酰基载体蛋白在不同代谢通路中的作用

酰基载体蛋白属于载体蛋白大家族,其三级结构非常保守。在细胞新陈代谢过程中,酰基载体蛋白关联各种大的蛋白复合体酶系,能够将酰基链从一个酶中心位点转运到另一个酶的中心位点,同时可作为各种天然产物的酰基供体,与脂肪酸合成酶途径和聚酮合酶途径息息相关。研究酰基载体蛋白的结构和功能,为指导现有的合成途径和重新设计新的合成途径来合成天然或非天然产物提供依据和基础。     

脂肪酸结合蛋白的研究进展

脂脉酸结合蛋白（ＦＡＢＰ）是一族小分子细胞内蛋白质,对长链脂肪酸有很高的亲和力,能把脂肪酸从细胞膜转运到细胞内利用位点,在长链脂肪酸的代谢中起重要作用。本文就脂肪酸结合蛋白的结构、功能及其对脂肪酸代谢调节方面的研究进行了综述,并阐述了猪脂肪酸结合蛋白基因地对肌内脂肪合成的影响。     

苦荞黄烷酮3-羟化酶基因F3H的克隆及序列分析

为提高黄酮代谢途径中的关键酶活性,增加苦荞黄酮类化合物的合成量,根据已知植物的F3H基因同源序列,采用RT-PCR和RACE结合的方法,克隆了苦荞黄酮代谢途径中关键酶基因F3H,命名为FtF3H(GenBank登录号:FJ456858)。序列分析结果表明,FtF3H基因长1369bp,编码367个氨基酸,该氨基酸序列及其cDNA序列与葡萄、牵牛F3H等的同源性约80%。二级结构预测表明,随机卷曲是FtF3H蛋白最大量的结构元件,而α-螺旋和β-片层则散布于整个蛋白质中;三维结构建模预测FtF3H蛋白具有铁离子结合位点及2-O-酮戊二酸结合位点等F3H蛋白典型结构。     

油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢的转录表达与调控机理研究

油桐是我国四大木本油料植物之一,当前对油桐的研究主要集中在栽培选优及低产林改造方面,而对油桐脂肪酸延长代谢的分子机理研究尚未见报道。本研究以油桐果实膨大期、油脂转化初期和油脂转化高峰期的种子为材料,采用高通量RNA测序技术对油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢的3个不同时期转录组进行比较,以nr、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和COG 4个蛋白数据库为参考,对油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢进行了综合性分析。研究结果表明,参与油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢途径的非冗余基因序列共37条,涉及的主要酶功能基因有9种;在果实膨大期、油脂转化初期和油脂转化高峰期中,调控脂肪酸延长代谢途径的基因存在明显的表达差异。综合分析结果绘制了油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢途径,揭示了调控油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢过程的基因作用规律。这些研究结果为油脂合成的遗传改良提供了资源和技术基础,同时为油桐分子设计育种提供了一定的科学依据。     

哺乳动物DGAT基因及其生物学功能研究进展

二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT, EC2.3.1.20)是一种微粒体酶, 与脂肪代谢、脂类在组织中的沉积有很大关系, 它的主要作用机制是使二酰甘油加上脂肪酸酰基形成三酰甘油。DGAT在细胞甘油代谢中起根本性的作用, 并在高等真核生物甘油三酯代谢途径如肠脂肪吸收、脂蛋白集合、脂肪形成和泌乳中发挥着重要的功能, 提示DGAT不仅是调控甘油三酯与脂肪酸之间的关键因子, 而且可能在动物脂肪沉积中起着关键的调控作用。     

圆红冬孢酵母新颖脂肪酸合酶的重组表达、纯化与活性检测

脂肪酸合酶(Fatty acid synthase,FAS)催化乙酰辅酶A和丙二酸单酰辅酶A反应生成脂肪酸,是油脂合成代谢途径中最重要的酶之一。在高产油脂的圆红冬孢酵母Rhodosporidium toruloides中发现了一种新颖的FAS,它含两个亚基,与其他物种的FAS相比,具有独特的结构域组成,尤其是含两个酰基载体蛋白(ACP)结构域。由于ACP在脂肪酸合成反应中起辅因子作用,推测多个ACP有利于提高FAS的催化活性,为研究该FAS的生物化学和结构特征,构建了表达FAS两个亚基的载体,并转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),含pET22b-FAS1和pET24-FAS2质粒的重组菌株ZWE06可同时高表达两个亚基,经硫酸铵沉淀、蔗糖密度梯度离心和阴离子交换层析纯化,得到的重组FAS比活力达到548 mU/mg。纯化的FAS复合物可用于后续酶动力学和蛋白结构研究,且表达与纯化方法的建立对研究其他ACP的功能具有参考价值。     

盐胁迫下乌桕无性系叶片的比较蛋白组学研究

为探讨乌桕(Triadica sebifera)蛋白水平响应盐胁迫的分子机制,研究选取盐敏感型无性系(SS18)和盐耐受型无性系(ST21),采用0.4%NaCl浇灌模拟盐胁迫,利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(iTRAQ)技术对胁迫不同时期(0、24、72 h)叶片蛋白进行定量。在SS18和ST21中分别鉴定出显著差异蛋白279、106种。盐胁迫条件下2个无性系中共同存在4种(过氧化氢酶、延伸因子-1α、含H⁺-ATPase＿c结构域的蛋白和硫氧还蛋白)显著上调表达蛋白,推测其可能是乌桕耐盐响应的重要潜在靶标蛋白。通路富集分析发现乌桕叶片响应盐胁迫的差异蛋白主要与光合作用、糖类代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢途径有关。蛋白-蛋白互作网络发现SS18中分别存在5个(24 h)和3个(72 h)参与糖分解及能量代谢的核心蛋白;而ST21中存在5个(24 h)和4个(72 h)参与碳代谢、光合固碳、光合作用代谢及与叶绿素a-b结合相关的核心蛋白。ST21叶片通过提高糖类、氨基酸及脂肪酸代谢途径,并积累大量可溶性糖、氨基酸和有机酸等小分子可溶性物质,这可能是其参与盐胁迫响应的重...     

肌肉脂肪酸转运膜蛋白及其相互关系

肌肉（骨骼肌）组织对脂肪酸的利用水平是影响机体能量稳态的关键因素.肌肉摄取的长链脂肪酸(long chain fatty acids,LCFAs)主要依赖细胞膜载体蛋白协助的跨膜转运过程.近年来,一系列与脂肪酸转运相关的膜蛋白被相继克隆鉴定,其中在肌肉中大量表达的有脂肪酸转运蛋白-1（fatty acid transport protein-1,FATP-1）、膜脂肪酸结合蛋白（plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein,FABPpm）、脂肪酸转位酶（fatty acid translocase,FAT/CD36）和小窝蛋白-1（caveolin-1）.研究上述肌肉脂肪酸转运膜蛋白的结构功能、调控机制及相互关系,可能为肥胖等脂类代谢紊乱疾病的诊治提供新的手段.     

裂殖壶菌酰基载体蛋白(ACP)基因的克隆与表达

ACP(Acyl carrier protein,酰基载体蛋白)参与高度不饱和脂肪酸的PKS(Polyketide synthase)生物合成途径.从Schizochytrium sp.FJU-512 cDNA文库中获得了ACP基因的cDNA克隆.该序列开放读码框全长429 bp,编码142个氨基酸,等电点为5.04,具有4'-磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺(4'-PP)的结合位点.利用BamH Ⅰ/Hind Ⅲ双酶切,并连接到原核表达载体pET-30a,构建了pET-30a/acp表达载体,转化宿主菌E.coll BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明该蛋白得到高效表达.     

脂肪酸去饱和途径在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

肿瘤的发生发展与肿瘤代谢异常密切相关。近几年,脂肪酸代谢在肿瘤代谢研究中越来越受到关注,脂肪酸的合成代谢在肿瘤细胞的生长、转移和化疗效果提升中发挥关键性的作用。脂肪酸除了作为细胞膜基质结构成分外,还是重要的二级信使,同时可以作为机体能量的来源。不饱和脂肪酸由饱和脂肪酸通过去饱和途径作用转化而来。由硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)所催化的单不饱和脂肪酸是生物体细胞膜必需的组分之一。肿瘤细胞脂肪酸代谢中的去饱和途径由于新的替代方式的出现近年来备受关注,即由脂肪酸去饱和酶2 (FADS2)介导生成sapienate的去饱和途径。该文综述归纳总结了脂肪酸去饱和途径中关键酶(SCD和FADS2)及甾醇调节元件结合蛋白1 (SREBP1)在肿瘤的发生发展中的作用及最新研究,旨在对基于肿瘤脂肪酸代谢的治疗及调控靶点进行进一步的挖掘和探索。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.