粤北山区饰纹姬蛙胚后发育的初步观察

初步观察记录了饰纹姬蛙Microhyla ornata胚后发育过程。饰纹姬蛙的卵采于广东韶关小坑国家森林公园,置于人工实验缸中自然孵化,在23.0～28.7℃水温条件下观察饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪胚后发育的过程。该蛙的胚后发育可以分为19期,历时31.1d,对其后肢芽、趾、前肢的发育,以及肛管及尾的变化等方面做了系统的描述,饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的头长、体长、尾长和后肢长度随发育时间的增加而显著增长。     

饰纹姬蛙7个Dmrt基因DM结构域的克隆及序列分析

采用简并PCR技术扩增了饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)Dmrt基因的DM结构域,经分子克隆、SSCP和DNA序列分析,获得了该基因家族的7个成员并分别命名为MoDmrtla、MoDmrtlb、MoDmrt3al、MoDmrt3a2、MoDmrt3a3、MoDmrt3b和MoDmrt5.与不同进化地位其他动物相关的Dmrt基因进行比对和聚类分析,结果显示该基因在系统进化上具有高度的保守性.     

饰纹姬蛙7个Sox基因的克隆及序列分析

采用简并PCR技术,扩增了饰纹姬蛙Sox基因的HMG-box保守区,结果显示其长度和人SRY基因扩增片段大小一致,为220bp左右,且雌雄无差异.经SSCP分析,获得了7个基因(MoSox1、MoSox2a、MoSox2b、MoSox4a、MoSox4b、MoSox12a和MoSox12b),并与进化地位不同的其他动物相关的Sox基因进行了聚类分析.为蛙类性别决定机制的探讨和SOX基因的进化保守性分析提供了分子资料.     

Ultrastructural changes in the embryonic cells of the frog Microhyla ornata after cytochalasin H treatment

Biological effects of cytochalasin H (CH), a newly isolated mould metabolite, have been found to bring about disaggregation of embryonic cells and to inhibit cytokinesis. Disaggregation is known to be a phenomenon related to the cell surface. (The cells are held together by a mucopolysaccharide glycoprotein complex.) In the present work the fact that the mucopolysaccharide glycoprotein surface coat gets affected by CH treatment is confirmed by electron microscopy with the help of Lanthanum, a specific marker, which gets selectively absorbed to the cell surface material and renders it electron dense. The ultrastructural observations indicated the reduction of the cell surface material in treated embryos as compared to the controls. The reappearance of lanthanum-bound cell surface material in the recovered embryos was also observed. However, the exact mechanism of the action of CH on the cell surface remains to be clarified.     

Early developmental profile of ornithine decarboxylase in the frog, Microhyla ornata and its regulation by polyamines

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and polyamine levels were measured during early development of the frog, Microhyla ornata. ODC activity was found to be high and it showed three major peaks during the first 60 hr of development. Putrescine and spermidine levels increased gradually during the above period with little change in spermine. Treatment of developing embryos with exogenous putrescine and spermidine prevented the normal increase in ODC activity. Spermine did not have any significant effect. Addition of ornithine also prevented the increase in ODC activity. Experiment using exogenous ornithine and alpha-methylornithine revealed that formation of putrescine and/or spermidine from ornithine is necessary for the suppression of ODC to occur. Suppression of ODC takes place even if conversion of putrescine to spermidine is blocked, indicating that putrescine, independent of its conversion to spermidine, also plays a role in ODC regulation.     

荔枝果实发育过程中内源多胺含量的变化

荔枝果实中多胺含量以亚精胺(Spd)最高,腐胺(Put)其次,精胺(Spm)最低,三者分别于花后7 d和28 d各出现1个高峰.果皮、假种皮和种子中总多胺含量以各自发育初期为最高,随后急速下降,快速膨大期间的变化则不大.花后0～21 d,单果中Put、Spd和Spm含量最低;花后28 d,出现第1个小高峰;果实快速膨大期Spd含量急剧升高,Put和Spm升高较慢.     

杀虫剂敌敌畏和除草剂丁草胺对饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性实验

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏、除草剂丁草胺对饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)蝌蚪的急性毒性影响。结果表明,杀虫剂敌敌畏对饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的24-h、48-h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为3．91μl／l和1．97μ/l;除草剂丁草胺对饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的24-h LC50和48-h LC50分别为3．37μl／1和1．88μl／1,饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪对丁草胺的敏感性稍大于敌敌畏。     

饰纹姬蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年5月,用SX950录音笔和Praat声音分析软件对浙江丽水繁殖季节饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)求偶鸣声进行录制和特征分析.结果表明,饰纹姬蛙发出的求偶鸣声具有单一谐波鸣声结构、多脉冲(7、9～16)及纺锤形振幅等特征;所有鸣声主频率范围为1.22～4.09 kHz (n=233),且由不同脉冲数组成的鸣声主频率平均值几近相等;叫声时程随脉冲数的增加而增大,脉冲时程在不同脉冲数鸣声中的大小几近相等,但最后一个脉冲的时程大小≤其他脉冲;脉冲间隔与叫声时程则刚好相反,即叫声时程越短,脉冲间隔就越大.在7个脉冲的鸣声中,其脉冲间隔最大,脉冲率最小;而在16个脉冲的鸣声中,脉冲间隔则最小,脉冲率最大.除7个脉冲和16个脉冲鸣声的脉冲率分别与其他鸣声存在显著性差异以外,随着叫声时程和脉冲数的增加,脉冲率也出现相应变化.在声强方面,除16个脉冲鸣声与其余所有的脉冲鸣声出现显著性差异以外,其他脉冲鸣声之间的两两比较差异不显著.丽水种群与其他5个地理种群(杭州、宣城、Kamoor、Bajipe和Padil)的鸣声特征比较显示饰纹姬蛙在不同地理种群的鸣声结构相似,而鸣声主频率、叫声时程、脉冲时程及脉冲率等在6个地理种群种均出现不同程度的差异.了解不同物种的声信号特征有助于更好地理解动物通讯行为及其进化特点.     

上海市城市化梯度上饰纹姬蛙警戒距离的变化

警戒行为是动物对外界风险的一种行为反应,可以提前探测或避开风险以提高生存率,发生警戒行为时动物距外界干扰源的距离则定义为警戒距离。快速城市化发展引起的栖息地改变和人为干扰会对动物的警戒距离产生影响。本研究以饰纹姬蛙（Microhylafissipes）为研究对象,于2020和2021年的5至7月沿上海市城市化梯度,即市区-近郊-郊区,设置22个研究样点,其中,市区3个、近郊10个、郊区9个,共测量100只饰纹姬蛙的警戒距离,包含市区15只、近郊51只及郊区34只,并基于2 km半径景观中不透水表面（包括建筑和道路）占比定义各研究样点的城市化指数,同时获取各研究样点所在区域的人口密度以定义人类活动强度,探究城市化梯度上两栖动物警戒距离变化与城市化发展引起的栖息地与人类活动强度改变之间的关系。研究结果表明,饰纹姬蛙的警戒距离与城市化指数呈显著负相关,与人口密度也呈负相关,但不显著。本研究认为,两栖动物会通过改变警戒距离适应栖息地城市化过程,研究结果有利于理解两栖类行为对城市化的响应机制。     

浙江九龙山发现北仑姬蛙新种群的两性异形

2017年和2018年的4月在浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区发现一种姬蛙,经形态学比较、16S rRNA序列比对及系统发育分析,鉴定为北仑姬蛙(Microhyla beilunensis),是该种的地理新分布。通过测量31只成体(25雌和6雄)的体长、头长、头宽、吻长、鼻间距、眼间距、眼径、前臂及手长、后肢全长和足长10个形态指标,研究该种的两性异形。结果显示,该种具有雌性大于雄性的个体大小两性异形;体长之外的9个局部形态特征均与体长成正相关,去除体长效应后,北仑姬蛙雄蛙前臂及手长显著大于雌蛙,其余形态特征在两性间均无差异;主成分分析(特征值≥1)显示,头长、头宽、吻长、鼻间距、眼间距、眼径、前臂及手长、后肢全长和足长等9个特定体长的形态变量辨析出两个主成分,共解释了原始数据52.5%的变异,头宽和前臂及手长在第一向量上具有较高的正负载系数,且两性形态在第一向量上差异显著,这表明头宽和前臂及手长可用于区分雌雄个体。     

葡萄胚胎发育与败育过程中胚珠的多胺含量变化

花后40~60d期间,种子败育型无核葡萄胚珠的3种多胺含量明显低于有核葡萄,据此认为无核葡萄胚珠中多胺含量急剧下降和较低的多胺水平可能是导致葡萄胚胎败育的重要原因。(Spd Spm)/Put和Spm/PAs比值变化与葡萄胚胎发育密切相关,较低的比值不利于胚胎的正常分化。     

Taxonomic relationships within the pan-oriental narrow-mouth toad Microhyla ornata as revealed by mtDNA analysis (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae)

A molecular phylogenetic survey was conducted using mtDNA sequences of 12S and 16S rRNA, and cyt-b genes to examine taxonomic relationships among populations of the Pan-Oriental microhylid, Microhyla ornata, from India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan. Two discrete clades are recognized within this species, one consisting of populations from India and Bangladesh, and the other encompassing the remaining populations. In the latter clade, populations from the Ryukyu Archipelago are clearly split from the rest (populations from Taiwan and the continent) with considerable degrees of genetic differentiations. Each of the three lineages is judged to represent a good species, and the name Microhyla ornata is restricted to the South Asian populations. For the populations from Taiwan and a wide region from China to Southeast Asia, the name Microhyla fissipes should be applied, whereas the Ryukyu populations are most appropriately referred to as Microhyla okinavensis, although further substantial genetic differentiations are recognized among some island group populations within this last species.     

泽蛙、日本林蛙、饰纹姬蛙不同地理居群的核型多样性

本文研究了温州地区的泽蛙、日本林蛙、饰纹姬蛙的核型,并分析了9个地理居群泽蛙的核型、4个地理居群日本林蛙的核型和3个地理居群饰纹姬蛙的核型。结果表明,不同地理居群的同种蛙均有相同的染色体数和核型模式。泽蛙、日本林蛙都为 2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;饰纹姬蛙 2n=24,NF=48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等都有所不同,说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。故保护蛙品种资源多样性,不仅要从整个群体上考虑,而且要针对每个品种（或类群）进行保护。 Abstract：The karyotypes of Rana limmocharis boie,Rana j.Japonica,and Microhyla ornata from Wenzhou were studied.The karyotypes of nine populations of Rana limmocharis boie,four populations of Rana j.Japonica and three populations of Microhyla ornata from different geographical regions were compared.The results demonstrated that the same species of different geographical populations have the same amount of chromosome and karyotypic formulae. Rana limmocharis boie and Rana j.Japonica have 2n=26,NF=52 and 5＋8 karyotypic formulae.Microhyla ornata has 2n=24,NF=48 and 6＋6 karyotypic formulae.But some dissimilarities were found among them.First,the number and sequence of submetacentric chromosome were different among them,and then the secondary contriction （SC）or satellite （Sat）were also different.It was showed that the chromosomes of same species of different geographical population have diversities.Conservation of frog genetic diversity must be considered of not only the genetic diversity conservation of the total frog population but also that of every frog breed.     

聚乙二醇胁迫下的番茄幼苗内ABA、JA和多胺含量以及多胺氧化酶活性的变化

聚乙二醇模拟的干旱胁迫下,2个品种番茄幼苗根和叶中脱落酸(ABA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量均迅速积累,叶中ABA累积比根中滞后;游离态亚精胺(fSpd)、精胺(fspm)、腐胺(fPut)含量和多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性均先上升,12 h时达到峰值后下降,耐旱性强的品种'毛粉802'幼苗根和叶中积累ABA、JA和spd、Spm的能力明显强于耐旱性弱的品种'皇冠'.'皇冠'的PAO活性提高程度大于'毛粉802'.番茄根和叶中多胺含量和PAO活性呈显著正相关.内源多胺的积累诱导ABA和JA含量的升高,从而导致番茄幼苗的耐旱性增强.     

小弧斑姬蛙胚后发育的初步观察

初步观察记录了小弧斑姬蛙Microhyla heymonsi胚后发育的过程。在22.9～27.3℃的温度条件下,观察了其胚后发育全过程中的形态变化。该蛙胚后发育可划分为19期,历时35.7d。小弧斑姬蛙蝌蚪的头长、体长和后肢长度随发育时间的增加而增长。对其胚后发育各个阶段的后肢芽、趾、前肢的发育,以及尾的变化等方面做了系统的描述。讨论并比较了该蛙和其他蛙胚后发育的特点。     

Polyamine Changes in Reversible Cerebral Ischemia

Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels were measured in the cortex, caudoputamen, and hippocampus of rats during 30 min of severe forebrain ischemia (induced by occlusion of both carotid and vertebral arteries) and subsequent recirculation. During ischemia, polyamine levels did not change significantly. During postischemic recirculation, however, putrescine levels dramatically increased whereas those of spermine and spermidine did not change, with the exception of the severely damaged caudoputamen, where the concentration declined after 24 h. The increase of putrescine is explained by postischemic activation of ornithine decarboxylase and inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. It is suggested that the accumulation of putrescine during postischemic recirculation may be responsible for the delayed neuronal death occurring after ischemia.     

石刁柏胚性细胞诱导过程中的内源激素和多胺含量变化

用高效液相色谱法分析石刁柏愈伤组织胚性细胞诱导过程中不同时期内源激素和多胺含量的结果表明,在胚性细胞诱导过程中,Put和GA3一直呈上升趋势,胚性细胞出现时,IAA、Put和GA3含量都达到最高水平,显示高含量的IAA以及高比例的Pu“（Spd＋Spm）可能有利于胚性细胞的形成。     

采后香蕉果实中多胺含量的变化

以巴西香蕉为试材,研究了果实中主要多胺类型,以及随贮期延长,果皮和果肉中精胺,亚精胺和腐胺3种多胺的变化情况。研究结果表明,在巴西香蕉果实中含有精胺,亚精胺和腐胺3种类型。随着贮期延长,精胺,亚精胺含量有所下降或基本保持不变,而腐胺则有所增加,这种变化在果皮,果肉中基本相同。     

Influence of Virus on the Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Polyamine Contents in Grapevine Microcuttings

We have studied the effect of different types of virus infections on the content in chlorophylls, carotenoids and free polyamines in shoots of vine cv. Albariño cultured in vitro. The ratio of chlorophyll a/c hlorophyll b was maintained practically constant in the different cases studied. A significant increase was observed in the polyamines, especially putrescine, in shoots infected with the different types of virus, mainly in the cases of grapevine fleck disease+grapevine leafroll disease type I and grapevine stem pitting.     

Changes in Polyamine Concentrations in Amygdaloid-Kindled Rats

Concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were investigated in the left and right amygdala and in the remaining cerebrum, in which kindling was induced by repeated application of electrical stimulation of the left amygdala of rats. In kindled rats, the concentrations of spermidine and spermine increased slightly, but elevations did not reach significant levels in any brain regions. The most profound increase was detected in the putrescine concentration in all parts of the cerebrum 1-8 h after the final stimulation. These results suggest that the increases in concentrations of polyamines, particularly of putrescine, are involved in the pathogenesis of amygdaloid kindling.