基于渗透压调控的纽莫康定B_0发酵动力学

以海洋丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis Q45为研究对象,研究不同渗透压条件下Glarea lozoyensis Q45的生长、底物甘露醇消耗以及纽莫康定B_0的生产特性。基于Logistics方程、Luedeking-Piret方程和Luedeking-Piret-Like方程,得到了描述纽莫康定B_0发酵模型的动力学参数。基于发酵动力学模型,提出了在菌体生长稳定期添加1.61 g/L Na Cl的调控策略。在该策略下,纽莫康定B_0的产量达到1.75 g/L,比初始条件的结果提高24.6%。     

丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis SIIA-F1108产纽莫康定B0发酵条件的研究

【目的】采用响应面法优化丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis SIIA-F1108发酵生产纽莫康定B_0培养基,提高发酵产量;通过氮源优化,降低发酵液菌体浓度,改善发酵过程的溶氧水平。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法进行培养基优化,筛选出对纽莫康定B_0产量具有显著影响的因素;通过最陡爬坡实验及Box-Behnken设计,并利用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行回归分析,得到优化的发酵培养基配方;通过对优化培养基中氮源组分进行全因子实验,最终得到高产量和低菌体浓度发酵培养基。【结果】实验数据表明:甘露醇、脯氨酸和葡萄糖对纽莫康定B_0产量影响最大;最佳浓度分别为甘露醇167.3 g/L、脯氨酸26.1 g/L、葡萄糖28.5 g/L。采用优化后的培养基进行摇瓶发酵,纽莫康定B_0产量达到了1 840 mg/L,较优化前提高了42%,与预测结果一致。用硫酸铵部分替换棉籽饼粉后,发酵液菌体浓度降低,在100 L发酵罐上对优化后的结果做了进一步的验证,纽莫康定B_0产量达到1 980 mg/L。【结论】模型预测值与实验值有较高吻合度,具备较高可信度和显著性,发酵产量提高了42%,响应面实验设计和分析方法能够有效地用于丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis SIIA-F1108产纽莫康定B_0发酵培养基进行优化。通过调整培养基中的氮源组成,降低了发酵液菌体浓度,改善了发酵过程的溶氧水平。     

去甲基万古霉素菌种低温冷冻、冷干保藏条件优化及10 年菌种保藏效果

【目的】针对去甲基万古霉素产生菌不耐保藏的问题,改进菌种保藏方法,对超低温液氮保藏、-80°C低温冷冻保藏、冷干保藏方法跟踪考察10年保藏稳定性,评价不同保藏方法对去甲基万古霉素产生菌的保藏适用性。【方法】采用甘油作基础保护剂进行超低温液氮保藏和-80°C低温冷冻保藏,采用脱脂牛奶作基础保护剂进行冷干保藏,针对超低温液氮保藏进行降温速率考察,研究非渗透性冷冻保护剂海藻糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)等对3种保藏方法的冻存影响,对优选出的保藏方法进行10年跟踪考察。【结果】3种保藏方法冻后菌种存活率依次为:-80°C低温冷冻保藏超低温液氮保藏冷干保藏。液氮保藏最适降温速率为快速冷冻。优选出最佳保护剂配方:超低温液氮保藏为甘油8.0%,海藻糖3.5%;-80°C低温冷冻保藏为甘油6.0%,PVP 5.0%;冷干保藏为脱脂牛奶,6.0%海藻糖。采用优化保藏条件,液氮保藏10年存活率稳定在70.6%,菌种发酵水平为入藏水平的92.9%。【结论】在优化条件下,尤以超低温液氮保藏适合于去甲基万古霉素产生菌长期保藏。     

菌种保藏方法对裂殖壶菌生长及发酵性能的影响

考察保护剂、保藏温度及预冷冻方法对Schizochytrium sp.HX-308菌种存活率及发酵性能保持的影响。结果显示:在-80℃低温保藏6个月后,渗透性保护剂的细胞存活率均比非渗透性保护剂高了5%,其中用60%(质量分数)海藻糖的保护剂最终的株细胞存活率达到80.02%,明显优于其他保护剂。采用液氮-196℃保藏菌种(两步预冷冻法、60%海藻糖保护剂),存储6个月后存活率高达90.70%,生物量、油产量和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)产量分别达到了61.65、26.41和11.10 g/L,为最优的保藏方法,为裂殖壶菌的实验室研究及工业化生产提供了一种长期安全的保藏法。     

酒酒球菌液氮超低温保存

【目地】为安全、长期的保藏酒酒球菌,本文研究了菌体生长时间、冷冻方法、解冻温度、菌密度以及保护剂等对酒酒球菌细胞冷冻存活率的影响,找到最优液氮超低温保存方法。【方法】采用平板计数法测定冷冻存活率。【结果】实验结果表明酒酒球菌的最佳保存方法为:首先在稳定期前期离心收集菌体;其次加入保护剂(20 g/L酵母浸提物,40V/V甘油,20 g/L蔗糖,30 g/L谷氨酸钠)稀释菌体,使菌密度为109CFU/mL;然后直接投入液氮冷冻;最后在37℃温水浴中迅速解冻。保存6个月后,其中21株酒酒球菌的冷冻存活率达到99%以上。【结论】初步研究表明酵母浸提物,甘油,蔗糖,谷氨酸钠复合保护剂对酒酒球菌的保护效果较好,液氮超低温保存可用于酒酒球菌的长期保存。     

定期转种法和低温冷冻法保藏致病真菌活性的能力比较

定期转种法和低温冷冻保存法是临床实验室最常用的两种真菌保存方法,为比较两种方法保藏致病真菌活性的能力,本研究使用两种保藏方法对实验室689株致病真菌保藏5年后进行检测。定期转种法是将菌落接种于马铃薯斜面培养基并将其储存在4℃冰箱,每6个月转种1次。低温冷冻法是挑取马铃薯斜面培养基上生长良好的菌落于无菌10%甘油中,放置在-80℃储存。保藏5年后,将两种方法保藏的菌株转种复苏,比较菌株的复活率。对于念珠菌属Candida、新生隐球菌Cryptococcus neoformans、毛癣菌属Trichophyton、曲霉属Aspergillus和孢子丝菌属Sporothirix真菌,两种方法的菌株复活率无统计学差异;对于小孢子菌属Microsporum真菌和马尔尼菲蓝状菌Talaromyces marneffei,使用低温冷冻法保藏的菌株复活率高于定期转种法保藏的菌株复活率;对于着色霉属Fonsecaea真菌,低温冷冻法保藏的菌株复活率低于定期转种法保藏的菌株复活率。因此,我们认为对于常见致病真菌的长期保藏,使用10%甘油作为保护剂的低温冷冻法优于定期转种法,但其不适用于着色霉属Fonsecaea真菌的长期保藏。     

以甘油为唯一碳源的氧化葡糖杆菌适应性驯化及催化合成米格列醇中间体6NSL

氧化葡糖杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)来源的山梨醇脱氢酶可催化N-羟乙基葡萄糖胺合成6-脱氧-6-氨基(N-羟乙基)-α-L-呋喃山梨糖,即合成降血糖药物米格列醇的关键中间体。本文采用适应性驯化策略,以甘油为唯一碳源,通过40 g/L、60 g/L、80 g/L和100 g/L甘油梯度连续传代培养,筛选获得了一株以甘油为碳源的高活力菌株G.oxydans A-3-D,扫描电镜结果表明该细胞表面褶皱较原始菌株有显著增加。在80 g/L甘油培养基摇瓶培养24 h后,菌体浓度为4.58 g DCW/L,山梨醇脱氢酶的发酵体积酶活与比酶活分别为原始菌株G.oxydans ZJB-605的1.3倍及1.5倍。此外,在摇瓶培养条件下对影响催化反应进程的关键因素进行了考查,结果表明在摇瓶体系中,G.oxydans A-3-D的最适催化反应条件为80.0 g/L底物、2.0 g DCW/L菌体细胞、20 mmol/L Mg~(2+)浓度,15℃反应48 h后底物转化率达到90.8%,6NSL累积浓度为72.6 g/L,较G.oxydans ZJB-605有显著提升。     

双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD在谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中的功能

【目的】通过改造谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD,减弱尿苷酰去除酶的活性,增强NH_4~+的转运和利用,提高L-精氨酸的合成。【方法】本文对来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的突变菌株JNR中的双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD进行整合突变,采用同源重组的方法将H_(414)和D_(415)位点突变为两个丙氨酸AA,在此菌株的基础上过量表达PII蛋白GlnK,并对其进行尿苷酰化研究,离子色谱检测摇瓶发酵过程中NH4+的浓度,并对最终的改造菌株进行连续流加发酵分析。【结果】该双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶在谷氨酸棒杆菌中成功进行整合突变,有效减弱了尿苷酰去除酶的活性;同时过表达PII蛋白GlnK,其酰基化程度明显增强。摇瓶发酵结果表明菌株L4消耗NH_4~+增加,L-精氨酸产量为36.2±1.2 g/L,比对照菌株L3高出22.7%。5-L发酵罐实验结果显示改造菌株L4的L-精氨酸的产量为52.2 g/L,较野生型菌株L0提高了25.3%。【结论】谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-精氨酸的过程中氮源是必不可少的。减弱GlnD尿苷酰去除酶的活性后,胞内尿苷酰化的GlnK-UMP增加,GlnK-UMP与氮转录调控因子AmtR结合,转运至胞内的NH_4~+浓度提高,促使L-精氨酸产量显著提高。     

生物转化高浓度甘油生产1,3-二羟基丙酮及分批发酵动力学

以生物柴油生产的高浓度副产物甘油为唯一碳源筛选甘油高耐受性1,3-二羟基丙酮(DHA)高产菌株,运用响应面与正交试验优化菌株产DHA条件,提高DHA产量。分子生物学鉴定表明:筛选的高产DHA菌种G40为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)菌株,DHA产量为29.46g/L。响应面分析和正交试验优化后,在甘油224.22g/L、K_2HPO_41.60g/L、NaCl0.5g/L、KH_2PO_40.5g/L、(NH_4)_2SO_40.5g/L、酵母膏1.60g/L和pH7.2、35℃、200r/min的条件下,G40菌株发酵60h产生DHA86.84g/L,比优化前提高了194.8%。实验建立了一种利用高浓度甘油高效率发酵生产DHA的方法。     

全球陆地生态系统光合作用与呼吸作用的温度敏感性

基于全球647套通量数据,定量分析了全球尺度下生态系统光合作用和呼吸作用的温度敏感性(Q10)随纬度、气候和植被的分布规律。结果表明:在全球尺度下,光合作用和呼吸过程的温度敏感性(Q10,G和Q10,R)都随纬度的升高而增加,其中Q10,G和Q10,R的均值分别为3.99±0.21和2.28±0.074。除热带多树草原、常绿落叶林外,Q10,G均大于Q10,R值。不同植被类型的温度敏感性存在显著性差异,表现为:针叶林阔叶林;落叶林常绿林,其中生态系统的季节性变异是造成差异的主要原因。当植被类型和纬度区域共同影响Q10值时,植被类型对Q10值的总变异贡献更大。气候类型对Q10,G和Q10,R都有显著影响。在气候带上,干旱带的Q10,G最小,而冷温带的Q10,G最高。不同气候类型下(除温带草原气候外)的Q10,G都大于Q10,R。在极端条件下,温度可能不在是主导因素,而水分对温度敏感性的影响不可忽略,今后的研究需要更多的关注生态系统温度敏感性对水分变化的响应。     

Interaction of the Thermoplasma acidophilum A1A0-ATP synthase peripheral stalk with the catalytic domain

The peripheral stalk of the archaeal ATP synthase (A₁A₀)-ATP synthase is formed by the heterodimeric EH complex and is part of the stator domain, which counteracts the torque of rotational catalysis. Here we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe the interaction of the C-terminal domain of the EH heterodimer (E_CT1H_CT) with the N-terminal 23 residues of the B subunit (B_NT). The data show a specific interaction of B_NT peptide with 26 residues of the E_CT1H_CT domain, thereby providing a molecular picture of how the peripheral stalk is anchored to the A₃B₃ catalytic domain in A₁A₀.

Structured summary

MINT-7260681: Hct (refseq:NP_393485), Ect1 (uniprotkb:Q9HM68) and Bnt (uniprotkb:Q9HM64) physically interact (MI:0915) by nuclear magnetic resonance (MI:0077)     

Inhibition of PI3K by ZSTK474 suppressed tumor growth not via apoptosis but G0/G1 arrest

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a potential target in cancer therapy. Inhibition of PI3K is believed to induce apoptosis. We recently developed a novel PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 with antitumor efficacy. In this study, we have examined the underlying mode of action by which ZSTK474 exerts its antitumor efficacy. In vivo, ZSTK474 effectively inhibited the growth of human cancer xenografts. In parallel, ZSTK474 treatment suppressed the expression of phospho-Akt, suggesting effective PI3K inhibition, and also suppressed the expression of nuclear cyclin D1 and Ki67, both of which are hallmarks of proliferation. However, ZSTK474 treatment did not increase TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. In vitro, ZSTK474 induced marked G₀/G₁ arrest, but did not increase the subdiploid cells or activate caspase, both of which are hallmarks of apoptosis. These results clearly indicated that inhibition of PI3K by ZSTK474 did not induce apoptosis but rather induced strong G₀/G₁ arrest, which might cause its efficacy in tumor cells.     

Subunit a of the F1F0 ATP Synthase Requires YidC and SecYEG for Membrane Insertion

The insertion of inner membrane proteins in Escherichia coli occurs almost exclusively via the SecYEG pathway, while some membrane proteins require the membrane protein insertase YidC. In vitro analysis demonstrates that subunit a of the F₁F₀ ATP synthase (F₀a) is strictly dependent on Ffh, SecYEG and YidC for its membrane insertion but independent of the proton motive force. The insertion of the first transmembrane segment of F₀a also depends on Ffh and SecYEG but not on YidC, whereas the insertion is strongly dependent on the proton motive force, unlike the full-length F₀a protein. These data demonstrate an extensive role of YidC in the assembly of the F₀ sector of the F₁F₀ ATP synthase.     

Mutagenic Analysis of the F 0 Stator Subunits

The a and b subunits constitute the stator elements in the F₀ sector of F₁F₀-ATP synthase.Both subunits have been difficult to study by physical means, so most of the information onstructure and function relationships in the a and b subunits has been obtained using mutagenesisin combination with biochemical methods. These approaches were used to demonstrate thatthe a subunit in association with the ring of c subunits houses the proton channel throughF₁F₀-ATP synthase. The map of the amino acids contributing to the proton channel is probablycomplete. The two b subunits dimerize, forming an extended flexible unit in the peripheralstalk linking the F₁ and F₀ sectors. The unique characteristics of specific amino acid substitutionsaffecting the a and b subunits suggested differential effects on rotation during F₁F₀-ATPaseactivity.     

Interaction of media components during bioreactor sterilization: definition and importance of R0

Summary Sterilization of bioreactor media, to destroy viability of the indigenous microbial population, is normally accomplished by autoclaving, or heating with pressurized steam. However, simultaneous chemical changes in media can also be expected to result from the high temperatures. A kinetic procedure involving on-line computer calculation of heat input, designated asF ₀ values, was previously developed to estimate sterility achievement. A similar kinetic procedure, based on a general purpose Arrhenius pseudo rate equation and designated asR ₀ values, has now been designed to evaluate, and control the effects of temperature and heating time on chemical reactions occurring in the media. Data are presented indicating thatR ₀ may be a useful parameter for reducing variability in culture metabolism and scale-up when these variations result from different nutrient concentrations produced by non-standard heating during media sterilization in stirred bioreactors.     

The molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis by F1F0-ATP synthase

ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation, catalyzed by F₁F₀-ATP synthase, is the fundamental means of cell energy production. Earlier mutagenesis studies had gone some way to describing the mechanism. More recently, several X-ray structures at atomic resolution have pictured the catalytic sites, and real-time video recordings of subunit rotation have left no doubt of the nature of energy coupling between the transmembrane proton gradient and the catalytic sites in this extraordinary molecular motor. Nonetheless, the molecular events that are required to accomplish the chemical synthesis of ATP remain undefined. In this review we summarize current state of knowledge and present a hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis.     

In vitro and in vivo studies of F0F1ATP synthase regulation by inhibitor protein IF1 in goat heart

A method has been developed to allow the level of F₀F₁ATP synthase capacity and the quantity of IF₁ bound to this enzyme be measured in single biopsy samples of goat heart. ATP synthase capacity was determined from the maximal mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis rate and IF₁ content was determined by detergent extraction followed by blue native gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-IF₁ antibodies.Anaesthetized open-chest goats were subjected to ischemic preconditioning and/or sudden increases of coronary blood flow (CBF) (reactive hyperemia). When hyperemia was induced before ischemic preconditioning, a steep increase in synthase capacity, followed by a deep decrease, was observed. In contrast, hyperemia did not affect synthase capacity when applied after ischemic preconditioning. Similar effects could be produced in vitro by treatment of heart biopsy samples with anoxia (down-regulation of the ATP synthase) or high-salt or high-pH buffers (up-regulation). We show that both in vitro and in vivo the same close inverse correlation exists between enzyme activity and IF₁ content, demonstrating that under all conditions tested the only significant modulator of the enzyme activity was IF₁. In addition, both in vivo and in vitro, 1.3-1.4 mol of IF₁ was predicted to fully inactivate 1 mol of synthase, thus excluding the existence of significant numbers of non-inhibitory binding sites for IF₁ in the F₀ sector.     

The effect of F0 inhibitors on the Vibrio alginolyticus membrane ATPase

The inhibition of membrane ATPase from the marine alkalotolerant bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus by DCCD, triphenyltin and venturicidin was studied. DCCD proved to be an irreversible inhibitor, while venturicidin and triphenyltin produced a reversible inhibitory effect. The DCCD-binding proteolipid was identified in the membrane preparations. The effect of the inhibitors on ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Na⁺-transport in V. alginolyticus subcellular vesicles is discussed.     

In intact leaves, the maximum fluorescence level (FM) is independent of the redox state of the plastoquinone pool: A DCMU-inhibition study

The effects of DCMU (3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) on the fluorescence induction transient (OJIP) in higher plants were re-investigated. We found that the initial (F₀) and maximum (F_M) fluorescence levels of DCMU-treated leaves do not change relative to controls when the treatment is done in complete darkness and DCMU is allowed to diffuse slowly into the leaves either by submersion or by application via the stem. Simultaneous 820 nm transmission measurements (a measure of electron flow through Photosystem I) showed that in the DCMU-treated samples, the plastoquinone pool remained oxidized during the light pulses whereas in uninhibited leaves, the F_M level coincided with a fully reduced electron transport chain. The identical F_M values with and without DCMU indicate that in intact leaves, the F_M value is independent of the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. We also show that (i) the generally observed F₀ increase is probably due to the presence of (even very weak) light during the DCMU treatment, (ii) vacuum infiltration of leaf discs leads to a drastic decrease of the fluorescence yield, and in DCMU-treated samples, the F_M decreases to the I-level of their control (leaves vacuum infiltrated with 1% ethanol), (iii) and in thylakoid membranes, the addition of DCMU lowers the F_M relative to that of a control sample.     

Structure and function of preQ1 riboswitches

PreQ₁ riboswitches help regulate the biosynthesis and transport of preQ₁ (7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine), a precursor of the hypermodified guanine nucleotide queuosine (Q), in a number of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Queuosine is almost universally found at the wobble position of the anticodon in asparaginyl, tyrosyl, histidyl and aspartyl tRNAs, where it contributes to translational fidelity. Two classes of preQ₁ riboswitches have been identified (preQ₁-I and preQ₁-II), and structures of examples from both classes have been determined. Both classes form H-type pseudoknots upon preQ₁ binding, each of which has distinct unusual features and modes of preQ₁ recognition. These features include an unusually long loop 2 in preQ₁-I pseudoknots and an embedded hairpin in loop 3 in preQ₁-II pseudoknots. PreQ₁-I riboswitches are also notable for their unusually small aptamer domain, which has been extensively investigated by NMR, X-ray crystallography, FRET, and other biophysical methods. Here we review the discovery, structural biology, ligand specificity, cation interactions, folding, dynamics, and applications to biotechnology of preQ₁ riboswitches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Riboswitches.