阳离子脂质体介导基因转染肿瘤细胞

使用基因转运载体运载肿瘤细胞进行转染是基因治疗的关键环节之一。Lipo-fectamine2000和DOTAP作为商品转染试剂,具有较高的转染效率。为了进一步发掘其作为基因转运载体的应用潜力,该文研究了Lipofectamine2000和DOTAP的粒径、Zeta电位及形态,并分别与绿色荧光蛋白基因（pGFP—N2）、荧光素酶基因（pGL3）结合,形成脂质体／DNA复合物,通过载入人喉癌细胞（Hep-2）和人肺癌细胞（NCI—H460）,考察了其转染效率和细胞毒性。结果表明,脂质体Lipofectamine2000与DOTAP都能有效压缩DNA,形成复合物。Lipofectamine2000与DOTAP井目比,转染效率高,与DNA最佳转染比例范围为2：1～4：1。毒性实验显示,在N／P大于3／l时,Lipofectamine2000与DOTAP对癌细胞具有一定的细胞毒性。细胞种类对脂质体的转染效率有很大影响,Lipo—fectamine2000对Hep－2细胞的转染效率比NcI—H460高。     

基于RNA干扰CMTM7 对肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨基于RNA干扰CMTM7对肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡的影响。方法:选择肺腺癌A549细胞株分为si RNA组、阴性对照组与空白对照组,在对数生长的A549细胞中转染RNA干扰CMTM7载体、脂质体空载体和不进行转染,观察A549细胞的生长、凋亡与细胞周期状况。结果:MTT实验显示si RNA转染组的抑制率明显高于阴性对照组和空白对照组(P0.05),阴性对照组与空白对照组的对比无明显差异(P0.05)。流式细胞术实验表明si RNA转染组的细胞凋亡率明显高于阴性对照组和空白对照组(P0.05),阴性对照组与空白对照组的对比无明显差异(P0.05)。流式细胞术实验表明si RNA转染组的G0/G1期细胞数目较阴性对照组和空白对照组增多明显(P0.05),同时si RNA转染组的S、G2/M期细胞数目较阴性对照组和空白对照组明显减少(P0.05),阴性对照组和空白对照组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:RNA干扰CMTM7能够促进肺腺癌A549细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,其作用机制可能通过干扰细胞周期而实现。     

胆固醇嵌入式阳离子脂质体运载基因研究

阳离子脂质体是一种有临床应用潜力的抗肿瘤药物递药系统,助类脂能起到稳定双层膜和降低阳性成分毒性的作用,同时提供阳性类脂的细胞渗透功能。为了进一步发掘助类脂的应用潜力,该文采用胆固醇(cholesterol)作为助类脂制备阳离子脂质体,测定了脂质体的粒径及Zeta电位,脂质体的平均粒径为100~140 nm,Zeta电位为45~60 mV。脂质体分别与绿色荧光蛋白基因(pGFP-N2)、荧光素酶基因(pGL3)结合,形成脂质体/DNA复合物,通过载入人喉癌细胞(Hep-2),考察了其转染效率和细胞毒性。结果表明,阳离子类脂与胆固醇以1:1、1:2和1:4摩尔比例混合制备脂质体均能高效转染Hep-2细胞。毒性实验显示,阳离子类脂单独存在时对癌细胞具有一定的细胞毒性,随着胆固醇的加入,脂质体对细胞的毒性明显减小,与商品试剂DOTAP和Lipofectamine 2000相当。     

阳离子脂质体诱导的细胞氧化应激损伤

人工合成制备的阳离子脂质体作为一种重要的基因和药物载体,具有很多优点,但其对细胞的毒性作用机制尚不明确,严重影响其临床应用。该文对阳离子脂质体是否通过诱导细胞产生氧化应激反应,进而导致细胞毒性的相关作用机制进行了研究。实验使用人肺癌细胞(NCI-H460)和人胚肺正常细胞(MRC-5),采用CCK-8法、活性氧簇(ROS)荧光标记形态学观察、流式细胞术定量测定及活性氧簇自由基检测等方法,研究对比了三种头部结构不同,连接键和疏水尾部均相同的阳离子脂质体细胞毒性作用机制。这三种脂质体分别由三肽头部的N,N-双十四烷氧酰胺乙基三聚鸟氨酸酰胺(CDO14)、单季铵盐头部的N,N-双十四烷氧酰胺乙基-N,N-二甲基碘化铵(CDA14)和双季铵盐头部的1,2-双-[N-十四烷氧酰胺乙基-N,N-二甲基碘化铵]乙烷(CTA14)制备。研究结果表明,三种阳离子脂质体诱导的超氧化物、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、羟自由基(?OH)、一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(MDA)等ROS均与作用剂量呈正相关,其中CDA14和CTA14高浓度处理组(0.10 μmol/L和0.20 μmol/L)与低浓度处理组(0.05 μmol/L常规转染浓度)及空白对照组相比差异极显著,而CDO14只在0.20 μmol/L处理组有显著差异,且三种脂质体对NCI-H460细胞的氧化应激损伤值均高于MRC-5细胞。因此,肽头部脂质体CDO14产生的氧化应激损伤远小于单季铵盐头部脂质体CDA14,而CDA14又小于双季铵盐头部脂质体CTA14。综上所述,阳离子脂质体诱导的细胞氧化应激损伤与其头部结构和剂量密切相关。该研究为阳离子脂质体的生物安全性及新型阳离子类脂结构设计提供科学参考。     

哺乳动物中RNA干扰沉默基因表达的研究进展

RNA干扰及相关基因沉默导致的代谢通路变化已经彻底改变了人们对基因调控的理解。基因沉默技术已经被用来作为一种研究工具来控制某些细胞基因的表达,特异的si RNA导入不同的细胞需要不同的转染载体才能达到最大的转染效率,并且不会产生较大的细胞毒性。近年来尤其是碳纳米管等新型纳米材料载体的应用拓展了人们对传统脂质体和病毒载体的认识。首先介绍RNA干扰技术及其发展历程,随后对利用几种不同的载体来设计和进行RNA干扰试验进行了比较,最后对最初的脂质体到生物病毒再到高分子纳米材料介导的RNA干扰在疾病的治疗和临床诊断进行了展望。     

蔗糖脂肪酸酯型阳离子脂质体的制备及基因转运性能研究

该文采用蔗糖脂肪酸酯(sucrose fatty acid esters,SEs)作为助脂质与季铵盐型阳离子脂质1,2-双-[N-十四烷氧酰胺乙基-N,N-二甲基碘化铵](CTA14)制备阳离子脂质体,测定了脂质体的粒径及Zeta电位,脂质体的平均粒径为210~230 nm,Zeta电位为50~65 mV。DNA延滞实验表明,蔗糖脂肪酸酯型脂质体能够有效压缩DNA。阳离子脂质体与绿色荧光蛋白基因(plasmid green fluorescent protein-N2,p GFP-N2)结合,形成脂质体/DNA复合物,通过载入人喉癌细胞(Hep-2)和人宫颈癌细胞(Hela),观察其转染效率和细胞毒性。结果表明,阳离子脂质与SEs以质量比1:1、2:1混合制备的脂质体均能高效转染Hep-2和Hela细胞。毒性实验显示,SEs对两种细胞的毒性很小,阳离子脂质单独存在时对癌细胞具有一定的细胞毒性,随着SEs加入量的增加,脂质体对的细胞毒性也明显减小。该文进一步证实了SEs能够作为助脂质用于基因载体系统进行基因转运。     

小鼠GP73敲低质粒的构建

目的:用p SUPER-NEO空载体构建可以敲低小鼠高尔基蛋白73(m GP73)表达的重组质粒p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA,并鉴定其功能。方法:合成靶向m GP73基因区的3条小干扰RNA(si RNA)m GP73-si RNA1、m GP73-si RNA2和m GP73-si RNA3,通过细胞实验挑选干扰效率大于60%的si RNA,用于合成能够敲低m GP73的重组质粒;重组载体经双酶切和测序鉴定正确后转染4T1细胞,检测转染质粒后细胞内m GP73的m RNA水平;将重组质粒p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA经尾部静脉注射小鼠体内,测定小鼠胃组织中m GP73的m RNA水平。结果:构建了p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA重组质粒;在转染该载体后,小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞m GP73的m RNA表达下调43%;小鼠体内注射该载体后,胃组织中m GP73的m RNA表达受抑制率为33%。结论:构建了针对m GP73敲低的p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA质粒,可以较明显地下调鼠细胞系和小鼠胃组织m GP73的表达。     

阳离子脂质体对HepG2.2.15细胞病毒分泌、毒性及凋亡的影响

目的:探讨阳离子脂质体作为基因治疗药物载体对HepG2.2.15细胞的病毒分泌、毒性及凋亡的研究.方法:以2.5、5.0、7.510.0 μL/mL浓度的阳离子脂质体转染HepG2.2.15细胞,共温育10 d,ELISA法检测细胞上清中HBsAg和HBeAg含量的变化.转染48 h后,MTT法检测阳离子脂质体对细胞的毒性、荧光显微镜检测细胞凋亡情况.结果:各个剂量组阳离子脂质体对HepG2.2.15细胞均有抑制作用,其中10 μL/mL组在第10 d对HBsAg、HBeAg抑制率分别达31.5%、29.9%,表现出较高的毒性作用.2.5、5.0、7.5 10.0 μL/mL阳离子脂质体转染HepG2.2.15细胞后,MTT检测结果显示其细胞存活率分别为82.14%、77.62%、77.4%、61.9%.荧光显微镜下可见各浓度组均有凋亡,且随脂质体剂量增加细胞凋亡数增加.结论:阳离子脂质体能抑制HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBsAg和HBeAg,其毒性及诱导凋亡作用呈剂量和时间依赖性.作为基因治疗药物载体时,剂量宜小于7.5 μL/mL.     

沉默BCAT1对肺癌细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的影响

目的:研究BCAT1在肺癌细胞A549的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力中的作用。方法:通过小干扰RNA(si RNA)沉默A549细胞中BCAT1的表达,细胞分为对照组(Con)、BCAT1基因沉默组(si RNA-BCAT1)和si RNA阴性对照组(si RNA-NC)。利用Western blot检测si RNA对BCAT1的沉默效果;划痕愈合实验检测沉默BCAT1后A549细胞迁移能力的改变;Transwell小室侵袭实验检测沉默BCAT1后A549细胞侵袭能力的变化;MTT实验检测沉默BCAT1对A549细胞增殖能力的影响。结果:与Con组相比,si RNA-BCAT1组的BCAT1蛋白表达明显降低(P0.05),细胞划痕愈合率明显降低(P0.05),能够穿膜的细胞数明显减少(P0.05),而Con组和si RNA-BCAT1组细胞的增殖能力比较差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:沉默BCAT1抑制A549细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,而对其增殖能力无影响。     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B6基因启动子活性检测条件的优化

旨在用阳离子脂质体介导携带有pGL3-Basic报告基因的棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B6启动子pGL-CYP6B6-promoter重组质粒转染Sf9细胞,对启动子活性的检测条件进行优化。将长度为999 bp的棉铃虫CYP6B6基因启动子亚克隆至荧光素酶报告载体pGL3-Basic上,提取无细胞内毒素的质粒,转染处于对数生长期的昆虫细胞Sf9,通过检测荧光素酶的表达量验证启动子的活性。对转染后的检测时间、加入转染质粒的量,转染质粒与内对照质粒pRL-TK的比例分别进行了优化,进而确定检测的最优条件。结果表明,转染后的最适检测时间为24 h,转染质粒的最适用量为3.2μg,报告质粒与内对照质粒用量的比例为10 1时转染效率最高。     

Transfection property of a new cholesterol-based cationic lipid containing tri-2-hydroxyethylamine as gene delivery vehicle

A novel cholesterol-based cationic lipid containing a tri-2- hydroxyethylamine head group and ether linker (Chol- THEA) was synthesized and examined as a potent gene delivery vehicle. In the preparation of cationic liposome, the addition of DOPE as helper lipid significantly increased the transfection efficiency. To find the optimum transfection efficiency, we screened various weight ratios of DOPE and liposome/DNA (N/P). The best transfection efficiency was found at the Chol-THEA:DOPE weight ratio of 1:1 and N/P weight ratio of 10~15. Most of the plasmid DNA was retarded by this liposome at the optimum N/P weight ratio of 10. The transfection efficiency of Chol-THEA liposome was compared with DOTAP, Lipofectamine, and DMRIE-C using the luciferase assay and GFP expression. Chol-THEA liposome with low toxicity had better or similar potency of gene delivery compared with commercial liposomes in COS-7, Huh-7, and MCF-7 cells. Therefore, Chol-THEA could be a useful non-viral vector for gene delivery.     

Proteolipidic vectors for gene transfer to the lung

In order to develop improved synthetic gene transfer vectors, we have synthesized bifunctional peptides composed of a DNA binding peptide (P2) and ligand peptides selected by the phage display technique on tracheal epithelial cells. We have evaluated the capacity of these peptides to enhance the gene transfer efficiency of the cationic lipid DOTAP to the mouse lung. To optimize the in vivo transfection efficiency, we first compared the efficiency of DOTAP to transfect the lung by either intravenous injection or aerosolization. We then tested DNA/Peptide/DOTAP complexes formed at different Peptide/DNA and DOTAP/DNA charge ratios. Under optimal conditions, precompaction of DNA by peptide P2 gave a higher expression in the mouse lung using the luciferase reporter gene than DOTAP/DNA complexes. A further increase of transfection efficiency was obtained with the bifunctional peptide P2-9. Experiments performed with the GFP reporter gene showed expression in the alveolar parenchyme.     

Synthesis and optimization of cholesterol-based diquaternary ammonium Gemini Surfactant (Chol-GS) as a new gene delivery vector

Amongst a number of potential nonviral vectors, cationic liposomes have been actively researched, with both gemini surfactants and bola amphiphiles reported as being in possession of good structures in terms of cell viability and in vitro transfection. In this study, a cholesterol-based diquaternary ammonium gemini surfactant (Chol-GS) was synthesized and assessed as a novel nonviral gene vector. Chol-GS was synthesized from cholesterol by way of four reaction steps. The optimal efficiency was found to be at a weight ratio of 1:4 of lipid:DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-L-alpha- glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine), and at a ratio of between 10:1~15:1 of liposome:DNA. The transfection efficiency was compared with commercial liposomes and with Lipofectamine, 1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethylhydroxyethylammonium bromide (DMRIE-C), and N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]- N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP). The results indicate that the efficiency of Chol-GS is greater than that of all the tested commercial liposomes in COS7 and Huh7 cells, and higher than DOTAP and Lipofectamine in A549 cells. Confirmation of these findings was observed through the use of green fluorescent protein expression. Chol-GS exhibited a moderate level of cytotoxicity, at optimum concentrations for efficient transfection, indicating cell viability. Hence, the newly synthesized Chol-GS liposome has the potential of being an excellent nonviral vector for gene delivery.     

靶向诱骗受体3的小干扰RNA抑制人结肠癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的实验研究

目的：以脂质体为载体,探讨靶向诱骗受体3（DcR3）的小干扰RNA（siRNA）对人结肠癌SW480细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的抑制作用。方法：裸鼠背部皮下种植结肠癌SW480细胞,建立结肠癌SW480细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型;针对靶标DcR3基因,利用Dharmacon公司的软件设计合成siRNA序列,通过瘤体局部多点注射脂质体与DcR3siRNA混合物,将DcR3siRNA转染到裸鼠背部皮下移植瘤内,同时设立阴性对照组和空白对照组;观察肿瘤治疗前后体积变化,评价DcR3siRNA对肿瘤的抑制作用;比较肿瘤治疗前后的细胞形态学改变;免疫组织化学及RT-PCR检测DcR3基因表达;原位细胞凋亡检测肿瘤的凋亡。结果：治疗组肿瘤体积明显小于对照组,肿瘤组织内坏死面积增大,细胞凋亡率显著增高,DcR3蛋白表达水平降低;治疗过程中裸鼠生长良好,无明显毒性反应。结论：脂质体介导的DcR3siRNA对裸鼠皮下结肠癌SW480细胞移植瘤有明显的抑制、杀伤作用,细胞凋亡是DcR3siRNA致肿瘤细胞死亡的重要形式。     

Evaluation and optimization of DNA delivery into gliosarcoma 9L cells by a cholesterol-based cationic liposome

This paper reports results concerning the transfection of gliosarcoma cells 9L using an original cholesterol-based cationic liposome as carrier. This cationic liposome was prepared from triethyl aminopropane carbamoyl cholesterol (TEAPC-Chol) and a helper lipid, dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE). The used concentration of liposome was not cytotoxic as revealed by the MTT test. TEAPC-Chol/DOPE liposomes allowed the plasmids encoding reporter genes to enter the nucleus as observed both by electron microscopy and functionality tests using fluorescence detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luminometric measurements of luciferase activity. By changing the cationic lipid/DNA molar charge ratio, optimal conditions were determined. Further, improvement of the transfection level has been obtained by either precondensing plasmid DNA with poly-l-lysine or by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the transfection medium. The optimal conditions determined are different depending on whether the transfection is made with cells in culture or with tumors induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of cells in Nude mice. For in vivo assays, a simple method to overcome the interference of haemoglobin with the chemiluminescence intensity of luciferase has been used. These results would be useful for gaining knowledge about the potential for the cationic liposome TEAPC-Chol/DOPE to transfect brain tumors efficiently.     

Evaluation and optimization of DNA delivery into gliosarcoma 9L cells by a cholesterol-based cationic liposome

This paper reports results concerning the transfection of gliosarcoma cells 9L using an original cholesterol-based cationic liposome as carrier. This cationic liposome was prepared from triethyl aminopropane carbamoyl cholesterol (TEAPC-Chol) and a helper lipid, dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE). The used concentration of liposome was not cytotoxic as revealed by the MTT test. TEAPC-Chol/DOPE liposomes allowed the plasmids encoding reporter genes to enter the nucleus as observed both by electron microscopy and functionality tests using fluorescence detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luminometric measurements of luciferase activity. By changing the cationic lipid/DNA molar charge ratio, optimal conditions were determined. Further, improvement of the transfection level has been obtained by either precondensing plasmid DNA with poly-L-lysine or by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the transfection medium. The optimal conditions determined are different depending on whether the transfection is made with cells in culture or with tumors induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of cells in Nude mice. For in vivo assays, a simple method to overcome the interference of haemoglobin with the chemiluminescence intensity of luciferase has been used. These results would be useful for gaining knowledge about the potential for the cationic liposome TEAPC-Chol/DOPE to transfect brain tumors efficiently.     

应用siRNA技术探讨MCF-7乳腺癌细胞分泌的VEGF对树突状细胞的影响

为探讨MCF-7乳腺癌细胞分泌的血管内皮生长因子（ vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）对树突状细胞（dendritic cell, DC）功能及其分化的影响,针对VEGF基因设计siRNA（small interfering RNA, siRNA),采用脂质体转染法以100 nmol/L最佳转染浓度导入MCF-7乳腺癌细胞（siRNA组）,以脂质体Lipofectamine　2000TM转染MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清培养正常DC作为对照（对照组）,采用ELISA法检测经siRNA 干扰VEGF基因后的MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞分泌的VEGF因子含量, Western 印迹检测VEGF蛋白表达,以探讨siRNA的基因沉默效果;以siRNA组和对照组培养上清分别培养外周血单个核细胞,用流式细胞仪检测所诱导DC表型CD1a、CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达,用MTT法检测转染前后两组DC 诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL）对MCF-7细胞的细胞毒作用.结果显示,MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清能明显抑制正常DC分化成熟及抗原递呈能力,干扰VEGF基因后MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清对DC的影响明显降低,CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达较对照组显著升高,而CD1a表达下降（P＜0.01）.转染前后DC 诱导的CTL对MCF-7细胞的杀伤活性有明显差异（P＜0.01）.由此可见,siRNA可靶向抑制MCF-7乳腺癌细胞VEGF的表达,下调VEGF后的MCF-7 细胞上清对DC分化成熟及功能的抑制作用明显降低,从而推测VEGF在肿瘤的发生、发展和免疫抑制方面可能起着重要的作用.     

trans-2-Aminocyclohexanol-based amphiphiles as highly efficient helper lipids for gene delivery by lipoplexes

Lipidic amphiphiles equipped with the trans-2-aminocyclohexanol (TACH) moiety are promising pH-sensitive conformational switches (“flipids”) that can trigger a lipid bilayer perturbation in response to increased acidity. Because pH-sensitivity was shown to improve the efficiency of several gene delivery systems, we expected that such flipids could significantly enhance the gene transfection by lipoplexes. Thus a series of novel lipids with various TACH-based head groups and hydrocarbon tails were designed, prepared and incorporated into lipoplexes that contain the cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonio-propane (DOTAP) and plasmid DNA encoding a luciferase gene. B16F1 and HeLa cells were transfected with such lipoplexes in both serum-free and serum-containing media. The lipoplexes consisting of TACH-lipids exhibited up to two orders of magnitude better transfection efficiency and yet similar toxicity compared to the ones with the conventional helper lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) or cholesterol. Thus, the TACH-lipids can be used as novel helper lipids for efficient gene transfection with low cytotoxicity.