ERG11基因与热带念珠菌唑类药物耐药关系的研究

目的探讨临床唑类药物耐药热带念珠菌菌株ERG11基因突变及表达情况。方法连续收集临床分离的热带念珠菌菌株,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测其对氟康唑、伏立康唑及伊曲康唑的药物敏感性,对唑类药物耐药菌株及部分敏感菌株进行ERG11基因测序,同时采用RT-PCR测定ERG11基因表达量。结果临床共分离92株热带念珠菌菌株,其中有29株为唑类药物耐药菌株,耐药率31.52%。40株热带念珠菌(29株耐药菌株和11株敏感菌株)ERG11基因序列共发现2个错义突变(S154F、Y132F)和5个同义突变,其中24株唑类药物耐药菌株同时出现上述两个错义突变位点。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,在29株唑类药物耐药菌株中有19株其ERG11基因表达量较敏感菌株增高。分析16株对3种唑类药物全耐药菌株及其余13株仅对一种或两种药物耐药菌株,显示前者ERG11基因表达水平高于后者,差异有统计学意义。结论临床热带念珠菌唑类药物耐药与ERG11基因突变及过表达有关,有关热带念珠菌唑类药物的耐药机制还需进一步研究。     

不同唑类药物体外诱导热带念珠菌耐药特征及其耐药机制研究

目的比较体外不同唑类药物诱导热带念珠菌耐药性产生的特点以及耐药机制的不同。方法选取1株临床分离的唑类敏感菌,分别在含16μg/mL氟康唑,2μg/mL伏立康唑,1μg/mL泊沙康唑的液体培养基中进行传代培养。显色微量肉汤稀释法检测每一代菌的抗真菌药物敏感性。对第50代传代菌的唑类作用靶位点基因ERG11进行扩增测序,并对ERG11基因、泵蛋白基因MDR1、CDR1以及线粒体细胞色素b基因CYTb进行荧光定量检测。结果体外氟康唑、伏立康唑暴露的情况下,菌株很快出现耐药性;相比,泊沙康唑并未诱导出耐药菌;氟康唑、伏立康唑诱导耐药性产生的方式呈现不同特征。氟康唑诱导下菌株MIC值逐渐上升,但伏立康唑诱导菌出现了明显的跳跃式升高。耐药机制研究发现,伏立康唑诱导菌ERG11基因出现了与耐药密切相关的G/G1390G/A碱基杂合突变。荧光定量PCR结果显示,仅伏立康唑诱导耐药菌CDR1基因的相对表达量显著升高。结论热带念珠菌在体外氟康唑、伏立康唑暴露情况下会很快出现耐药性,但其出现的特征以及耐药机制有所差别。     

克柔念珠菌对抗真菌药物耐药机制的研究进展

近年来,克柔念珠菌感染明显增加,对抗真菌药物尤其是唑类药物的耐药现象越来越严重,深入研究其耐药机制已引起高度关注.克柔念珠菌耐药机制可能与以下因素有关:唑类药物作用靶酶结构的改变、真菌细胞膜上外排泵过度表达、真菌细胞内药物蓄积减少等.克柔念珠菌对唑类的耐药可能是多种耐药机制共同作用的结果.     

侵袭性热带念珠菌感染流行病学及药物敏感性

全球范围内,随着抗肿瘤药物、免疫抑制剂和广谱抗菌药物的使用,真菌感染的发病率显著提高,其中念珠菌感染占到绝大多数。目前热带念珠菌已经成为非白念珠菌中最常见的病原菌。我国热带念珠菌的临床分离率及对氟康唑及伏立康唑的耐药率都明显高于世界平均水平。但是,相比于白念珠菌,关于热带念珠菌的研究及相关临床信息相对较少。该文就侵袭性热带念珠菌感染危险因素、流行病学以及药物敏感性进行全面的综述。     

芒果苷协同氟康唑抗耐药白念珠菌作用研究

目的研究芒果苷与氟康唑合用对唑类耐药白念珠菌协同抗真菌的作用和机制。方法采用棋盘式微量稀释法测试芒果苷协同氟康唑对22株耐药白念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度MIC80;时间-杀菌曲线探究两药联用对4株耐药白念珠菌生长的抑制作用;药物生长抑制实验实验探究不同浓度芒果苷和不同浓度氟康唑协同抗耐药白念珠菌药效;通过实时定量RT-PCR检测两药联用时耐药基因CDR1、CDR2、MDR1表达水平。结果芒果苷联合氟康唑可产生协同抗唑类白念珠菌作用,协同指数(FICI)0.5;两药合用对白念珠菌生长可产生抑制作用;两药合用降低耐药基因CDR1表达水平。结论芒果苷与氟康唑合用可产生协同抗唑类耐药白念珠菌作用。     

多位点序列分型技术在热带念珠菌中的应用研究

目的探讨上海瑞金医院临床分离的热带念珠菌MLST (Multilocus sequence types,MLST)型别。方法连续收集上海市瑞金医院临床分离的热带念珠菌菌株,用PCR技术扩增热带念珠菌的6对管家基因,并对扩增片段进行纯化测序后与热带念珠菌MLST数据库比对得到临床菌株的二倍体序列型别DSTs (Diploid sequence types,DSTs),再利用eBURST V3软件对结果进行分析,用MEGA 6.0软件建立系统发育树,最后对部分临床菌株进行药物敏感性实验,探讨菌株耐药与基因型别之间的关系。结果临床分离的92株热带念珠菌分属于47个DSTs,其中15个DSTs是已经报道的,32个DSTs在本次研究中首次得到;DST507和DST376是本次研究中的优势型别,且属于同一个克隆簇。药敏实验显示属于优势型别的27株临床菌株中21株为唑类药物耐药菌株。结论 MLST技术是一种高效的基因分型技术;DST507和DST376是上海瑞金医院热带念珠菌的优势型别;唑类药物耐药菌株表现为DST507和DST376的聚集分布。     

白念珠菌耐药的分子机制研究进展

近年来,免疫受损人群不断增多,该人群念珠菌病发病率呈上升趋势。随着抗真菌药物的广泛应用,临床分离到的白念珠菌耐药株增多,有关白念珠菌对抗真菌药物的耐药机制的研究又有了进一步的进展。就白念珠菌对唑类、多烯类、5-氟胞嘧啶、棘白菌素类等抗真菌药物的耐药机制方面的研究进展,作了介绍。     

重症监护病房真菌谱及耐药性6年变化趋势

目的 调查我院重症监护室（ICU）近6 a临床分离真菌株的菌种结构及耐药性变化.方法 2007 ～2012年从我院1435例ICU患者中分离出的1 435株真菌均为首次分离的菌株.采用Cox-Stuart趋势检验回顾性分析了分离真菌株的菌种结构和主要真菌对常用抗真菌药物耐药率的变化趋势.结果 2007 ～2012年间,我院tCU真菌检出阳性标本总数从159株/a逐年增加至396株/a.其中,白念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、曲霉的构成比波动范围分别为34.6％ ～ 50.3％、6.3％～9.6％、1.3％～3.2％,2010 ～2012年较2007 ～2009年构成比总体均有上升趋势,P=0.02.热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌构成比波动范围分别为13.6％ ～ 17.3％、9.4％ ～ 22.6％、1.4％ ～5.2％,P=0.18,构成比均无明显上升或下降趋势.2010 ～2012年较2007 ～2009年,白念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑耐药率的变化均呈降低趋势,P=0.02.热带念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑耐药率的变化均呈降低趋势,P =0.02;光滑念珠菌对伊曲康唑耐药率的变化总体呈上升趋势,P =0.02.结论 我院ICU近6 a来白念珠菌仍然为临床最常见的真菌分离株,白念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌及曲霉占总真菌分离株的百分比有上升趋势.白念珠菌及热带念珠菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑耐药率均呈降低趋势,光滑念珠菌对伊曲康唑耐药率呈上升趋势.     

牛源近平滑念珠菌对氟康唑耐药性研究

以牛源近平滑念珠菌（Candida parapsilosis）为试验菌株,采用微量稀释法进行药物敏感性试验,PCR扩增测序检测ERG11基因突变,Realtime PCR检测ERG11、CDR1、MDR1、MRR1基因的mRNA表达量,探讨耐药相关基因在牛源近平滑念珠菌耐唑类药物中的作用,为牛源近平滑念珠菌的耐药研究提供参考。结果表明,近平滑念珠菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素Ｂ的敏感率均高于75%,对唑类药物的耐药率均高于50%,其中对氟康唑的耐药率最高,达58.3%;所有菌株的ERG11基因中均检测出错义突变A395T,耐氟康唑和剂量依赖菌株的ERG11基因中检测出同义突变T591C;氟康唑耐药组ERG11、CDR1、 MDR1、MRR1基因表达水平均显著高于敏感组（P<0.05）。牛源近平滑念珠菌对唑类抗真菌药物的耐药率较高且具有多重耐药性。牛源近平滑念珠菌ERG11基因中的T591C突变以及ERG11、CDR1、MDR1、MRR1基因的高表达都可能在其对氟康唑耐药性的产生中起到一定的作用。     

某院念珠菌尿的临床感染特征及其耐药趋势分析

目的调查和分析本院念珠菌尿的临床感染特征及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法以2013~2016年住院患者尿沉渣中念珠菌培养阳性者为研究对象,检出的菌株采用科玛嘉显色培养基进行鉴定,并通过ATB Fungu 3酵母样真菌药敏试剂盒进行药物敏感性试验。结果共分离出念珠菌株202例,其中白念珠菌最多(79.1%),其次为热带念珠菌(10.7%),近平滑念珠菌(5.1%)及克柔念珠菌(5.1%)。临床检出量以急诊内科最多(83例),其次为泌尿外科和内分泌科(均为21例)。药敏结果示:念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶较敏感,念珠菌对氟康唑的耐药率逐年增加,对伏立康唑和伊曲康唑耐药率处于波动状态,但2016年的耐药率明显升高。结论念珠菌尿分离菌仍以白念珠菌为主。念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药性低,对唑类均有不同程度的耐药,且耐药率有升高的趋势。     

The PDR-type ABC transporters AtrA and AtrG are involved in azole drug resistance in Aspergillus oryzae

For strain improvement of Aspergillus oryzae, development of the transformation system is essential, wherein dominant selectable markers, including drug-resistant genes, are available. However, A. oryzae generally has a relatively high resistance to many antifungal drugs effective against yeasts and other filamentous fungi. In the course of the study, while investigating azole drug resistance in A. oryzae, we isolated a spontaneous mutant that exhibited high resistance to azole fungicides and found that pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR)-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes were upregulated in the mutant; their overexpression in the wild-type strain increased azole drug resistance. While deletion of the gene designated atrG resulted in increased azole susceptibility, double deletion of atrG and another gene (atrA) resulted in further azole hypersensitivity. Overall, these results indicate that the ABC transporters AtrA and AtrG are involved in azole drug resistance in A. oryzae.     

Expression of the CDR1 efflux pump in clinical Candida albicans isolates is controlled by a negative regulatory element

Resistance to azole antifungal drugs in clinical isolates of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is often caused by constitutive overexpression of the CDR1 gene, which encodes a multidrug efflux pump of the ABC transporter superfamily. To understand the relevance of a recently identified negative regulatory element (NRE) in the CDR1 promoter for the control of CDR1 expression in the clinical scenario, we investigated the effect of mutation or deletion of the NRE on CDR1 expression in two matched pairs of azole-sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. Expression of GFP or lacZ reporter genes from the wild type CDR1 promoter was much higher in the azole-resistant C. albicans isolates than in the azole-susceptible isolates, reflecting the known differences in CDR1 expression in these strains. Deletion or mutation of the NRE resulted in enhanced reporter gene expression in azole-sensitive strains, but did not further increase the already high CDR1 promoter activity in the azole-resistant strains. In agreement with these findings, electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed a reduced binding to the NRE of nuclear extracts from the resistant C. albicans isolates as compared with extracts from the sensitive isolates. These results demonstrate that the NRE is involved in maintaining CDR1 expression at basal levels and that this repression is overcome in azole-resistant clinical C. albicans isolates, resulting in constitutive CDR1 overexpression and concomitant drug resistance.     

PDR16-mediated azole resistance in Candida albicans

Many Candida albicans azole-resistant (AR) clinical isolates overexpress the CDR1 and CDR2 genes encoding homologous multidrug transporters of the ATP-binding cassette family. We show here that these strains also overexpress the PDR16 gene, the orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR16 encoding a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein of the Sec14p family. It has been reported that S. cerevisiae pdr16Delta mutants are hypersusceptible to azoles, suggesting that C. albicans PDR16 may contribute to azole resistance in these isolates. To address this question, we deleted both alleles of PDR16 in an AR clinical strain overexpressing the three genes, using the mycophenolic acid resistance flipper strategy. Our results show that the homozygous pdr16Delta/pdr16Delta mutant is approximately twofold less resistant to azoles than the parental strain whereas reintroducing a copy of PDR16 in the mutant restored azole resistance, demonstrating that this gene contributes to the AR phenotype of the cells. In addition, overexpression of PDR16 in azole-susceptible (AS) C. albicans and S. cerevisiae strains increased azole resistance by about twofold, indicating that an increased dosage of Pdr16p can confer low levels of azole resistance in the absence of additional molecular alterations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PDR16 plays a role in C. albicans azole resistance.     

白念珠菌唑类药物耐药相关转录因子研究进展

近年来白念珠菌的感染率呈逐年上升趋势,随着唑类药物的广泛应用,耐药菌株不断增多,已成为临床治疗的一大难题.白念珠菌的耐药机制主要与ERG 11基因的突变和过表达、药物外排泵相关基因表达增多及生物膜的形成等有关,由于转录因子是耐药基因表达的关键调节因子,关于锌簇转录因子与耐药关系的研究越来越多,如TAC 1、MRR 1、MRR 2、UPC 2、NDT 80等,其点突变可引起某些耐药基因的过表达而介导耐药,该领域研究已成为热点,该文就此研究进展做一概述.     

利用可重复使用的URA3标记基因建立热带假丝酵母基因敲除系统

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)在发酵工业中具有重要的应用潜力,但二倍体遗传结构和较低的遗传转化效率限制了其代谢工程育种技术的应用。建立可靠的遗传转化技术并高效的删除目的基因是代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母的重要前提。文章以C. tropicalis ATCC 20336为出发菌株,通过化学诱变筛选获得了尿嘧啶缺陷型突变株C. tropicalis XZX(ura3/ura3)。以丙酮酸脱羧酶(Pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)基因作为靶基因构建了两端包含同源臂并在选择性标记C. tropicalis URA3(Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase,乳清酸核苷-5-磷酸脱羧酶)基因两侧同向插入源于沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的hisG序列的基因敲除盒PDC1-hisG-URA3-hisG- PDC1(PHUHP),并转化宿主菌株C. tropicalis XZX,筛选获得PHUHP片段正确整合到染色体的PDC基因位点的转化子XZX02。在此基础上,将转化子XZX02涂布于5-FOA(5-氟乳清酸)选择培养基上,筛选得到URA3基因从PHUHP片段中丢失的营养缺陷型菌株XZX03。进一步构建了第2个PDC等位基因的删除表达盒PDCm- URA3-PDCm,并转化C. tropicalis XZX03菌株,获得转化子C. tropicalis XZX04。经PCR和DNA测序确认转化子C. tropicalis XZX04细胞染色体上的两个PDC等位基因被成功敲除。文章建立了一种营养缺陷型标记可重复使用的热带假丝酵母遗传转化技术,利用该技术成功敲除了细胞的PDC基因,为进一步利用代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母奠定了基础。     

Dynamics of in vitro acquisition of resistance by Candida parapsilosis to different azoles

Candida parapsilosis is a common isolate from clinical fungal infectious episodes. Resistance of C. parapsilosis to azoles has been increasingly reported. To analyse the development of resistance in C. parapsilosis , four azole-susceptible clinical strains and one American Type Culture Collection type strain were cultured in the presence of fluconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole at different concentrations. The isolates developed variable degrees of azole resistance according to the antifungal used. Fluconazole was the fastest inducer while posaconazole was the slowest. Fluconazole and voriconazole induced resistance to themselves and each other, but not to posaconazole. Posaconazole induced resistance to all azoles. Developed resistance was stable; it could be confirmed after 30 days of subculture in drug-free medium. Azole-resistant isolates revealed a homogeneous population structure; the role of azole transporter efflux pumps was minor after evaluation by microdilution and cytometric assays with efflux pump blockers (verapamil, ibuprofen and carbonyl cyanide 3-chloro-phenylhydrazone). We conclude that the rapid development of azole resistance occurs by a mechanism that might involve mutation of genes responsible for ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, stressed by exposure to antifungals.