2016-2018年兰州市某医院急性下呼吸道感染患儿RSV分离及流行病学特征分析

目的 对2016-2018年甘肃省妇幼保健医院门诊和住院急性下呼吸道感染患儿进行呼吸道合胞病毒(Respir-atory syncytial virus,RSV)的分离及流行病学特征分析.方法 收集患儿呼吸道分泌物425份,在Vero细胞上进行3代盲传,对培养收获液进行反转录聚合酶链反应(reverse transcr...     

沈阳地区婴幼儿RSV感染的病原学调查研究

查明冬春季沈阳地区婴幼儿RSV感染流行情况.采用APAAP法和IFA法对65例临床诊断为急性病毒性下呼吸道感染的婴幼儿进行了检查.在RSV感染的高发季节由RSV引起婴幼儿的急性下呼吸道感染的阳性率为44.60%(29/65),0～6个月婴幼儿感染率最高,为74.07%(20/27),并有明显的喘息倾向.以上结果表明RSV仍是引起婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染,特别是肺炎和毛细支气管炎的重要病原体,沈阳地区仍有流行.为防止和控制RSV的流行及为RSV的防治提供了依据.     

西藏地区儿童急性呼吸道感染中呼吸道合胞病毒的初步研究

本研究为了解西藏地区儿童急性呼吸道感染中呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)及基因型别。首先采用直接免疫荧光法检测2011年4～7月西藏自治区人民医院儿科病房因急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本中7种常见的呼吸道病毒及人类偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)的抗原。然后对RSV抗原阳性的标本分别提取RNA,用逆转录-巢式聚合酶链反应法(Nest-PCR)确定RSV型别,同时用实时荧光PCR(Real-Time PCR)方法进行验证。再通过对G蛋白基因PCR扩增产物序列测定确定RSV的基因型。通过与GenBank中不同地区RSV分离株的G蛋白基因序列比对,了解西藏地区RSV G蛋白的结构特点及变异情况。结果表明,从167例标本中检测出呼吸道病毒抗原阳性的为65例,总阳性率为38.9%(65/167),其中RSV 45例,占阳性标本的69.2%(45/65),对其中42例RSV阳性标本进行了PCR分型,其中40例为A亚型,2例为B亚型。对7株A亚型RSV G蛋白基因PCR产物测序结果显示,全部为GA2基因型。西藏RSV与RSV原型株A2株核苷酸的同源性为90.7%～91.8%,氨基酸的同源性只有86.5%～87.2%。氨基酸的变异主要集中在胞外区一个高度保守序列的两端。7株西藏A亚型RSV G蛋白的核苷酸序列与GenBank中不同的RSV分离株相比同源性为90.7%～91.8%。西藏地区2011年春季小儿急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原主要为呼吸道合胞病毒,A亚型是2011年西藏地区的流行优势型别,其G蛋白胞外区基因具有较高的变异性。     

上海复旦大学附属儿科医院急性下呼吸道感染患儿常见病毒的检测及临床研究

目的 建立套式反转录-聚合酶链反应(nested-RT-PCR)检测临床样本鼻病毒(human rhinovirus,HRV)基因的方法和直接免疫荧光(DFA)的方法对常见呼吸道病毒病原进行检测,了解上海儿科医院小儿急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)中病毒感染的现状.方法 收集住院确诊为ALRTI患儿的深部鼻咽分泌物(NPS)标本.用套式RT-PCR的方法检测NPS中的HRV基因,并进一步对扩增产物进行序列分析;用DFA的方法检测NPS中的呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒(IFV)、副流感病毒(PIV)、腺病毒(ADV)抗原.并分析各种病毒所致ALRTI的临床特点及流行特征.结果 342例患儿除细菌感染外共130例病毒抗原阳性,其中检测出RSV 64例(18.70%),1岁以下婴儿的RSV检出数为71.8%.RSV 8月份起检出率逐渐升高,到12月份达到最高;HRV阳性患儿46例(13.45%),3岁以下婴幼儿检出例数有38例,占HRV检出数的82.6%.HRV致ALRTI全年可见,在3到5月为最高峰;ADV感染9例(2.63%);PIV感染8例(2.3%);IFV感染7例(2.0%);病毒合并感染共有4例.46例HRV阳性标本中选取15份用另1对引物扩增并测序,测得的核苷酸序列经过blast比较,与GenBank中已知HRV序列的同源性在83%～97%,样本间的序列比较提示变异性较大.130例病毒性ALRTI患儿绝大部分诊断为支气管肺炎.以中等度发热为主,末梢血白细胞＜10×109/L 93例(71.5%),CRP＜8 mg/L 99例(76.2%),符合病毒性肺炎的特点,并发症较少,均治愈出院.结论 本地区小儿病毒性ALRTI中,以RSV及HRV占为主要地位,ADV、PIV及IFV相对少见.较少有混合性病毒感染.HRV所致小儿ALRTI以婴幼儿居多,集中于春、秋两季.套式RT-PCR检测HRV基因快速、操作简便、特异性较强,HRV基因组具有高度变异的特点.     

抗呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)单克隆抗体的制备及其对RSV病毒株抗原性的分析

用呼吸道合胞病毒R6(武汉地方株)活毒滴鼻加用戍二醛固定的病毒感染的Hela细胞免疫BALB/C鼠,取脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤SP_2/0细胞融合,培育出分泌抗呼吸道合胞病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞13株,这些细胞的染色体数为94至104条,其分泌的抗体分别属于鼠IgC_1、IgG_(2a)、IgG_(2b)亚类。腹水荧光抗体滴度为1:10000～1:100000。其中五株单抗有中和病毒作用,尤其是两株中和放价达1:128。应用免疫转印法证实了这些单抗分别能识别RSV6种主要结构蛋白,用7株识别不同病毒结构蛋白的单抗对12株合胞病毒进行抗原性分析,可将这些病毒区分为二个血清型,即A亚型和B亚型。     

重症急性呼吸道感染患儿中人鼻病毒分型检测及流行病学分析

目的:调查重症急性呼吸道感染患儿中人鼻病毒(HRV)的感染情况,初步了解不同型别HRV流行病学和临床特点。方法:收集2008年5月至2010年3月北京儿童医院重症急性呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽抽吸物样本259份,采用巢式PCR法,先用鼻病毒5′UTR引物筛查样本中该病毒总的感染情况,再用针对VP4-VP2区域的引物对阳性样本进行分型检测;同时对阳性样本进行其他常见呼吸道病毒共感染检测与流行病学及临床特点分析。结果:259例样本中,5′UTR初筛HRV阳性89例(34.4%),与其他常见呼吸道病毒存在共感染54例(60.7%);可通过VP4-VP2分型测序确定39例HRV-A(48.1%)、4例HRV-B(4.9%)、38例HRV-C(46.9%);HRV-A感染率最高的季节分布是秋季;HRV-A和HRV-C型感染者在临床特点上无明显差别。结论:HRV是儿童重症急性呼吸道感染的重要病原之一,新发现的HRV-C基因型感染率与HRV-A相似,但HRV在儿童重症急性呼吸道感染中的病原学意义还须进一步确认。     

呼吸道合胞病毒融合抑制活性单克隆抗体的鉴定及应用

用杂交瘤技术制备了抗呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV Long株 )的单克隆抗体F3细胞株。经IFA及ELISA证明 ,F3株McAb对RSV抗原特异 ,具中和活性及融合抑制活性 ,其腹水中和效价和融合抑制效价分别为 1∶12 8和 1∶6 4。将F3株McAb与商售混合单抗试剂盒进行临床诊断比较 ,二者阳性符合率 96 .9% ,阴性符合率 10 0 %。     

采用半巢式RT-PCR检测兰州地区住院肺炎患儿下呼吸道分泌物中的RSV

从人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)基因序列中高度保守的N基因处,设计了特异性半巢式引物,以反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法随机检测了46份兰州地区2007年春季住院肺炎患儿下呼吸道分泌物样本。结果46份样本中有19份扩增出了预期目的片段,对所有扩增产物进行基因序列测定。结果表明19份样本均有RSV感染,其检出率为41%,而且序列分析结果显示,所有RSV阳性样本均与RSVA亚型的同源性高于B亚型。     

呼吸道合胞病毒下呼吸道感染与患儿鼻咽部定植菌群的关系

研究鼻咽部定植菌群与呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）下呼吸道感染患儿病情特点的关系,从微生态角度寻找预防或治疗RSV下呼吸道感染的理论依据。

回顾性分析我院2020年8月1日到2021年10月31日收治的RSV下呼吸道感染患儿,根据鼻咽部分泌物培养结果分为阴性组、阳性组,对比两组患儿临床特点及潮气肺功能检测结果。

1 090例RSV下呼吸道感染患儿中培养阳性者290例（26.58%）,中位数年龄为8个月（3.24个月,14个月）。各年龄层患儿鼻咽部菌群定植率及定植菌群差异有统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。各年龄层患儿鼻咽部定植菌均以肺炎链球菌为主。金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及卡他莫拉菌定植的患儿发热率较低。与喘息相关定植菌为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌。与重症相关的定植菌为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌。与大叶性肺炎发生相关的只有肺炎链球菌。肺炎链球菌及流感嗜血杆菌定植的达峰容积比（Z = −4.12,P＜0.001;Z = −1.99,P = 0.046）与达峰时间比（Z = −4.24,P＜0.001;Z = −1.98,P = 0.047）均低于阴性组。

特定鼻咽部定植菌的存在会影响RSV下呼吸道感染患儿的临床表现,同时降低婴幼儿潮气肺功能检测结果。

     

肺炎支原体和沙眼衣原体致儿童急性下呼吸道感染的研究

本文旨在研究儿童社区获得性急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)中肺炎支原体(MP)和沙眼衣原体(CT)的感染特征。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测2006年10月～2008年2月因ALRTI收入复旦大学附属儿科医院的患儿呼吸道标本中MP和CT的DNA,并分析2种病原体感染患儿的临床特征与实验室检查结果。在1312份深部鼻咽分泌物标本中,MP和CT检出率分别为7.85%(103/1312)和2.97%(39/1312)。MP在5岁以上患儿中的检出率为33.33%(30/90),而CT在3个月以内患儿中的检出率为6.28%(31/494)。MP感染后易出现40℃以上高热,较少发生发绀与重症呼吸道感染;白细胞计数常无明显升高,但C反应蛋白升高较多见。CT感染后40℃以上高热和重症呼吸道感染少见,C反应蛋白升高也较少见。结果提示,在5岁以上儿童的社区获得性ALRTI中,MP是重要的病原体;而在3个月以内儿童中,CT为常见病原体之一。     

136例急性呼吸道感染患儿病原菌特点及鼻咽分泌物中呼吸道合胞病毒和人偏肺病毒基因分析

目的 分析136例急性呼吸道感染患儿的病原菌特点,并对患儿鼻咽分泌物中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、人偏肺病毒(hMPV)进行检测,为后续研究提供参考。 方法 选择2017年1月至2019年4月我院收治的136例急性呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,分析患儿呼吸道感染病原菌分布、耐药性,并对不同性别、年龄和感染部位患儿鼻咽分泌物中hMPV和RSV基因进行检测。 结果 136例急性呼吸道感染患儿共检出病原菌164株,其中革兰阴性菌占70.73%(116/164),革兰阳性菌占25.00%(41/164),真菌占4.27%(7/164);以铜绿假单胞菌(26.22%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(17.07%)、大肠埃希菌(15.24%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(12.20%)为主。药敏试验显示,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌均对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌哃/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星的耐药性较低(耐药率0.05)。1~2岁患儿hMPV检出率最高,0~5岁患儿RSV检出率较高。喘息性支气管炎、毛细支气管炎患儿hMPV检出率均较高,支气管肺炎、毛细支气管炎患儿RSV检出率均较高。 结论 急性呼吸道感染患儿病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,应结合病原菌的药敏试验结果为患儿选择更有针对性的药物进行治疗。此外,应重视患儿RSV、hMPV感染情况,采取科学有效的方式对急性呼吸道感染进行预防和治疗。     

Selective infection of lower respiratory tract by respiratory viruses in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections.

Thirty preschool children presenting with recurrent respiratory infections and their unaffected siblings were observed prospectively for a year. The index children experienced more episodes of acute respiratory infection than their siblings. Respiratory viruses were the major cause of respiratory infections. The index children had lower respiratory tract disease, predominantly wheeze, during 34% of proved respiratory virus infections compared with 11% of such infections experienced by the control children (p less than 0.02). Atopic children had an increased tendency to wheeze that did not reach significance, but atopy was not associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.     

Hypoxaemia in young Kenyan children with acute lower respiratory infection.

OBJECTIVES--To determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome of hypoxaemia in acutely ill children with respiratory symptoms. DESIGN--Prospective observational study. SETTING--Paediatric casualty ward of a referral hospital at 1670 m altitude in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS--256 Infants and children under 3 years of age with symptoms of respiratory infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Prevalence of hypoxaemia, defined as arterial oxygen saturation < 90% determined by pulse oximetry, and condition of patient on the fifth day after admission. RESULTS--Over half (151) of the children were hypoxaemic, and short term mortality was 4.3 times greater in these children. In contrast, the relative risk of a fatal outcome in children with radiographic pneumonia was only 1.03 times that of children without radiographic pneumonia. A logistic regression model showed that in 3-11 month old infants a respiratory rate > or = 70/min, grunting, and retractions were the best independent clinical signs for the prediction of hypoxaemia. In the older children a respiratory rate of > or = 60/min was the single best clinical predictor of hypoxaemia. The presence of hypoxaemia predicted radiographic pneumonia with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 55%. CONCLUSIONS--Over half the children presenting to this referral hospital with respiratory symptoms were hypoxaemic. A group of specific clinical signs seem useful in predicting hypoxaemia. The clear association of hypoxaemia with mortality suggests that the detection and effective treatment of hypoxaemia are important aspects of the clinical management of acute infections of the lower respiratory tract in children in hospital in developing regions.     

Vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in Saudi children with acute lower respiratory tract infection

Molecular Biology Reports - There is a significant association exists between vitamin D deficiencies, low respiratory tract infections, and certain types of VDR gene polymorphism. Various studies...     

Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in Bogota, 2001

Severity of acute respiratory infection is higher in developing countries, especially among the socioeconomically underprivileged. Viral pneumonias are more common, especially among children. A prospective hospital-based case control study was undertaken in Bogota between November 2000 and August 2001, aimed to identify factors related to severe low acute respiratory infection (SLARI). Cases were limited to children aged between 2 months and 5 years who filled WHO criteria for SLARI. Controls were children at the same hospital with ARI in a similar age range, but without symptoms of chest drawing. A total of 638 children (277 cases and 361 controls) were included. The most important risk factors included the following: living in borrowed houses (odds ratio (OR) = 2.7; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.06-7.07), sharing the bed (OR = 1.88, CI: 1.0-3.7), living with more than 9 people (OR = 1.82, CI: 1.0-3.51), and living with smokers (OR = 1.4, CI: 1.0-2.05). Of the 114 samples collected (from children at third day after beginning of symptoms), 98 had viruses, sincitial respiratory virus was the most frequently identified virus (41.8%), followed by influenza A virus (3.1%) and influenza B virus (1%). All positive isolates for influenza A and B were sent to the United States Center for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, where they were classified as influenza A/PANAMA/2007/99-like and influenza B/SICHUAN/379/99-like, respectively.     

Rapid detection and clinical features of infants and young children with acute lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus

During December to the end of February of 2003 and 2004, a total of 282 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from infants and young children admitted to the Buraidah Maternity and Pediatric Hospital, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia, and clinically diagnosed as suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infections. The aspirates were tested for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus using direct fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody assay. Of the 282 specimens, 128 (45.4%) were found to be positive for respiratory syncytial virus. The most positive specimens came from patients less than one year old (51.3%), and were associated with bronchopneumonia (56.7%) or bronchiolits (55.4%). Coughing (100%) and tachpnea (98%) were significantly more frequent in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection, followed by wheezing, crepitation and retraction, each representing 66%. Three deaths were reported. The availability of a rapid viral diagnostic assay will be an important tool for physicians to make more accurate treatment decisions and therefore reduce unnecessary antibiotic usage and hospital stay for the patients.     

院内呼吸科下呼吸道感染病原学及耐药性结果分析

目的分析大连市第五人民医院2009年呼吸科送检1160例次痰标本细菌检查情况,为临床提供感染数据以及合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法按常规方法将临床送检的痰标本进行细菌培养、分离。使用BIO-FOSUN微生物鉴定药敏分析系统进行细菌鉴定及抗生素敏感试验。结果一年来共收痰标本1160例次,检出病原菌253例次,阳性率为21.8%。病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌83株,铜绿假单胞菌57株,乙酸钙不动杆菌29株,阴沟肠杆菌14株,粘质沙雷菌13株,大肠埃希菌10株,,金黄色葡萄球菌5株等。大多数革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南较敏感,对头孢菌素类均有不同程度的耐药。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素敏感,对其他抗生素有不同程度的耐药。结论该院呼吸科患者下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,常见病原菌耐药性未呈现高水平、多重耐药情况。提示临床医生应与检验科密切配合,关注细菌感染情况,根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗生素。