungi, most do so at low rates, comprising <5% of their feeding time. Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii), spend up to 29% of their feeding time year-round consuming fungal sporocarps, the fruiting bodies of fungi. We provide comprehensive data on the nutritional characteristics of 4 species of fungi consumed by Callimico goeldii (Ascopolyporus polyporoides, Ascopolyporus polychrous, Auricularia auricula, and Auricularia delicata). The composition of the fungi is similar to that of other fungi: predominantly fiber (66.2–83.0% dry matter) with small amounts of sugar (2.0–5.6% dry matter) and crude fat (0.9–1.6% dry matter). Though the crude protein content is substantial (5.5–13.4% dry matter), much of the nitrogen in the fungi is not likely to be available to Callimico goeldii because it is associated with indigestible food components or is in nonprotein form. The mineral content of the fungi are within the normal range for fungi generally and the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is low (0.07–0.25). Fungi appear to be a low-quality food resource for Callimico goeldii and may contribute to their relatively large home ranges and low population density compared to other Callitrichinae. Research on the ability of Callimico goeldii to digest fungi is needed to understand fully the nutritional value of fungi to them. We discuss adaptations Callimico goeldii may have for improving their ability to obtain nutrients from fungi and potential ecological correlates of mycophagy.     

新疆阿尔泰山南麓平茶渍属地衣3个中国新记录种

平茶渍属(Aspicilia)是地衣型真菌的重要类群之一。该类真菌在干旱、半干旱地区尤为丰富,因此在地处半干旱区的新疆,其分布也极其多样。该研究对采自新疆阿尔泰山南麓可可托海风景区的平茶渍属地衣标本,从形态解剖、化学显色反应及薄层层析法和生境等多个角度进行了综合分析,发现中国新记录种3个,分别为博伊金平茶渍(Aspicilia boykinii)、烟色平茶渍(A.fumosa)和斯氏平茶渍(A.sipeana)。提供了这3个新记录种的外部宏观形态和内部解剖结构彩色图。     

中国六种重要药用真菌名称的说明

对我国6种重要药用真菌的名称进行了考证,按照国际命名法规及《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》对这些种类的拉丁和汉语学名进行了讨论。建议下列汉语名称和拉丁名称为规范的汉语学名和拉丁学名：樟芝Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu et al.,桦褐孔菌Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát,木耳Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.,刺槐多年卧孔菌Perenniporia robiniophila (Murrill) Ryvarden,滑子蘑Pholiota microspora (Berk.) Sacc.,冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.,其他相关名称均应为异名。     

Infection and behavior manipulation of social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) by Ophiocordyceps humbertii in Neotropical forests: new records of wasp-zombification by a fungus

ABSTRACT

Ophiocordyceps is a genus comprised by entomopathogenic fungi known to infect ten orders of insects, including Hymenoptera. Amongst the nearly 250 species described in the genus, few are known to manipulate their hosts, which are most notably ants. These species cause their hosts to die in an exposed position high above the ground while grabbing and/or biting the abaxial surface of leaves or branches, which in turn optimizes the fungus spore production and dispersal. Herein, we report on 14 social wasp species belonging to four genera (Agelaia, Mischocyttarus Polybia, and Pseudopolybia) infected by Ophiocordyceps humbertii, a common wasp pathogen. This study broadens the geographic and host range for O. humbertii and provides the first record of its ability to manipulate its host.     

The phylogenetic placement of hypocrealean insect pathogens in the genus Polycephalomyces: An application of One Fungus One Name

Understanding the systematics and evolution of clavicipitoid fungi has been greatly aided by the application of molecular phylogenetics. They are now classified in three families, largely driven by reevaluation of the morphologically and ecologically diverse genus Cordyceps. Although reevaluation of morphological features of both sexual and asexual states were often found to reflect the structure of phylogenies based on molecular data, many species remain of uncertain placement due to a lack of reliable data or conflicting morphological characters. A rigid, darkly pigmented stipe and the production of a Hirsutella-like anamorph in culture were taken as evidence for the transfer of the species Cordyceps cuboidea, Cordyceps prolifica, and Cordyceps ryogamiensis to the genus Ophiocordyceps. Data from ribosomal DNA supported these species as a single group, but were unable to infer deeper relationships in Hypocreales. Here, molecular data for ribosomal and protein coding DNA from specimens of Ophiocordyceps cuboidea, Ophiocordyceps ryogamiensis, Ophiocordyceps paracuboidea, Ophiocordyceps prolifica, Cordyceps ramosopulvinata, Cordyceps nipponica, and isolates of Polycephalomyces were combined with a broadly sampled dataset of Hypocreales. Phylogenetic analyses of these data revealed that these species represent a clade distinct from the other clavicipitoid genera. Applying the recently adopted single system of nomenclature, new taxonomic combinations are proposed for these species in the genus Polycephalomyces, which has been historically reserved for asexual or anamorphic taxa.     

Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (≡ Cordyceps sinensis) is one of the most valued medicinal fungi in China, used for its invigorating effects in strengthening the body and restoring energy. The fungus parasitizes larvae of moths and converts them into sclerotia from which the fungus fruiting body grows. Since the late 1950s, considerable effort has been devoted to the study of host insects related to the fungus. In the present paper, the research history of insect species associated with Ophiocordyceps sinensis is briefly reviewed and an extensive literature survey is presented. Ninety-one insect names, spanning 13 genera, related to host insects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis are investigated. The relationships between the reported insect species and Ophiocordyceps sinensis are analyzed. Fifty-seven of these are considered as recognizable potential host species of the fungus distributed throughout the Tibetan Plateau, whilst eight are considered as indeterminate hosts and 26 as non-hosts. Among the names of recognizable potential host insects, three are invalid (nomen nudum) and require further study. This work provides basic information for management of the insect resources and for the conservation and sustainable use of Ophiocordyceps sinensis.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiocordyceps pulvinata</Emphasis> sp. nov., a pathogen of ants with a reduced stroma

Ophiocordyceps pulvinata, a pathogen of ants, is formally described as a new species. Genus level designation of this species is difficult due to several apparently conflicting morphological and ecological characters. Affinity with Ophiocordyceps is suggested by the dark color stroma and ascospore morphology. However, the species was included in a book of entomopathogenic fungi of Japan as Torrubiella sp. due to the production of perithecia on an astipitate stroma. Phylogenetic analyses of molecular data support a close relationship with O. unilateralis, a finding consistent with morphological characteristics of the color, asci and ascospores and ecological traits of host affiliation. Thus, O. pulvinata represents another example of the loss of stipe for the hypocrealean arthropod pathogenic fungi and highlights the utility of asci and ascospore morphology as taxonomically informative characters of closely related taxa.