谈昆虫浸渍液标本的改进

经过多年的探索与研究,在原有的标本制作方法上,通过改进发明一种新昆虫浸渍液标本的保存方法．其试用效果十分理想。弥补了过去2种传统模式方法保存标本的一些不足。本标本的制作方法值得运用推广。     

昆虫幼虫空壳干燥标本制作

昆虫幼虫标本,通常用浸制法,不便于移动和演示。采用空壳干燥法,制作简单.便于演示。现以蚕为例简介其制法。 1. 取三眠幼蚕,放入小烧杯内。烧杯内放入浸有乙醚的脱脂棉球,密封杯口,麻醉幼蚕。2. 取出麻醉的蚕,放入解剖盘。用解剖针插在末端,挑起蚕体,均匀地洒一层透明胶硬化蚕体。     

硅胶填充昆虫幼虫标本制作方法

介绍一种利用硅胶填充制作昆虫幼虫标本的方法。将活体昆虫幼虫经过去内脏、填充硅胶、整形和干燥制成昆虫幼虫标本。该方法制作的标本形态生动,保存性与保色性好,并且制作简便、成本低,有利于观赏和教学。     

昆虫幼虫标本的采集和制作

本刊1954年6月号,曾发表过昆虫標本的採集制作和保存方法,详尽的介绍了全部制作昆虫標本的过程。这对于昆虫学的教学或研究工作,起了很大的作用。此外昆虫幼虫的標本同样是昆虫学;或与昆虫有关的各种学科不可缺少的研究材料,特别是农业和林业方面的虫害情况调查中,常常需要採集幼虫标本,以观察幼虫的形态和表示幼虫为害的经过。幼虫标本的採集对象主要是鳞翅目昆虫,其次是其他完     

甘蔗标本的浸渍方法

一、种根是由母茎节上的根点发育而成。这时的母茎内含有一定的糖分,新蔗芽还未形成绿色。标本浸演时先把着生新蔗芽的母茎挖出,浸入水中,轻轻洗净附着在上面的泥土,切勿触断种根和蔗芽,然后把其放在5％的福尔马林溶液中固定两周。在此期间,从母茎中会渗出大量糖分,使固     

浸渍植物标本的几点体会

一、精心选材 选取合适的植物材料,是使标本浸渍成功的重要前提。我们注意选取新鲜,颜色纯正,无病虫斑,特征典型,具代表性的植物材料。例如:辣椒,选取红色果实带绿色叶片,红番茄绿果柄带宿存萼,黄瓜、西葫芦选取有子房下位果和雌雄花健全的带须瓜蔓,樱桃红果带绿叶,文冠果绿枝绿果,白菜花序带有角果和黄花。这样选取的植物材料,形态特征典型,容易识别,浸渍出的标本具有真实感。     

昆虫幼虫吹胀标本的改进制作法

将幼虫放在废纸上,头向操作者,背向上,用玻璃管(或竹管)压在虫体上面,先由中间开始向尾端滚压,使肠翻出,挤出部分粪便,再沿头后向尾端滚压,挤出全部粪便。注意滚压时速度要慢些,以免肠壁破裂。将打气针(篮球打气用的,文化用品商店有售)或9号左右的注射针头(应将针尖磨成钝圆)粗的一端装在双连球(医药商店有售)的皮管上,左手的食指和拇指轻轻的捏住翻出的肠壁,右手将气针插进肠口,插得深一些。用线在靠近肛门处将肠缚在针头上。此时,用双连球     

四种荒漠植物保色浸渍标本实验研究

利用浸制标本能较长时间地保持原植物的形态、色泽、质地。以CuSO₄溶液浓度的不同梯度,选用L₉(3⁴)表进行4种荒漠植物保色浸渍标本正交试验研究,结果表明梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bge.）在15%CuSO₄、沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.）在10%CuSO₄溶液、中麻黄（Ephedra intermedia Schrenk）在5%CuSO₄溶液、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.）在5%CuSO₄溶液中浸渍效果最佳,推导出的最优配方与试验结果有很好的拟合性,有一定的实验价值。     

昆虫标本害虫防治新的方法

昆虫标本害虫防治新的方法昆虫标本害虫的防治是标本室工作的重点和难点。在近几年来的标本管理中发现，用市售灭蚊、蝇杀虫汽雾剂如威力普高效杀虫剂效果较为理想。方法是：将标本盒打开，将杀虫剂均匀喷洒在标本上，然后马上盖上盖儿，密封两周时间，害虫即可１００％窒...     

过塑制作昆虫标本的简易方法

过塑制作昆虫标本的简易方法《生物学通报））１９９３年第６期登载了林晓生的“过塑法制作鳞翅目昆虫标本”一文。在上述方法的启发下,我们改用电熨斗过塑制作昆虫标本,此方法简便、价廉,在标本的保存及展示上有同于上法的优点,现介绍如下：门）把采集来的昆虫按所需...     

A Novel Technique for Identifying the Instar of Field-Collected Insect Larvae

Many field studies of insects have focused on the adult stage alone, likely because immature stages are unknown in most insect species. Molecular species identification (e.g., DNA barcoding) has helped ascertain the immature stages of many insects, but larval developmental stages (instars) cannot be identified. The identification of the growth stages of collected individuals is indispensable from both ecological and taxonomic perspectives. Using a larval–adult body size relationship across species, I present a novel technique for identifying the instar of field-collected insect larvae that are identified by molecular species identification technique. This method is based on the assumption that classification functions derived from discriminant analyses, performed with larval instar as a response variable and adult and larval body sizes as explanatory variables, can be used to determine the instar of a given larval specimen that was not included in the original data set, even at the species level. This size relationship has been demonstrated in larval instars for many insects (Dyar’s rule), but no attempt has been made to include the adult stage. Analysis of a test data set derived from the beetle family Carabidae (Coleoptera) showed that classification functions obtained from data sets derived from related species had a correct classification rate of 81–100%. Given that no reliable method has been established to identify the instar of field-collected insect larvae, these values may have sufficient accuracy as an analytical method for field-collected samples. The chief advantage of this technique is that the instar can be identified even when only one specimen is available per species if classification functions are determined for groups to which the focal species belongs. Similar classification functions should be created for other insect groups. By using those functions together with molecular species identification, future studies could include larval stages as well as adults.     

Transgenic Plants for Insect Pest Control: A Forward Looking Scientific Perspective

One of the first successes of plant biotechnology has been the creation and commercialisation of transgenic crops exhibiting resistance to major insect pests. First generation products encompassed plants with single insecticidal Bt genes with resistance against major pests of corn and cotton. Modelling studies predicted that usefulness of these resistant plants would be short-lived, as a result of the ability of insects to develop resistance against single insecticidal gene products. However, despite such dire predictions no such collapse has taken place and the acreage of transgenic insect resistance crops has been increasing at a steady rate over the 9 years since the deployment of the first transgenic insect resistant plant. However, in order to assure durability and sustainability of resistance, novel strategies have been contemplated and are being developed. This perspective addresses a number of potentially useful strategies to assure the longevity of second and third generation insect resistant plants.     

Microtubule Associated Proteins in Plants and the Processes They Manage

Microtubule associated proteins （MAPs） are proteins that physically bind to microtubules in eukaryotes. MAPs play important roles in regulating the polymerization and organization of microtubules and in using the ensuing microtubule arrays to carry out a variety of cellular functions. In plants, MAPs manage the construction, repositioning, and dismantling of four distinct microtubule arrays throughout the cell cycle. Three of these arrays, the cortical array, the preprophase band, and the phragmoplast, are prominent to plants and are responsible for facilitating cell wall deposition and modification, transducing signals, demarcating the plane of cell division, and forming the new cell plate during cytokinesis. This review highlights important aspects of how MAPs in plants establish and maintain microtubule arrays as well as regulate cell growth, cell division, and cellular responses to the environment.     

冬虫夏草蝠蛾幼虫对几种植物的嗅觉反应初步研究

植食性昆虫主要利用嗅觉、味觉、视觉和触觉等对寄主植物进行选择,而植物挥发物是引导植食性昆虫寄主定向行为的主要因素。利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测试康定虫草蝠蛾Hepialus armoricanus二龄幼虫对适生地的几种植物材料的嗅觉反应;并用欧式距离和Q型聚类法对供试植物进行相似性分析和聚类分析。结果表明:蝠蛾幼虫对几种植物材料表现出强弱不同的趋性反应;根据植物的相似性可将供试植物分为4类,且同一类植物引导蝠蛾幼虫产生相似的嗅觉反应。     

Influence of Insect Larvae and Plant Roots on the Host-finding Behaviour of Heterorhabditis megidis

We studied the host-finding and dispersion behaviour of Heterorhabditis megidis (strain NLHE 87.3) in the presence of Galleria mellonella or Otiorhynchus sulcatus larvae and strawberry roots. In large Petri dishes (19 cm diameter) filled with moist sand (8% w/w), and incubated at 15°C over 24 h, infective juveniles (IJs) responded positively to the presence of G. mellonella , to roots of a single strawberry plant and to O. sulcatus larvae in direct contact with roots of a single strawberry plant. A neutral or negative response was observed when IJs were presented with only O. sulcatus larvae or a combination of several strawberry plants with O. sulcatus larvae, either in contact or not in contact with the roots. IJs responded strongly to the combination of plant roots and feeding larvae indicating that the tritrophic interaction formed by IJs - O. sulcatus larvae - strawberry plants may be an infochemical-mediated interaction.     

抗虫转基因植物的研究进展及前景

虫害对农业生产的危害日益严重。目前对害虫的防治主要依赖于化学药物,但化学药物的副作用不容忽视。利用植物基因工程获得抗虫转基因植物是更具前景的途径。目前主要利用的抗虫基因是苏云金杆菌的δ－内毒素基因和植物来源的抗虫基因（如蛋白酶抑制剂基因、淀粉酶抑制剂基因、凝集素基因等）,各种抗虫基因在转基因应用中各有其优缺点,如苏云金杆菌δ－内毒素基因在植物中表达水平低。随着抗虫转基因植物在大田中的应用,昆虫的抗性或适应性问题也随之产生,这将是转基因植物发展道路上又一挑战。     

A Trichrome Stain for Insect Material

Deparaffinized insect sections are brought down to water and overstained in a 0.1% solution of azocarmine G in 1% acetic acid. They are then destained in a saturated solution of orange G until the azocarmine G is removed from the endocuticle and the latter is colored pale yellow. After washing, the sections are transferred to a 5.0 % solution of phosphotungstic acid in water for 3 min. They are then rinsed in distilled water and stained in a 0.1% solution of methyl green in 1% acetic acid until the endocuticle is green. Differentiation is done in 2 changes of 95% alcohol. The sections are then dehydrated either in absolute alcohol or dioxane, cleared in a mixture of “camsal”, eucalyptol, dioxane, and paraldehyde (1:2:2:1), and mounted in Mohr and Wehrle's medium, a mountant of the Euparal type.     

Inorganic Nitrogen Derived from Foraging Honey Bees Could Have Adaptive Benefits for the Plants They Visit

In most terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for plant growth. Honey bees may help alleviate this limitation because their feces (frass) have high concentration of organic nitrogen that may decompose in soil and provide inorganic N to plants. However, information on soil N processes associated with bee frass is not available. The objectives of this work were to 1) estimate the amount of bee frass produced by a honey bee colony and 2) evaluate nitrogen mineralization and ammonia volatilization from bee frass when surface applied or incorporated into soil. Two cage studies were conducted to estimate the amount of frass produced by a 5000-bee colony, and three laboratory studies were carried out in which bee frass, surface-applied or incorporated into soil, was incubated at 25^oC for 15 to 45 days. The average rate of bee frass production by a 5,000-bee colony was estimated at 2.27 to 2.69 g N month⁻¹. Nitrogen mineralization from bee frass during 30 days released 20% of the organic N when bee frass was surface applied and 34% when frass was incorporated into the soil. Volatilized NH₃ corresponded to 1% or less of total N. The potential amount of inorganic N released to the soil by a typical colony of 20,000 bees foraging in an area similar to that of the experimental cages (3.24 m²) was estimated at 0.62 to 0.74 g N m⁻² month⁻¹ which may be significant at a community scale in terms of soil microbial activity and plant growth. Thus, the deposition of available N by foraging bees could have adaptive benefits for the plants they visit, a collateral benefit deriving from the primary activity of pollination.     

白桦的遗传转化及转基因植株的抗虫性

应用农杆菌介导法首次向白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)基因组中导入抗虫基因[蜘蛛杀虫肽与苏云金杆菌杀虫毒蛋白基因(Bt基因)C肽序列的嵌合基因].转化结果表明:共培养2 d的脱菌及防止腐烂的效果和转化率均高,液体共培养及液体除菌优于固体共培养及固体除菌;最佳外植体为大叶片;侵染2个月之后产生抗性愈伤组织,转化率达到22%.卡那霉素抗性植株中,GUS阳性率为43%.进行杀虫肽和nptⅡ基因的PCR(聚合酶链式反应)均检测出目的带.转化植株目的基因的PCR Southern(DNA印记杂交)杂交呈阳性,证明获得了转基因植株.初步的喂虫试验表明转基因白桦具有一定的抗虫性.