不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性\[β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β 1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)\]的影响.结果表明：施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34%;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域坡地土壤养分分布特征

坡地土壤质量退化以及生产力下降是限制坡地植被恢复的主要因素,而坡地土壤质量和生产力在很大程度上取决于土壤养分状况。通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤养分分布特征,结果表明坡地土壤主要养分含量均随土壤层次的加深而降低,其中以有机碳和全氮降低最多,而硝、铵态氮和全磷降低较少;坡地不同土层土壤有机碳和全氮表现出较大的变异性,土壤铵态氮和全磷的变异较小。0．005～0．05mm土壤颗粒含量随土层加深而增加,0．05～1mm颗粒含量随土层加深而降低;〈0．005mm土壤颗粒含量在0～40cm土层变异很大,而0．005～0．05mm和0．05～1mm的土壤颗粒在所有土层变异都很小。有机碳、全氮、全磷和〈0．005mm颗粒从坡顶向下呈增加的趋势,其分布与坡度和坡长有关,其变异性随坡度和坡长的增加而增大。坡面较长时,〈0．005mm颗粒易于在坡面中、下部累积,坡度较大时则易于迁移出坡面。坡面土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷均在坡底部富集,其富集程度和位置因坡长和坡度而异,长缓坡有利于养分富集,短陡坡利于养分迁出。坡度较小时坡面不同位置土壤养分剖面分布主要由坡面土壤性质变异引起,随坡度的增加,土壤侵蚀便逐渐成为坡面养分分布的主导因子。坡上部碳、氮养分流失的深度也随坡度的增加而加深,而不同坡位全磷的剖面分布与坡度的关系较差。因此,在坡地土壤养分调控中必须综合考虑坡度和坡长因素。     

Quantitative effects of wind erosion on the soil texture and soil nutrients under different vegetation coverage in a semiarid steppe of northern China

Many studies reported the influence of wind erosion on soil degradation and the effect of vegetation coverage on preventing wind erosion. However, fewer studies have quantitatively measured the grassland soil particle size fractions and nutrients’ loss caused by wind erosion under different vegetation coverage. Aims: We conducted a field experiments to (1) to explore the effect of vegetation coverage on soil wind erosion; (2) examine quantitatively the effects of wind erosion on soil texture, and determine the most erodible particles fraction of soil; (3) to examine quantitatively the soil carbon, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus loss caused by wind erosion under different vegetation coverage. Methods: Six vegetation coverage treatments (0 %, 15 %, 35 %, 55 %, 75 % and 95 %) were constructed. To be able to monitor wind erosion status under more diverse weather conditions, three consecutive repeat experiments under different weather condition were conducted. Results: The results show that all the residue soil samples after wind erosion became coarser than that of original soil samples. The degree of change for the soil particle size distribution before and after wind erosion gradually increased with the less of vegetation coverage. The critical particle size for distinguishing the original soil sample and the residue soil after wind erosion occurred in the range of 125 μm and 210 μm depending on the vegetation cover. The fractions below or above the critical particle size are either easy to deplete or favoured by wind erosion, respectively. The most reduction occurs between 50 and 90 μm depending on the different weather condition and vegetation coverage. Due to the disproportionately greater amounts of nutrients in the fine soil particles, the preferential depletion of fine particles directly lead to a preferentially significant depletion of organic carbon and nutrients. The organic carbon and nutrient contents in the residue soil after erosion decreased significantly compared to that in the original soil. The soil nutrient loss ratio decrease significantly with the increase of vegetation coverage. Conclusions: Wind erosion is an important factor to affect the evolution of soil texture and soil nutrient. Vegetation coverage has a major impact on both preventing wind erosion and decreasing loss ratio of fine particles and nutrients. If we want to effectively protect the fine particles and nutrients, the vegetation cover should be maintained at least above 35 %.     

砷矿区农田土壤微生物群落碳源代谢多样性

采用Biolog方法研究了砷(As)矿区农田土壤微生物碳源利用多样性及其与土壤化学性质的关系.结果表明： 3种土壤的N、P、K、有机质(OM)、Cu和Zn全量依次为中As > 高As > 低As土壤.中As和高As土壤微生物平均吸光度以及多样性指数(H′、D、U)显著高于低As土壤.主成分分析与生理碳代谢指纹图谱分析表明,中As和高As土壤微生物对糖类、氨基酸类等碳源的利用程度显著高于低As土壤.典范对应分析显示,影响土壤微生物群落碳源代谢的主要有全P、OM、全Pb、全Zn、全N和pH,全As并不是最主要的影响因子.可见,养分是影响长期污染土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性的主要因素.     

Distribution of soil organic matter between fractions and aggregate size classes in grazed semiarid steppe soil profiles

Grazed steppe ecosystems are discussed as one of the big global carbon sinks that may have the potential to sequester large amounts of atmospheric CO₂ and mitigate the effects of global change if grazing is abandoned or management improved. But until today, little is known about sequestration potentials and stabilisation mechanisms in complete soil profiles of semiarid grasslands and how these systems react to grazing cessation. We applied a combined aggregate size, density and particle size fractionation procedure to sandy steppe soils under different grazing intensities (continuously grazed = Cg, winter grazing = Wg, ungrazed since 1999 = Ug99, ungrazed since 1979 = Ug79). Higher inputs of organic matter in ungrazed treatments led to higher amounts of OC in coarse aggregate size classes (ASC) and especially in particulate organic matter (POM) fractions across all depth. These processes started in the topsoil and took more than 5 years to reach deeper soil horizons (>10 cm). After 25 years of grazing cessation, subsoils showed clearly higher POM amounts. We found no grazing-induced changes of soil organic matter (SOM) quantity in fine ASC and particle size fractions. Current C-loading of fine particle size fractions was similar between differently grazed plots and decreased with depth, pointing towards free sequestration capacities in deeper horizons. Despite these free capacities, we found no increase in current C-loading on fine mineral soil fractions after 25 years of grazing exclusion. Silt and clay fractions appeared to be saturated. We suppose empirical estimations to overestimate sequestration potentials of particle size fractions or climatic conditions to delay the decomposition and incorporation of OM into these particle size fractions. POM quality was analysed using solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy to clarify if grazing cessation changed chemical composition of POM in different ASC and soil depths via changing litter quality or changing decomposition dynamics. We found comparable POM compositions between different grazing intensities. POM is decomposed hierarchically from coarse to fine particles in all soil depths and grazing cessation has not affected the OM decomposition processes. The surplus of OM due to grazing cessation was predominately sequestered in readily decomposable POM fractions across all affected horizons. We question the long-term stabilisation of OM in these steppe soils during the first 25 years after grazing cessation and request more studies in the field of long-term OM stabilisation processes and assessment of carbon sequestration capacities to consider deeper soil horizons.     

喀斯特森林土壤养分的空间异质性及其对树种分布的影响

以贵州省茂兰国家级自然保护区喀斯特峰丛坡面中原生性常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象, 以建立的100 m × 100 m样地的群落学调查数据和基于网格取样的土壤养分数据为基础, 采用半方差函数、Kriging空间插值和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)等方法分析了喀斯特森林土壤养分的空间异质性特征及其对树种分布的影响。结果表明: 喀斯特峰丛坡面土壤养分的变异系数为10%-80%, 变异程度中等。各土壤养分指标均具有良好的空间自相关性, 其中全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)、全镁(TMg)和pH值呈强烈的空间自相关, 而有机质(OM)、全钙(TCa)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)为中等程度的空间自相关; TCa的空间变异尺度最小, OM、TP和AK的空间变异尺度较大。土壤TK、TP、TCa、TMg、AP和pH值等随着海拔高度的增加和岩石裸露率的降低而逐渐减少, OM则随着海拔高度的增加而趋于增加, 这表明喀斯特地形因子是造成土壤养分空间变异的重要因素。CCA分析表明, 土壤养分的空间变异性显著影响到群落中树种的组成与空间分布, 其中TK、TMg、pH值、TCa和OM的影响最为明显, 体现了不同植物在土壤资源利用上的生态位分化, 这有助于喀斯特森林群落物种多样性与稳定性的维持。     

长期不同施肥模式对双季稻田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对稻田不同耕层(0～10和10～20 cm)土壤酸解有机氮组分及其含量的影响,本研究以长期(36年)定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了单独施用化肥(CF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和不施肥对照(CK)下双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮及其组分氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮、铵态氮和酸解未知氮含量的变化特征及其与土壤全氮、有机碳含量的关系。结果表明: 与CK相比,OM和RF处理均显著增加了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量。OM、RF和CF处理双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮含量均显著高于CK,分别比CK增加10.7%～42.6%和12.2%～51.5%。与CF和CK相比,OM和RF处理显著提高了双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、酸解未知氮和氨基糖氮含量。不同施肥处理稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤酸解有机氮和非酸解性氮含量大小顺序均表现为OM>RF>CF>CK。各施肥处理稻田0～10 cm土壤氨基酸氮、铵态氮、氨基糖氮和非酸解性氮含量均高于10～20 cm土壤。土壤酸解有机氮含量与土壤全氮、有机碳含量均存在极显著的正相关关系。综上,RF和OM处理有利于增加双季稻田0～10和10～20 cm土壤有机氮含量,增强稻田土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力。     

黄土半干旱区坡地土壤水分、养分及生产力空间变异

通过田问取样,分析黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡面土壤水分、养分及其生产力空间变异性及其相关关系．结果表明,坡面0～20cm土层土壤各养分含量均不同程度地高于20～40cm土层,但变异程度却明显低于20～40cm土层,且除全磷外,土壤养分变异程度均明显高于水分．20～40cm土层土壤养分沿坡面向下逐渐增大,而0～20cm沿坡面纵向差异较小．坡面浅沟沟槽处的土壤水分、养分条件最优,但其地上生物量却低于坡顶．虽然纵向坡度(35°～45°)明显大于横向(5°～10°),但横向坡位对土壤养分的影响却明显大于纵向(除20～40cm土层速效磷含量除外),而对水分的影响纵向大于横向．相关分析表明,0～120cm土壤水分与20～40cm土壤养分以及土壤养分之间(0～20cm速效磷除外)均呈极显著相关．坡位对土壤水分、养分及地上生物量有很大影响,但土壤水分、养分对生物量影响不显著．     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅳ.土壤肥力变化

经12年田间试验,各施肥处理耕层土壤的肥力变化表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用基础上,施用适量化肥以平衡土壤养分收支,不仅可实现作物高产,减少过剩养分进入环境,并可改善土壤肥力,表现为明显提高了耕层的有机C,N浓度,不过,在本例中欲保持较高的土壤有效P水平,恐需在平均土壤P收支基础上适当增加P肥施用量。     

干旱区典型盐生植物群落土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布

以干旱区玛纳斯河流域扇缘带为研究区,分析了花花柴(Karelinia caspia)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)4个典型盐生植物群落土壤团聚体的组成及有机碳分布。研究表明:不同植物群落土壤团聚体均以0.25—0.053 mm粒径为主,占了46.7%—74.6%,且与其他粒径差异显著(P0.05),0.25 mm和0.053mm粒径土壤团聚体含量较少,仅占7.8%—43%。梭梭群落0.25 mm团聚体平均含量较高,达32%。不同植被群落土壤总有机碳介于2.01—8.73 g/kg之间,不同粒径团聚体有机碳介于1.70—13.68 g/kg之间。不同群落之间,梭梭和柽柳群落总有机碳和团聚体有机碳含量均相对较高,且随着土层深度下降而下降。不同粒径之间,有机碳含量在0.25—0.053 mm粒径最低,在0.25 mm和0.053 mm粒径中最高,呈现"V"型分布且差异显著(P0.05)。0.25—0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量的贡献率最高,达43.43%,而0.053 mm粒级贡献率较低,但有机碳含量较高,说明了小粒径团聚体对有机碳保护能力较强。土壤有机碳含量与0.25—0.053 mm团聚体含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。而从整体来看,梭梭群落0.25 mm团聚体比例较高,且土壤有机碳和团聚体有机碳含量也较高,说明了在该研究区,梭梭群落聚集土壤养分能力较强,相对其他群落更有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

Biochar co-compost improves nitrogen retention and reduces carbon emissions in a winter wheat cropping system

Organic amendments, such as compost and biochar, mitigate the environmental burdens associated with wasting organic resources and close nutrient loops by capturing, transforming, and resupplying nutrients to soils. While compost or biochar application to soil can enhance an agroecosystem's capacity to store carbon and produce food, there have been few field studies investigating the agroecological impacts of amending soil with biochar co-compost, produced through the composting of nitrogen-rich organic material, such as manure, with carbon-rich biochar. Here, we examine the impact of biochar co-compost on soil properties and processes by conducting a field study in which we compare the environmental and agronomic impacts associated with the amendment of either dairy manure co-composted with biochar, dairy manure compost, or biochar to soils in a winter wheat cropping system. Organic amendments were applied at equivalent C rates (8 Mg C ha⁻¹). We found that all three treatments significantly increased soil water holding capacity and total plant biomass relative to the no-amendment control. Soils amended with biochar or biochar co-compost resulted in significantly less greenhouse gas emissions than the compost or control soils. Biochar co-compost also resulted in a significant reduction in nutrient leaching relative to the application of biochar alone or compost alone. Our results suggest that biochar co-composting could optimize organic resource recycling for climate change mitigation and agricultural productivity while minimizing nutrient losses from agroecosystems.     

青海湖区芨芨草草原土壤养分对翻耕和补播措施的响应

为探究翻耕和补播导致高寒草原土壤养分垂直分布特征变化,以青藏高原青海湖区芨芨草(Achnather?um splendens)草原为实验对象,分析1958年翻耕和1990年补播两种不同的草地恢复措施对高寒草原土壤养分含量及分布特征(0~10,10~20,20~30,30~40,40~60 cm)的影响。结果表明:翻耕、补播措施下土壤有机碳和全钾含量均显著高于原生芨芨草样地(P<0.05),而不利于土壤全氮含量的恢复,两种扰动均有利于芨芨草草原土壤浅层(0~10 cm)速效磷、有机碳养分富集;翻耕后土壤有机碳、全氮和速效钾均随土层深度的增加而降低(P<0.05),全磷、全钾及土壤pH、容重在各土层间差异不显著。相比对照样地,补播导致各土层速效氮养分显著降低(P<0.01),但翻耕和补播扰动均使土壤全钾含量显著升高,深层土(40~60 cm)全氮(TN)含量显著降低(P<0.05);对照原生芨芨草样地,补播后土壤全氮与全磷含量出现显著正相关关系(P<0.05),而翻耕措施导致原有的速效磷与速效氮二者相关性不显著,两种措施均引起土壤养分与容重之间负相关性。翻耕、补播后土壤pH显著降低,扰动使土壤理化性质改变,以及表层速效养分汇集于浅层土壤,将加快土壤养分的周转,输出量增加促进了地上植被恢复,除全钾含量外,以上两种措施引起不同土层全量养分的恢复是一个极其缓慢过程。     

Potential of double-cropped rice ecology to conserve organic carbon under subtropical climate

Understanding the processes of soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation or depletion under different management strategies is vital for maintaining soil health and curbing global warming. Using a 36-year-old fertility experiment under subtropical climate, we investigated the impact of long-term intensive rice–rice cropping system with different managements on the SOC stock. The mechanistic pathway of stabilization of the SOC into different pools, with a tentative C budgeting was also established. Biochemical composition of the organic residues involved, SOC pools of different oxidizability and methane (CH₄) emission were estimated for the experiment conducted using organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Cultivation over the years caused a net decrease in SOC stocks but with balanced fertilization it increased. With increasing depth, the stock decreased on average, to the extent of 50%, 26% and 24% of the total at 0–0.2, 0.2–0.4 and 0.4–0.6 m, respectively. About 4.0% of the crop residues C incorporated into the soil were stabilized into SOC. This was further enhanced (1.6 times) by the application of compost. Carbon loss through CH₄ emission was very low (2.6% of the total). 'Summer fallow' had a positive significant influence on C loss from the system. As much as 29% of the compost C added to the soil was stabilized into SOC mostly in the less-labile or nonlabile recalcitrant pools preferentially in the surface layer of the soil. Large polyphenol and lignin contents of crop residues including compost, and the long period of soil submergence under rice cultivation might have conferred recalcitrant character to the SOC leading to its stabilization in nonlabile pools. This would result into an enrichment of the SOC stock and restriction to the gaseous C loading into the atmosphere.     

Soil organic carbon budget and fertility variation of black soils in Northeast China

Black soils in Northeast China are characteristic of high soil organic carbon (SOC) density and were strongly influenced by human activities. Therefore, any change in SOC pool of these soils would not only impact the regional and global carbon cycle, but also affect the release and immobilization of nutrients. In this study, we reviewed the research progress on SOC storage, budget, variation, and fertility under different scenarios. The results showed that the organic carbon storage of black soils was 646.2 TgC and the most potential sequestration was 2887.8 g m⁻². According to the SOC budget, the net carbon emission of black soils was 1.3 TgC year⁻¹ under present soil management system. The simulation of CENTURY model showed that future climate change and elevated CO₂ concentration, especially the increase of precipitation, would increase SOC content. Furthermore, fertilization and cropping sequence obviously influenced SOC content, composition, and allocation among different soil particles. Long-term input of organic materials such as manure and straw renewed original SOC, improved soil structure and increased SOC accumulation. Besides, soil erosion preferred to transport soil particles with low density and fine size, decreased recalcitrant SOC fractions at erosion sites and increased activities of soil microorganism at deposition sites. After natural grasslands were converted into croplands, obvious variation of soil chemical nutrients, physical structure, and microbial activities had taken place in surface and subsurface soils, and represented a degrading trend to a certain degree. Our studies suggested that adopting optimal management such as conservation tillage in black soil region is an important approach to sequester atmospheric CO₂ and to slow greenhouse effects.     

不同有机废弃物改良新复垦耕地的综合效果评价

由废弃地整理复垦形成的耕地存在土壤有机质和有效养分低、土壤板结、微生物活性弱和土壤耕作性状不良等问题,快速、有效地提高土壤肥力质量是全面提升该类耕地质量和生产性能的重要组成部分.本文通过田间小区试验研究了城郊有机废弃物对新复垦耕地土壤培肥的综合效果,并比较了不同类型城郊有机废弃物在培育耕地质量方面的差异.试验设置了施用等量猪粪、鸡粪、水稻秸秆、蔬菜收获残留物、城市污泥、沼渣、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、生活垃圾堆肥和对照（不施有机肥）9个处理（年用量30 t·hm^-2）,连续进行3年的定点试验.结果表明： 施用任何有机物对改善土壤肥力均有明显的作用.其中,提升土壤碳库管理指数以施用猪粪、鸡粪、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、水稻秸秆和沼渣的效果最为显著;增加土壤水稳定性团聚体和降低土壤容重以施用猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和沼渣的效果最佳;施用污泥、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和生活垃圾堆肥可增强土壤保蓄能力;施用猪粪、鸡粪和猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥对增加土壤有效态养分的效果最为明显;各类有机物均显著提高了土壤微生物数量和酶活性.长期施用污泥、生活垃圾堆肥及畜禽粪存在着土壤重金属污染的风险,但短期施用对土壤环境质量影响不明显.总体上,对土壤肥力的改善效果由大至小依次为：猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>鸡粪>猪粪>沼渣>生活垃圾堆肥>水稻秸秆>城市污泥>蔬菜收获残留物;对土壤的相对污染程度由大至小为：城市污泥>生活垃圾堆肥>猪粪>鸡粪>沼渣>猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>蔬菜收获残留物>水稻秸秆.     

菜园土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质的关系

对广州白云区64个菜园土壤样本的研究表明,微生物碳与土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效钾、阳离子交换量和有机质,微生物氮与土壤全氮、全磷、阳离子交换量及有机质,土壤基础呼吸与土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾、阳离子交换量及有机质,AWCD值与全氮及有机质含量,以及Shannon多样性指数与全氮和阳离子交换量均呈显著正相关关系.较低的碱解氮含量使土壤微生物碳、土壤基础呼吸和呼吸商的值升高,过高的碱解氮则使呼吸商下降;过高的土壤有效磷降低微生物碳、微生物氮和微生物呼吸商.有效磷/碱解氮比值过高降低了土壤微生物碳、微生物氮、微生物碳氮比及土壤基础呼吸.土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质关系密切,有效养分过高及养分比例不适当对土壤微生物均存在不利影响.     

Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition on fatty acid molecular and isotope composition of above‐ and belowground tree biomass and forest soil fractions

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and reactive nitrogen (N) concentrations have been increasing due to human activities and impact the global carbon (C) cycle by affecting plant photosynthesis and decomposition processes in soil. Large amounts of C are stored in plants and soils, but the mechanisms behind the stabilization of plant‐ and microbial‐derived organic matter (OM) in soils are still under debate and it is not clear how N deposition affects soil OM dynamics. Here, we studied the effects of 4 years of elevated (¹³C‐depleted) CO₂ and N deposition in forest ecosystems established in open‐top chambers on composition and turnover of fatty acids (FAs) in plants and soils. FAs served as biomarkers for plant‐ and microbial‐derived OM in soil density fractions. We analyzed above‐ and belowground plant biomass of beech and spruce trees as well as soil density fractions for the total organic C and FA molecular and isotope (δ¹³C) composition. FAs did not accumulate relative to total organic C in fine mineral fractions, showing that FAs are not effectively stabilized by association with soil minerals. The δ¹³C values of FAs in plant biomass increased under high N deposition. However, the N effect was only apparent under elevated CO₂ suggesting a N limitation of the system. In soil fractions, only isotope compositions of short‐chain FAs (C₁₆₊₁₈) were affected. Fractions of ‘new’ (experimental‐derived) FAs were calculated using isotope depletion in elevated CO₂ plots and decreased from free light to fine mineral fractions. ‘New’ FAs were higher in short‐chain compared to long‐chain FAs (C_20?30), indicating a faster turnover of short‐chain compared to long‐chain FAs. Increased N deposition did not significantly affect the quantity of ‘new’ FAs in soil fractions, but showed a tendency of increased amounts of ‘old’ (pre‐experimental) C suggesting that decomposition of ‘old’ C is retarded by high N inputs.     

New approaches to establish optimum moisture content for compostable materials

This paper reports on the persistence of total and immobilised enzyme activities (urease and phosphatase) in a soil amended with organic wastes containing high levels of total-urease and phosphatase activity. Fresh organic materials showed the highest values for both total-enzymatic activities. The addition of organic waste to soil increased both total-enzymatic activities in the soil, which, after 360 days, showed values above those of the control. Immobilised enzymes were also higher in the fresh wastes than in the soil with compost, while the specific enzymatic activity levels (enzymatic activity per unit of carbon) were similar. The immobilised urease activity was greater in the amended soil than in the control. At the beginning of the incubation period, the immobilised urease activity was significantly higher in the soil amended with fresh organic wastes than with compost. However, this activity decreased with incubation, whilst the compost-immobilised urease activity increased with time. The effect of organic amendment on immobilised phosphatase activity was similar to that shown by immobilised urease but less pronounced. The persistence of both enzymes was significantly higher in the soil amended with compost than in that amended with fresh materials.     

长期不同施肥措施对双季稻田土壤活性有机碳组分和水解酶活性的影响

施肥是改善土壤质量、提高土壤肥力和影响土壤微生物多样性的关键措施。为了探明南方双季稻区长期不同施肥处理下稻田土壤活性有机碳组分和水解酶活性的变化特征,本研究以34年大田定位试验为平台,设置化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)3个处理,并以无肥处理为对照(CK),分析了长期不同施肥处理下双季稻田土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳组分、有机碳水解酶活性及其相关性。结果表明: MF、RF和OM处理增加了稻田土壤有机碳含量,分别比CK增加4.5%、22.4%和53.5%。与MF和CK处理相比,RF和OM处理均有利于增加土壤各活性有机碳组分[累积碳矿化(Cmin)、高锰酸钾可氧化碳(KMnO₄-C)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)]和各活性有机碳组分占总有机碳的比例。OM处理土壤Cmin、KMnO₄-C、POC、DOC、LFOC和MBC含量分别比CK增加3.5、3.1、3.7、1.9、1.2和1.9倍;RF和OM处理土壤各活性有机碳组分占总有机碳的比例均显著高于CK。各施肥处理土壤水解酶活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、木糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶和N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄糖苷酶)的大小顺序均为: OM>RF>MF>CK,其中OM处理的各土壤水解酶活性分别比CK增加111.8%、14.1%、127.3%、285.6%和91.4%。RF和OM处理有利于增加土壤过氧化物酶活性,MF处理有利于增加土壤多酚氧化酶活性。土壤水解酶与土壤有机碳含量及其活性有机碳组分均呈显著正相关。综上,有机肥和秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是提高南方双季稻田土壤活性有机碳组分和水解酶活性的有效措施。     

Assessing the agronomic and environmental effects of the application of cattle manure compost on soil by multivariate methods

Multivariate analysis was used for interpreting data from a pot experiment using samples of three Spanish soils. Samples of soil fertilized with compost were compared with untreated control samples. We also compared the effect of adding the compost to soil with a controlled moisture content of 50% of its water holding capacity (WHC), and to a near-saturated soil (95% WHC). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used; they perfectly differentiated sample groups both as a function of the treatment applied and by sampling date. The compost samples were characterized by higher pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM) content and cation exchange capacity (CEC), together with nutrient concentrations than the control pots. The pots with a soil–compost mixture at 95% WHC presented lower values of EC, CEC, inorganic N, K, Na and B than the mixtures at 50% WHC. Multivariate methods may therefore be useful for the analysis and interpretation of a large number of data in soil research.