鲍曼不动杆菌体外诱导耐药及其诱导前后交叉耐药和呼吸耗氧率分析

【背景】鲍曼不动杆菌是院内感染的重要病原菌,因其耐药率高、治疗难度大而备受关注。然而,对于该菌的交叉耐药及耐药相关因素尚未完全阐明。【目的】通过体外诱导分别获得耐美罗培南或耐替加环素的鲍曼不动杆菌菌株,并研究其诱导前后的交叉耐药性和细菌呼吸耗氧率差异。【方法】采用多步法对鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606进行体外诱导耐药,PCR扩增诱导前后菌株的16S rRNA基因并测序鉴定,微量肉汤稀释法检测诱导前后鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、替加环素、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟及左氧氟沙星等抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度变化,Seahorse XF^e96细胞能量代谢实时测定仪对诱导前后菌株的耗氧率进行分析。【结果】通过88d的体外诱导实验,分别获得耐美罗培南或耐替加环素的鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606菌株。耐美罗培南鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对替加环素、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星仍处于敏感状态,但是对头孢吡肟交叉耐药;耐替加环素鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星及头孢吡肟仍处于敏感状态。鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC19606被美罗培南或替加环素诱导耐药...     

膜孔蛋白改变在鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药中的作用

目的 对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况进行分析,探索膜孔蛋白在亚胺培南耐药中的作用,为临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法 收集非重复亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌63株,亚胺培南敏感鲍曼不动杆菌21株,用K-B纸片法检测上述细菌对16种抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR技术检测carO和oprD膜孔蛋白基因携带情况,并采用DNASTAR软件进行序列对比,对CarO蛋白三维结构建模。结果 亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除对替加环素（3.2%）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（28.6%）和米诺环素（30.2%）耐药率低外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较高,而亚胺培南敏感菌对多数抗生素均较敏感。PCR扩增显示所检测菌株carO和oprD基因均阳性。进一步系列比对发现亚胺培南耐药株较敏感株carO基因存在有意义突变,蛋白质分子立体结构有明显差别。结论 亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严峻,carO膜孔蛋白基因突变发挥重要作用。     

米诺环素对泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的体外药敏分析

初步探讨米诺环素对泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌体外药敏。将各种标本分离获得的鲍曼不动杆菌,进行米诺环素药敏试验,并将检测结果进行统计和分析。2009年1月至2011年9月共检出鲍曼不动杆菌471株,其中米诺环素敏感的鲍曼不动杆菌2009年5株、2010年12株、2011年23株;亚胺培南、美洛培南敏感其他耐药的0株,亚胺培南、美洛培南、米诺环素敏感其他耐药的0株;米诺环素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦同时敏感的236株,占总数的50.1%。米诺环素对泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌在体外有很好的抗菌活性,特别是联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗泛耐株鲍曼不动杆菌的感染是一个不错的选择。     

近三年鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁及外排泵基因研究

目的研究鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性变迁及外排泵基因携带情况,为控制医院感染提供依据。方法运用纸片扩散法检测我院2015-2017年临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,并对耐药性变化趋势进行分析。PCR技术检测多重耐药菌adeB、adeJ、adeE、abeM四种外排泵基因的携带情况。结果三年时间共分离出鲍曼不动杆菌385株,检出数量逐年升高,以呼吸科和重症医学科为主,分别占32.7%和28.3%。药敏结果显示鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B (0.0%)、替加环素(0.0%～1.6%)耐药率最低,其次为头孢哌酮舒巴坦(22.9%～32.0%)。三年来鲍曼不动杆菌对左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率有显著升高,超过20%,对庆大霉素、阿米卡星耐药率下降超过10%。172株多重耐药菌(44.7%)中,PCR扩增结果显示adeB和adeJ阳性率分别为76.7%和51.2%,并有5株(2.91%)检出adeE基因。结论近三年鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性呈上升趋势,外排泵是导致其耐药的机制之一。     

舒巴坦与亚胺培南对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌体外联合抗菌活性研究

目的评价舒巴坦与亚胺培南对临床分离的80株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的体外联合抗菌活性,为临床治疗多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的感染提供实验依据。方法采用琼脂稀释、棋盘设计法测定舒巴坦与亚胺培南单用及联合应用对临床分离的80株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并计算抑菌浓度指数（FIC）,判定联合效应：FIC≤0．5为协同作用,0．5〈FIC≤1．0为相加作用,1．0〈FIC≤2．0为无关作用,FIC〉2．0为拈抗作用。结果舒巴坦与亚胺培南联州后,两种药物对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的MIC值均显著降低,FIC指数在0—0．5、0．5～1的百分率为12．5％、85．0％。结论舒巴坦与亚胺培南联用对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的抗菌作用主要呈现协同和相加作用,并以相加作用为主。     

不同海拔地区同级别医院鲍曼不动杆菌的分布与 耐药性的连续对比性分析

目的连续对比分析不同海拔地区同级别医院非鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性,寻找不同海拔对鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性的影响并指导合理应用抗生素。方法回顾分析2011-2013年两家不同海拔地区同级别医院临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌药敏结果。结果 2011年至2013年,低海拔地区医院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率为12.66%、17.01%、15.33%。高海拔的地区院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率为0.24%、1.50%、1.44%。低海拔地区医院鲍曼不动杆菌仅对美满环素仍保持较高的敏感率;除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦外,对多数常用药物耐药率均高于70%。而且保持稳定。高海拔的地区院鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗生素的耐药率逐年下降,庆大霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶的敏感率近两年均在60%以上。结论低海拔地区医院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率高,常用抗生素耐药率高。高海拔的地区院鲍曼不动杆菌检出率低,常用抗生素敏感率高。环境因素对微生态具有重要的影响作用。     

某医院2007年至2009年医院感染不动杆菌属耐药调查分析

目的了解医院感染不动杆菌属细菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药现状。方法对2007年至2009年852例不动杆菌属医院感染病例进行回顾性调查及耐药情况统计。结果不动杆菌属主要来源于痰液(60%)和血液(8%)标本,3年间17种抗生素耐药水平差异均有统计学意义;852株不动杆菌属对17种抗菌药物总耐药率:头孢哌酮/舒巴坦35.13%、亚胺培南/西司他丁46.4%、美罗培南51.0%、阿米卡星64.7%、四环素66.7%、左氧氟沙星67.1%、替卡西林/克拉维酸67.8%、环丙沙星68.0%、头孢吡肟68.7%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦70.1%、头孢他啶70.5%、头孢曲松71.6%、头孢噻肟72.8%、庆大霉素73.5%、哌拉西林73.8%、复方新诺明77.3%和头孢哌酮86.8%。结论不动杆菌属细菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药现象严重,仅头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南保持相对高的抗菌活性。     

替加环素联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的临床疗效评价

目的评价替加环素与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的临床疗效。方法重症监护病房(ICU)收治的60例感染泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的患者随机分为研究组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),分别给予替加环素+头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和单纯头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗,疗程2周。比较两组的临床疗效、细菌清除率、白细胞(WBC)计数、C反应蛋白(CRP)和急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)。结果研究组总有效率为83.33%(25/30),对照组为50.00%(15/30);研究组细菌清除率为56.67%(17/30),对照组为33.33%(10/30);两组治疗后的APACHEⅡ评分明显增加,WBC计数和CRP都明显降低。治疗后两组三项指标比较差异均具有统计学意义(t=3.852、5.167、4.221,P0.05)。结论替加环素联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌能明显提高临床疗效和细菌清除率,优于单独使用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦。     

安徽省2家教学医院非鲍曼的不动杆菌抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的分析安徽省2家教学医院非鲍曼的不动杆菌的临床分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2009年2月至2013年4月安徽省2家教学医院住院病房及门诊送检的痰、尿等标本中分离出的非鲍曼的不动杆菌,用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统对其进行药敏试验,并对其结果进行分析。结果非重复分离非鲍曼不动杆菌90株,其中洛菲不动杆菌占88.9%。临床常用抗生素中对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率最低,均为14.4%,对左氧氟沙星、丁胺卡那、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和美罗培南的耐药率分别为17.8%、21.1%、21.1%和23.3%,对环丙沙星、氨苄西林及其舒巴坦制剂、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、头孢西丁、头孢他啶的耐药率在28.8%~57.8%。发现多耐药菌株20株,约占22.2%。结论安徽省2家教学医院非鲍曼的不动杆菌耐药率相对较低,但已发现多重耐药菌株,有必要进行流行病学及耐药性监测。     

2007-2010四年间鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁及对亚胺培南耐药的机制研究

目的研究2007-2010四年间中山大学附属第一医院临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性迁移情况和耐亚胺培南的鲍曼不动杆菌(IRAB)的耐药机制,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法采用VITEK 2型全自动微生物检测系统对细菌进行鉴定及药敏分析;用PCR方法检测碳青霉烯酶基因blaOXA-51、blaOXA-23、blaOXA-24和blaOXA-58。结果 2007-2010四年间分离鲍曼不动杆菌811株,耐药率逐年上升,其对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率上升明显,如对亚胺培南的耐药率自2007-2010年分别为13.1%、26.0%、44.3%和59.5%。811株鲍曼不动杆菌中IRAB有311株,IRAB对抗生素的耐药率明显升高,但四年间的耐药率变化并不明显。对IRAB敏感的抗生素以阿米卡星为首,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,但头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感率逐年下降。从311株IRAB中随机抽取140株,检出blaOXA-51基因阳性125株(89.3%),blaOXA-23基因阳性29株(20.7%),blaOXA-24基因阳性3株(2.14%),blaOXA-58基因阳性22株(15.7%)。结论鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性逐年升高,以阿米卡星与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦联合应用为有效的治疗方法,产碳青霉烯酶是IRAB的主要耐药机制。     

耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及基因组流行病学分析

[背景]鲍曼不动杆菌是造成临床感染的重要病原菌之一,其对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药形势日益严重,利用基因组测序技术解析其临床分布特征和流行病学规律有助于临床感染的有效防治.[目的]研究沧州市中心医院2018年检出的200株耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baum...     

Activity of tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens on Cryptococcus neoformans: effects on growth, capsule size and pigmentation

Background

Infections sustained by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii have become a challenging problem in Intensive Care Units. Tigecycline provided new hope for the treatment of MDR A. baumannii infections, but isolates showing reduced susceptibility have emerged in many countries, further limiting the therapeutic options. Empirical combination therapy has become a common practice to treat patients infected with MDR A. baumannii, in spite of the limited microbiological and clinical evidence supporting its efficacy. Here, the in vitro interaction of tigecycline with seven commonly used anti-Acinetobacter drugs has been assessed.

Methods

Twenty-two MDR A. baumannii isolates from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and two reference strains for the European clonal lineages I and II (including 3, 15 and 6 isolates that were resistant, intermediate and susceptible to tigecycline, respectively) were tested. Antimicrobial agents were: tigecycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, imipenem, rifampicin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and colistin. MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method. Antibiotic interactions were determined by chequerboard and time-kill assays. Only antibiotic combinations showing synergism or antagonism in both chequerboard and time-kill assays were accepted as authentic synergistic or antagonistic interactions, respectively.

Results

Considering all antimicrobials in combination with tigecycline, chequerboard analysis showed 5.9% synergy, 85.7% indifference, and 8.3% antagonism. Tigecycline showed synergism with levofloxacin (4 strains; 16.6%), amikacin (2 strains; 8.3%), imipenem (2 strains; 8.3%) and colistin (2 strains; 8.3%). Antagonism was observed for the tigecycline/piperacillin-tazobactam combination (8 strains; 33.3%). Synergism was detected only among tigecycline non-susceptible strains. Time-kill assays confirmed the synergistic interaction between tigecycline and levofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem and colistin for 5 of 7 selected isolates. No antagonism was confirmed by time-kill assays.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the in vitro synergistic activity of tigecycline in combination with colistin, levofloxacin, amikacin and imipenem against five tigecycline non-susceptible A. baumannii strains, opening the way to a more rationale clinical assessment of novel combination therapies to combat infections caused by MDR and pan-resistant A. baumannii.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌临床分布特征与耐药分析

目的了解湖州市中心医院嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌临床分布特征与耐药性。方法采用常规方法分离,用VITE-COMPACT2全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定,用K—B法进行药敏试验。结果分离到嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌810株,复方新诺明耐药菌株48株（分离率5．9％）。标本来源主要来自ICU室,其次呼吸科,大部分来自痰液标本（约占89．2％）,年龄段以中老年人比率最高。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西彬他坐巴坦、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星高度耐药;头孢他啶、替卡西林／克拉维酸、环丙沙星耐药率为33．7％～58．2％;头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、米诺环素、复方新诺明耐药率低于30．0％。复方新诺明耐药菌株对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素耐药率分别为60．4％、91．7％和2．0％,对其余抗菌药物耐药率达100．0％。复方新诺明耐药菌株与复方新诺明敏感菌株相比,耐药情况更严重,其中对三、四代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类耐药率显著高于复方新诺明敏感菌株（P〈0．01）;对碳青霉烯类、青霉素类、氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药率与复方新诺明敏感菌株相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌呈高度耐药,对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、米诺环素、复方新诺明尚敏感,但对复方新诺明耐药的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌耐药现象更严重。应重视嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌引起的院内感染,尽量减少不必要的侵人性操作,加强抗菌药物的合理规范使用。     

我院2008-2011年抗菌药物使用量与铜绿假单胞菌耐药相关性的研究

目的:探讨2008-2011年我院抗菌药物使用与铜绿假单胞菌(PA)耐药水平变化之间的关系.方法:计算10种抗菌药物平均每日每百张床住所消耗的限定日剂量(DDD)及同期PA的耐药率,并对抗菌药物用量与耐药率进行相关性分析.结果:发现头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及左氧氟沙星DDD分别与铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟耐药率的相关性有统计学意义,其它组数据无统计学意义.结论:呼吸病区左氧氟沙星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦DDD的使用量与PA耐药率相关.     

2016-2018年医院血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析2016-2018年医院血培养病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法:对2016年1月至2018年12月遵义医科大学附属医院各科室送检的血标本进行培养、鉴定和药敏试验,并对主要病原菌的分布和药敏结果进行统计分析。结果:2016-2018年分别分离出病原菌1459、1647、1711株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌分别为占57.78%、55.43%、54.24%,革兰氏阳性球菌分别占37.97%、39.34%、43.25%,真菌分别占4.25%、5.22%、2.51%。2016-2018年,大肠埃希菌对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松的耐药率逐年降低,对厄他培南耐药率呈明显的升高趋势;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟的耐药率逐年降低,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率上升;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、庆大霉素的耐药率明显降低,对环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率有明显的上升趋势;金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率明显升高,对左氧氟沙星的耐药率明显降低,对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素均不耐药;白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B均不耐药,白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑不耐药,热带假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑均高度耐药。结论:造成血流感染(BSI)的主要病原菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,病原菌对常用的抗菌药物都有不同程度的耐药,临床应合理使用抗菌药物,以降低耐药性,并加强医院感染控制措施减少耐药菌的传播。     

Antibiotic resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</Emphasis> strains isolated from captive snakes

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 24 antibiotics were determined for 45 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains by the microdilution method at 37 and 30 °C (after 24 h and 48 h of incubation). The isolates were obtained from mouth swabs and pus of 116 captive snakes whereas the identical strains (based on PFGE) of the same origin were discarded. At 37 °C, the isolates showed a low frequency of resistance to levofloxacin (0 and 8.9 % of resistant strains after 24 and 48 h, MICs₅₀ 0.5 and 1 mg/L, MICs₉₀ 1 and 2 mg/L) and cotrimoxazole (2.2 % of resistant strains for 24 and 48 h, MICs₅₀ 4 mg/L for both time periods, MICs₉₀ 4 and 8). At 30 °C, the most effective drugs were also cotrimoxazole (2.2 and 6.7 %, MICs₅₀ 4 and 8, MICs₉₀ 8 and 32) and levofloxacin (8.9 and 46.7 %, MICs₅₀ 1 and 2, MICs₉₀ 2 and 4). The isolates were either identically or more susceptible to antibiotics than strains acquired from patients hospitalized at Olomouc University Hospital (the same region) with the exception of ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam and ceftazidime.     

Comparative evaluation of agar dilution and broth microdilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Helicobacter cinaedi

The aim of this study was to establish a broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Helicobacter cinaedi and to assess the prevalence and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Japanese clinical isolates. A broth microdilution method using modified Levinthal broth was developed and compared with the agar dilution method for testing susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations obtained by these two methods were almost the same for all the antibiotics tested, demonstrating the broth microdilution method to be a suitable and reliable technique for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility test for H. cinaedi was established. This method is expected to help improve treatment.     

Antibiotic activity of tigecycline against clinical pathogens by the micro dilution method

Resistant pathogens are the cause of clinical infections which threatening the patients lives and challenging the health systems through their economic importance. Therefore, new antibacterial agents with a broader spectrum of activity that protect against development of resistance are required. Tigecycline (Tygacil, Wyeth) is a relatively new FDA and EMEA approved glycylcycline antimicrobial with an expanded broad-spectrum activity against pathogens involved in complicated skin and skin structure infections. In this study we evaluated the in vitro activity of tigecycline in comparison to 14 other antibiotics against 182 clinical pathogens by use of the micro dilution method. In overall, tigecycline exhibited the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values in almost all bacteria with a mean of 0.52 ± 1.25 mg/L, followed by meropenem and levofloxacin (mean MIC values 1.29 ± 2.52 and 1.45 ± 3.078 mg/L, respectively). MIC50 and MIC90 values of tigecycline were: 0.06 and 0.15 mg/L for E. coli, 0.12 and 1.00 mg/L for Klebsiella sp., 0.12 and 0.85 mg/L for various Enterobacter sp., 1.00 and 8.00 mg/L for Pseudomonas sp., 0.25 and 1.00 mg/L for Acinetobacter sp., 0.06 and 0.12 mg/L for Serratia sp., 0.12 and 0.25 mg/L for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.5 and 5.00 mg/L for Streptococcus sp. The MIC values recorded were among the lowest in recent literature for Acinetobacter sp. (included A. baumannii), and comparable to those obtained for Klebsiella, Serratia and Enterobacter indicating that tigecycline has a promising in vitro activity.     

High susceptibility to respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii infection in A/J mice is associated with a delay in early pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important cause of both community-associated and nosocomial pneumonia, which have become increasingly difficult to treat because of the rapid development of resistance to multiple antibiotics. Despite its clinical importance, the pathogenesis of and host defense against respiratory A. baumannii infection remains largely unknown. To examine host factors that could contribute to the defense, we compared the susceptibilities of A/J and C57BL/6 mice to intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with A. baumannii. We found that A/J mice were significantly more susceptible to infection with higher mortality (P < 0.05) and tissue bacterial burdens (P < 0.01) as well as greater histopathology in the lung and spleen than C57BL/6 mice. More importantly, the high susceptibility of A/J mice was associated with a reduced local proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine (particularly IL-1β, MIP-2 and TNF-α) responses and a significant delay and reduction in the early influx of neutrophils in the lung (P < 0.05). Intranasal administration of neutrophil-inducing chemokine MIP-2 to A/J mice enhanced pulmonary neutrophil influx and partially restored host resistance to A. baumannii to a level comparable to the more resistant C57BL/6 mice. Our results imply that the early recruitment of neutrophils into the lung is critical for initiating an efficient host defense against respiratory A. baumannii infection.