原核表达MurA蛋白并制备其多克隆抗体用于免疫磁珠快速检测单增李斯特菌

【目的】制备MurA多抗,结合免疫磁珠与选择平板进行单增李斯特菌的快速检测,建立单增李斯特菌的免疫磁珠快速检测方法。【方法】构建MurA的原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌进行优化表达。镍柱纯化表达产物,质谱鉴定重组蛋白,再免疫小鼠,制备其多克隆抗体。用所获多抗制备免疫磁珠,建立单增李斯特菌免疫磁珠-选择性培养基检测方法,并对人工污染牛奶样品进行检测。【结果】在大肠杆菌中高效表达了分子量约为72 kD的可溶性融合蛋白,质谱鉴定其为MurA蛋白;免疫小鼠获得的抗血清效价达1:10 000,与伤寒沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌、大肠杆菌及属内其它病原菌均无交叉;所建立的免疫磁珠-选择性培养基检测法可检出浓度为103 CFU/mL及以上的单增李斯特菌,仅与英诺克李斯特菌存在一定交叉反应;牛奶样品单次仅需9 h增菌就能被检出,较常规增菌时间缩短39 h;检测限为0.4 CFU/mL。【结论】表达并纯化得到高纯度的单增李斯特菌MurA蛋白,制备的鼠源多克隆抗体亲和力高,特异性好;建立了快速检测单增李斯特菌的免疫磁珠联合选择性培养基法,在灵敏度不变的情况下,实现24 h内成功对牛奶样品的检测,较国标法减少42 h以上。     

即食凉拌菜中单增李斯特菌的定量暴露评估

单增李斯特菌污染即食食品的数据来源于前期实验数据,通过对即食凉拌菜中单增李斯特菌的定量暴露评估,了解某市人群因食用即食凉拌菜而患单增李斯特菌病的风险。按照ISO11290-2—1998的检测与计算方法对某市100份试样进行了定量检测,确定初始污染水平; 预测生长模型数据来源于ComBase数据库及前期实验,确定食用时菌的摄入量。采用@Risk5.7软件,定量评估人群因消费即食凉拌菜而患单增李斯特菌病的风险,并进行敏感性分析。结果表明,大约有0.80%的即食凉拌菜中单增李斯特菌量超过风险阈值4,可知市民因食用即食凉拌菜导致单增李斯特菌病的风险较低。敏感性分析结果表明,初始污染水平与单增李斯特菌量的相关性最高,是消费者和食品监管部门需要重视的主要风险控制因素。     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测肉中单增李斯特菌

通过建立的环介导恒温扩增（Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification,LAMP）方法以达到肉中单增李斯特菌快速、灵敏的检出。以特异性的hlyA毒力基因作为靶基因,与6株非单增李斯特菌进行特异性试验,同时对不同培养浓度的单增李斯特菌进行了LAMP和PCR方法的灵敏度比较,进而应用LAMP法检测人工污染肉中的单增李斯特菌。结果表明：纯培养物中单增李斯特菌LAMP检出限为8.8×100CFU/mL,其灵敏度比普通PCR高100倍;在人工污染肉中单增李斯特菌的检出限为8.8×101CFU/mL,在1h内即可完成扩增反应。LAMP方法具备快速、特异、简单、灵敏度高等优势,在食品基质中单增李斯特菌的检测方面具有较好的应用前景。     

单增李斯特菌InternalinA的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

【目的】克隆表达单增李斯特菌膜表面蛋白InternalinA(InlA),经免疫家兔获得多克隆抗体,为建立其免疫磁珠富集快速检测方法奠定基础。【方法】利用生物软件设计单增李斯特菌inlA基因的引物,通过PCR扩增出inlA基因,并将其克隆至pET28a()原核表达载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21进行优化表达。镍柱纯化表达产物,质谱鉴定重组蛋白,ELISA分析其免疫原性。免疫家兔,制备其多克隆抗体。间接ELISA检测多抗的效价及交叉性,免疫荧光分析多抗与单增李斯特菌菌体结合的特异性。【结果】成功表达了InlA蛋白,融合表达产物分子量约为92 kD,质谱鉴定其为InlA蛋白;免疫家兔获得的抗血清效价为1:100 000,除与金黄色葡萄球菌约20%的交叉外,与副溶血弧菌等其它病源菌均无交叉;免疫荧光证实该多抗特异性结合于单增李斯特菌膜表面,与同种属的威尔斯李斯特菌不结合。【结论】成功制备了单增李斯特菌特异性的兔多克隆抗体,为单增李斯特菌免疫磁珠富集快速检测方法的建立奠定了基础。     

免疫磁珠富集技术联合选择性培养基快速检测单增李斯特菌

单增李斯特菌是一种危害极大的食源性致病菌,建立快速及特异的检测方法对于食品安全监控尤为重要。文中联合免疫磁珠与选择性培养基对不同浓度(101~105CFU/mL)单增李斯特菌进行检测,并对3种李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及副溶血弧菌进行交叉试验;同时模拟食物污染,探索免疫磁珠-平板法检测样品的检测限以及该方法的最快检测时间。结果显示特异性免疫磁珠联合选择性平板法可检出浓度为103CFU/mL及以上的单增李斯特菌;牛奶样品仅需6 h增菌能被检出,检测限为0.7 CFU/mL。联合使用免疫磁珠富集技术与选择性培养基,能在30 h内完成对牛奶样品的检测,较国标法减少38 h以上,且具有同等的灵敏度。     

单增李斯特菌胎盘感染的体内外模型研究进展

单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes）是重要的食源性致病菌,能引发人类的李斯特菌病,是全球公共卫生问题之一。该菌易感染孕妇,引起胎儿和新生儿的侵袭性李斯特菌病,严重威胁母婴健康。因此,建立有效的单增李斯特菌感染胎盘体内外模型,解析和探究单增李斯特菌经胎盘感染机制,是预防和控制单增李斯特菌感染母婴的关键所在。本文综述了可用于研究单增李斯特菌母婴感染的体内外胎盘模型,总结和讨论了各类模型的优势和局限性;并着重分析了体外三维胎盘屏障模型在单增李斯特菌感染方面的研究进展和未来研究方向。以期为深入解析该菌经胎盘感染的途径、发病机制提供支持,并为预防和控制母婴李斯特菌病提供科学参考。     

餐饮厨房中单增李斯特菌污染的分布特征及风险分析

为了解餐饮厨房中自制即食食品单增李斯特菌污染状况及厨房内各媒介单增李斯特菌污染的分布特征,并据此分析餐饮厨房中导致即食食品发生单增李斯特菌污染的可能高风险点,在我国3个省份的29个餐饮厨房中采集环境样本及厨房自制餐饮即食食品1 455份进行单增李斯特菌检验。检测结果进行统计学分析,探寻餐饮厨房自制即食食品污染与环境暴露之间的关系。结果显示:餐饮厨房中单增李斯特菌的污染广泛存在,自制即食食品、食品原料与环境样品中单增李斯特菌的检出无差异。针对单增李斯特菌的监测,应关注餐饮环节的污染,凉菜间的冰箱可能成为导致餐饮厨房自制即食食品被单增李斯特菌污染的危险因素。     

单增李斯特菌prsA1基因的截短表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

单增李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）是一种常见的食源性致病菌,能够引发李斯特菌病,对食品安全构成巨大威胁。prsA1具有保守性和特异性,利用SignalP 4.1 Server程序、TMHMM Server V.2.0程序和SEPPA 2.0程序预测了PrsA1的信号肽段、跨膜区域及空间抗原表位,预测结果显示PrsA1的N端含有信号肽段及跨膜区且该蛋白具有良好抗原表位结构,因而可作为检测靶标。在此基础上,采用PCR法获得prsA1的非跨膜区序列即Δ84prsA1,构建重组质粒pET30a-Δ84prsA1并转入到大肠杆菌中诱导表达Δ28PrsA1,Ni-IDA柱亲和纯化重组蛋白Δ28PrsA1,以纯化的Δ28PrsA1为抗原制备多克隆抗体。间接ELISA检测多克隆抗体的效价,高达1∶128 000。Western blotting分析结果显示该多克隆抗体能够识别从单增李斯特菌中提取的PrsA1蛋白。利用生物信息学筛选检测靶标并分析抗原表位结构,最后成功制备了多克隆抗体,为单增李斯特菌检测靶标的筛选和免疫学检测提供了实践基础。     

单核细胞增多性李斯特菌硫氧还蛋白Lmo1609的应激生物学功能研究

【目的】本研究旨在构建单核细胞增多性李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)硫氧还蛋白Lmo1609的基因缺失株,分析Lmo1609的氧化还原酶学活性,及其在细菌生长、运动过程中发挥的作用,并探究了Lmo1609参与细菌抗氧化应激和致病的生物学基础。为阐明其抗应激生物学作用以及完善李斯特菌的感染机制奠定分子基础。【方法】利用同源重组原理构建lmo1609基因缺失株及回补株。通过分子生物学、应激生物学和感染生物学等手段,对Lmo1609的生物学功能进行探索。以胰岛素为底物分析其氧化还原酶学活性;通过构建lmo1609缺失株和回补株,比较野生株和突变株在运动性、生长能力、抗氧化应激、细胞黏附、侵袭和增殖能力等方面的差异,进而鉴定Lmo1609的生物学功能。【结果】缺失lmo1609后,单增李斯特菌在生长能力上无明显变化,而运动能力明显减弱;对H2O2的敏感性增强;对细胞的黏附侵袭能力没有差异;对小鼠的致病力没有显著影响。【结论】本研究首次证实了单增李斯特菌硫氧还蛋白Lmo1609具有还原酶学活性,参与调控细菌的运动和对H2O2的氧化应激耐受,不介导单增李斯特菌的致病性。     

基于细胞的抗单增李斯特菌单域重链抗体的筛选及鉴定

【目的】获得针对单增李斯特菌的特异性单域重链抗体,并对筛选过程中特异性克隆的富集规律进行分析,为筛选具有种属特异性的噬菌体展示抗体提供参考。【方法】采用固相筛选技术,以热灭活的单增李斯特菌菌体为抗原,通过四轮常规筛选和一轮消减筛选,从驼源天然噬菌体展示文库中筛选针对单增李斯特菌的单域重链抗体。采用Phage-ELISA法,对后四轮筛选洗脱物中随机挑选的噬菌体进行鉴定,阳性克隆进行基因测序及结合特异性分析。通过多序列比对分析将获得的基因序列进行分组和统计。【结果】成功筛选到2株单增李斯特菌特异性的单域重链抗体。【结论】在优化的筛选条件下,基于全细胞的筛选方法能够获得特异性识别单增李斯特菌的单域重链抗体,消减筛选对于去除非特异性克隆是有效的和必要的。     

Comparison of multiplex PCR, enzyme immunoassay and cell culture methods for the detection of enterotoxinogenic Bacillus cereus

Fast and reliable methods are needed for the detection of pathogenic Bacillus cereus which should provide consistent results. Therefore, we tested a panel of 176 strains, including B. cereus strains, B. cereus group strains and other Bacillus spp. with polymerase chain reaction, immunoassays and cytotoxicity tests and assessed the consistency of the results. A screening multiplex PCR for the detection of hbl, nhe, ces and cytK1 as well as two multiplex PCRs for the differentiation of Hbl genes (hblC, hblD, hblA) and Nhe genes (nheA, nheB, nheC) was applied. All PCRs included an internal amplification control. Component specific antibody based immunoassays were used for the detection of the three components of Hbl and Nhe and the overall cytotoxicity to Vero cells and HEp-2 cells was checked. An overall excellent correlation was obtained for the results of the three, methodically independent assays and no false-negative PCR results were seen for any of the strains tested positive in immunoassays and cytotoxicity tests. The three multiplex PCRs proved to be a facile method for the identification of enterotoxinogenic B. cereus isolates.     

Methods available for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 in clinical,food and environmental samples

Because of the potential severity of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157 it is important that the most sensitive laboratory methods are used both for outbreak investigation and surveillance. Selective culture of E. coli O157 remains the detection method of choice, particularly in investigation of outbreaks where strains isolated from various sources may need to be compared by various typing methods. Strains of E. coli O157 do not normally ferment sorbitol, whereas many other serogroups of E. coli do, and sorbitol MacConkey agar, or modified forms of this medium, have become widely used for their isolation. Detection of small numbers of E. coli O157 may be facilitated by enrichment culture which may include a recovery period during which selective agents are not added to the medium. Immunomagnetic separation of E. coli O157 after enrichment culture enhances sensitivity still further and has the potential to be fully automated. Alternatives to culture include immunoassays and PCR, both of which are available as commercial detection kits. The last 15 years has seen many advances in detection of E. coli O157 and has been accompanied by a plethora of reports in the scientific literature. However, it is an area which is continually developing and we are still far away from a universally accepted method for this purpose. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isolation and PCR detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterobacter sakazakii</Emphasis> in South African food products,specifically infant formula milks

Enterobacter sakazakii has recently been identified as an opportunistic pathogen. The current culture-dependent detection methods for these bacteria are time-consuming and in this study a PCR method for the detection of E. sakazakii in South African food products, including an internal amplification control (IAC) was developed. DNA was isolated and amplified from the products and they were plated on selective growth media after pre-enrichment and enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth. Four of the 22 products tested positive for the presence of E. sakazakii, confirmed by PCR detection and growth on selective media. The PCR method proved effective in detecting E. sakazakii in South African products after three days and could serve as an alternative for traditional microbiological techniques.     

沙门氏菌检测技术研究进展

沙门氏菌(Salmonella)是一种常见的人畜共患病原菌,不仅能引起动物伤寒、霍乱,还会导致人类胃肠炎、败血症等疾病,严重威胁人、畜的生命健康,由其引起的食品安全事件高居所有食源性致病菌之首。食品中沙门氏菌的快速、准确检测是预防与控制沙门氏菌传播蔓延的重要手段。随着生物学、化学、物理等学科的快速发展,沙门氏菌的检测技术已从传统的分离培养和生化鉴定,发展到免疫学、分子生物学、电化学、传感器、生物芯片等快速、高通量检测,尤其是近年来与纳米技术、光谱学、质谱学以及代谢组学等的结合使用,为沙门氏菌快速、准确、灵敏的检测方法提供了新的发展方向。本文在参阅国内外最新研究报道的基础上,对各种方法进行总结阐述,并对沙门氏菌未来检测技术的发展动向予以分析。     

Secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from the Chilean gymnosperm Prumnopitys andina (Lleuque)

Two endophytic fungi isolated from the phloem of the Chilean gymnosperm Prumnopitys andinawere cultured in liquid potato-dextrose medium. The secondary metabolites were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. The fungus E-3 which could not be identified yielded 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and the isochromanone mellein. The second fungus, identified as Penicillium janczewskii K.M. Zalessky yielded peniprequinolone and gliovictin, reported for the first time for this species. This is the first report on secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi from Chilean gymnosperms.     

彼得森黄群藻孢囊的形成及形态

利用光镜及扫描电镜对彼得森黄群藻的形态结构、孢囊形成进行详细观察和描述.结果显示,彼得森黄群藻分布广泛,营养体形态变化也大,可以分为不同的变种和变型,其孢囊形态也有多种形态.根据鳞片结构,鉴定出其中的2个变型,并对其所产生的孢囊形态进行了对应.     

Influence of intrapatch experiences and temperature on the time allocation of the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

The effect of experiences, such as contact with honeydew, rejections of hosts, and ovipositions in hosts, and of temperature on the time allocation of individualEncarsia formosa female parasitoids on tomato leaflets have been studied. Behavioral records were analyzed by means of the proportional hazards model. Analyses were carried out at two levels: (1) the tendency of leaving and (2) the tendency of changing from one leaf side to another. The patch-leaving behavior ofE. formosa can be described by a stochastic threshold mechanism, which is characterized by a certain tendency (probability per time) to leave. The median time from being placed on the leaflet or, if it occurred, from the latest encounter with a host until leaving was 18.6 min. The median time for changing from one leaf side to the other was initially 11.6 min and dropped to 5.7 min after both leaf sides had been visited. The effect of temperature, ranging from 20 to 30°C, was negligible. The presence of honeydew as well as the first oviposition in an unparasitized host decreased the tendency to leave, thus increasing the giving up time (GUT) since the latest encounter with a host. Encounters with parasitized hosts did not affect the GUT since latest encounter; as a result, the total residence time increased. After the first oviposition in an unparasitized host the tendency of changing from the lower leaf side on which hosts were present to the upper side was decreased. The presence of honeydew did not affect the tendency of changing leaf sides.     

Function of the type 11 microtrich sensilla on the lotic amphipod,Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield

The type II microtrich sensilla on the lotic amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield enable it to control body orientation while swimming, as animals with their sensilla masked spent significantly more time swimming on their sides. These sensilla appear to be involved in the behavioural process that allows the animal to orient into the current (positive rheotaxis), as significantly fewer masked animals were able to turn into novel current flows compared with controls. The sensilla do not appear to play a role in detecting gravity. Results suggest that the sensilla transmit hydromechanical sensory information to the animal, and it is thought that the individual sensilla act in unison as a kinetic sensory organ. The sensilla are well adapted for such a hydromechanical role, as they would likely only be stimulated by currents hitting them broadside on. The sensilla are grouped, with each sensillum facing in a different direction, and the groups are located at appropriate positions for detecting current flows. The sensilla do not play a role in the detection of vibrations. Nor do they play a chemosensory role in the detection of food or predators; however, a role in conspecific chemodetection cannot be ruled out.     

Comparative genomics of the medicinal plants Lonicera macranthoides and L. japonica provides insight into genus genome evolution and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis

Lonicera macranthoides (LM) and L. japonica (LJ) are medicinal plants widely used in treating viral diseases, such as COVID-19. Although the two species are morphologically similar, their secondary metabolite profiles are significantly different. Here, metabolomics analysis showed that LM contained ~86.01 mg/g hederagenin-based saponins, 2000-fold higher than LJ. To gain molecular insights into its secondary metabolite production, a chromosome-level genome of LM was constructed, comprising 9 pseudo-chromosomes with 40 097 protein-encoding genes. Genome evolution analysis showed that LM and LJ were diverged 1.30–2.27 million years ago (MYA). The two plant species experienced a common whole-genome duplication event that occurred ∼53.9–55.2 MYA before speciation. Genes involved in hederagenin-based saponin biosynthesis were arranged in clusters on the chromosomes of LM and they were more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Among them, oleanolic acid synthase (OAS) and UDP-glycosyltransferase 73 (UGT73) families were much more highly expressed in LM than in LJ. Specifically, LmOAS1 was identified to effectively catalyse the C-28 oxidation of β-Amyrin to form oleanolic acid, the precursor of hederagenin-based saponin. LmUGT73P1 was identified to catalyse cauloside A to produce α-hederin. We further identified the key amino acid residues of LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 for their enzymatic activities. Additionally, comparing with collinear genes in LJ, LmOAS1 and LmUGT73P1 had an interesting phenomenon of ‘neighbourhood replication’ in LM genome. Collectively, the genomic resource and candidate genes reported here set the foundation to fully reveal the genome evolution of the Lonicera genus and hederagenin-based saponin biosynthetic pathway.     

Ontogeny of intruding non-periplasmodial tapetum in the wild chicory,Cichorium intybus (Compositae)

The tapetal development ofCichorium intybus L. is investigated using LM and TEM and discussed in relation to the development in other species. During the second meiotic division the tapetal cells become binucleate and lose their cell walls. They intrude the loculus at the time of microspore release from the meiotic callose walls, which means that a locular cavity is never present in this species. During pollen development they tightly junct the exine, especially near the tips of the spines. During the two-celled pollen grain stage they degenerate and most of their content turns into pollenkitt. Until anther dehiscence they keep their individuality, which means that these intruding tapetal cells never fuse to form a periplasmodium. The ultrastructural cytoplasmatic changes during this development are discussed in relation to possible functions.