一色齿毛菌对百菌清的生物降解研究

为了验证白腐真菌对杀菌剂——百菌清的降解能力,并初步探讨其降解机制,以平皿培养方式对70株白腐真菌菌株降解百菌清的能力进行验证和筛选,并选择降解作用突出的一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941进行液体培养条件下对百菌清的降解。结果表明:卵菌杀菌剂没有对测试的白腐真菌产生抑制或杀灭作用,在所筛选的70株菌株中,一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941、硬毛粗盖孔菌Funalia trogii W4289、桦褶孔菌Lenzites betulina Y4962、藏红硬孔菌Rigidoporus crocatus D10146、裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune D9466和云芝栓孔菌Trametes versicolor W4614等菌株都对百菌清显示出较强的降解能力;对一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941在液体培养条件下降解百菌清研究的实验结果表明,活菌(living culture,LC)降解率粗酶液(crude enzyme liquor,CEL)降解率灭活菌丝体(devitalized mycelia,DM)降解率,经过活菌降解3d的样品中百菌清的残留率仅为1.92%;对培养液中漆酶活性测定结果显示,漆酶活性最高可达2 195.55U/L。上述证明,杀菌剂百菌清不对白腐真菌产生抑制或杀灭作用,相反,一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y4941等菌株对其有很强的降解能力,在杀菌剂生物降解领域有潜在的应用前景。     

黄孢原毛平革菌抗营养阻遏产漆酶诱变育种及其产酶特性

【目的】筛选能抗营养阻遏产漆酶的黄孢原毛平革菌,论证其产漆酶的确定性及抗营养阻遏产木质素酶的可行性,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控、木质素降解机理的研究奠定基础。【方法】利用重复紫外诱变法,以愈创木酚富氮鉴别培养基筛选目标菌株;比较不同营养条件下菌体生长与产酶动力学差异研究产酶营养调控机理;通过热处理、排除锰离子和加入过氧化氢酶等不同措施论证黄孢原平毛平革菌能否产生漆酶。【结果】3种不同方法均证实选育到的pcR5305和pcR5324菌株在限氮与富氮条件下均能产生漆酶,pcR5305和pcR5324在限氮条件下产漆酶分别达到203.5、187.6 U/L;在富氮条件下为220.6、183.9 U/L,而原菌株pc530在两种条件下都基本不产生漆酶。二菌株产漆酶调控方式不同,pcR5305漆酶产生与菌体生长同步,而pcR5324漆酶产生却受营养氮阻遏。二菌株同时具有抗营养阻遏高产木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)(分别为LiP 1343.2、MnP 252.2 U/L;LiP 1169.5、MnP 172.4 U/L)的能力。【结论】筛选到的黄孢原毛平革菌变异菌株能产漆酶,同时表现了抗营养阻遏产漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的能力,具有重要的生产应用与理论研究价值,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控机理研究提供了原始菌株并奠定了良好的基础。     

通过碳源与氮源研究白腐菌产漆酶和菌丝体生长的相关性

通过碳源与氮源对白腐菌产漆酶和菌丝体生长的影响 ,定性地研究了白腐菌产漆酶和菌丝体生长的关系。碳源中淀粉最能提高菌丝体的生长量 ,麦芽糖是促进漆酶分泌的最好碳源。氮源中的酒石酸铵能较好地促进漆酶的分泌 ,但几种氮源对菌丝体生长的影响不是很明显。研究显示白腐菌的生长和酶的分泌不同步 ,也不成正相关。     

粗毛栓菌(Trametes hirsuta) D2固态发酵山核桃蒲壳产漆酶的营养条件研究

【目的】为提高漆酶产量,降低生产成本,以山核桃蒲壳作为基质,对粗毛栓菌D2固态发酵产漆酶的营养条件进行研究。【方法】对不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比、蒲壳含量对漆酶产量的影响进行分析。【结果】山核桃蒲壳是粗毛栓菌生长的良好载体,能够促进漆酶的合成。粗毛栓菌D2漆酶固态发酵培养基干物质组成为:山核桃蒲壳40%(质量比),玉米粉24%(质量比),菜籽饼粉36%(质量比)。发酵6 d时,漆酶活性为126.8 U/g干基。【结论】粗毛栓菌固态发酵山核桃蒲壳产漆酶具有效率高,生产成本低的优点,具有潜在的工业化应用前景。     

利用指数流加补料高密度发酵产β-呋喃果糖苷酶重组大肠杆菌

【目的】对重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/pET22b-β-ffase进行高密度发酵产β-呋喃果糖苷酶工艺研究。【方法】比较溶氧反馈补料和指数流加补料对重组菌发酵产酶的影响,对不同比生长速率和诱导时机进行优化。【结果】确定了双阶段指数流加过程中重组菌生长的比生长速率,分别控制诱导前期比生长速率为0.20 h~(-1),诱导后期比生长速率为0.13 h~(-1),诱导时机为指数中期。获得细胞干重约为51 g/L,最高酶活达到1.79×10~5 U/L,单位菌体产酶量为3 510 U/g,单位产酶速率达到3.58×10~4 U/(L·h),生物量、单位菌体产酶量和产酶速率分别是指数流加未优化前的1.8、1.7和3.0倍。【结论】双阶段指数流加补料工艺能有效提高β-呋喃果糖苷酶的产酶量,为β-呋喃果糖苷酶的进一步工业化奠定基础。     

产木质纤维素降解酶真菌的筛选及产酶特性

【背景】利用微生物处理秸秆引起研究者的广泛关注。【目的】筛选生长速度快、木质纤维素降解酶活性强的真菌菌株,用于植物秸秆降解和高效利用。【方法】从自然界采集的样品中分离纯化真菌菌株,利用PDA-愈创木酚和PDA-羧甲基纤维素钠平板初筛,再经过液体发酵检测漆酶酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶酶活及菌丝生长速率复筛目的菌株,通过内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)测序法对目的菌株进行鉴定,对目的菌株产漆酶和羧甲基纤维素酶活力进行测定及酶学性质研究。【结果】从样品中分离纯化到18株真菌,通过初筛筛选出9株产木质纤维素降解酶真菌菌株,再经过复筛,筛选出一株产漆酶、羧甲基纤维素酶活力高、菌丝生长快的菌株M1,经过分子生物学鉴定M1为糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus),其漆酶酶活为(243.59±1.11)U/mL,羧甲基纤维素酶酶活为(36.03±0.63) U/mL。在5 d的培养期内,菌丝生长速率为(9.43±0.32) mm/d。对菌株M1的发酵粗酶液的酶学性质进行了检测分析,结果表明,所产的漆酶在pH5.0-6.5相对酶活为90%以上,在pH ...     

低能离子注入诱变选育漆酶高产菌株

利用低能N+束注入技术对漆酶产牛菌灵芝菌(Ganoderma lucidum)U60菌丝体进行辐照诱变.通过研究15 keV能量下不同注入剂量与灵芝菌存活率及突变率的生物学效应关系,确定了在2.6×1015-3.9×1015ions/cm2注入剂茸范围内可获得高比例正突变株.选择3.12×1015ions/cm2的注入剂量参数后,经多轮注入诱变,获得了遗传性稳定的漆酶高产突变株UIM-281;发酵产酶实验表明,UIM-281的产漆酶活力峰值分别是出发菌株U60的1.7倍及2.28倍,且产酶发酵周期相对缩短24 h,是工业发酵中更加经济高效的灵芝漆酶发酵菌株.     

黄孢原毛平革菌突变株抗碳氮营养阻遏产漆酶碳氮生理调控机理

【目的】通过比较不同碳氮营养及其消耗对产漆酶的影响,了解白腐菌模式种黄孢原毛平革菌解除营养阻遏产漆酶代谢的生理生态特性,揭示白腐菌合成漆酶的碳氮生理调控机理。【方法】分别利用限碳限氮(CL-NL)、限碳富氮(CL-NS)、富碳限氮(CS-NL)与富碳富氮(CS-NS)4种条件培养黄孢原毛平革菌野生型(WT)与突变株,比较两者产漆酶动力学、菌体生长、葡萄糖与氨氮消耗差异及其相关性来揭示解除营养阻遏产漆酶调控生理特性,明确C、N营养对产漆酶的生理调控途径。【结果】突变菌株除消耗速率比野生型略慢外,两者氨消耗趋势一致,但对葡萄糖的消耗比野生型快且氨氮浓度对葡萄糖的消耗影响不大。在CL-NL、CL-NS、CS-NL、CS-NS 4种培养条件下,野生型分别在培养后期的第11、14、19和19天的次生代谢时期产生0.107、0.029、12.84和18.05U/L漆酶,启动漆酶合成及酶峰值出现的时间与基质中葡萄糖耗尽或接近耗尽的时刻,或同氨氮消耗至最低值的时刻相对应;与WT产漆酶特性不同,突变株产漆酶伴随整个培养过程且均有两个产酶高峰,分别在培养的第8、7、12天和12天出现298.83、343.14、271.22、251.49U/L漆酶第一个产酶高峰,在培养的第12、13、19和19天产生257.69、298.78、213.81、216.93U/L漆酶的第二个产酶高峰。碳氮营养对产酶的影响显示:两菌株只要初始碳源浓度相同(限碳或富碳),各自产酶动力学趋势基本一致;相反,即使初始氮源浓度相同但其产酶动力学趋势却不同,说明碳源对黄孢原毛平革菌产漆酶的影响比氮源更为重要。【结论】野生型黄孢原毛平革菌产漆酶受碳或氮饥饿调控,碳、氮各自独立发挥作用且在不同的营养条件下由不同营养素所调控,如在限碳条件下产漆酶主要由葡萄糖饥饿启动,而在富碳条件下则由氨氮饥饿所激发,以碳或氮菌体负荷表示是否达到启动酶合成的调控阀值比单纯碳或氮浓度更为合理。突变菌株漆酶合成的启动不受碳、氮营养所阻遏,可能涉及一个全局调控的改变,解除了漆酶合成的营养阻碍。     

白腐真菌染料脱色菌株的筛选及一色齿毛菌脱色条件的研究

以平皿培养方式对采集自中国和芬兰的白腐真菌菌株降解6种不同结构的人工染料的能力进行了筛选研究。在40株菌株中,黑管孔菌Bjerkandera adusta Y5012,一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y5002,硬毛粗盖孔菌Funalia trogii Y4997,香栓孔菌Trametes suaveolens D8325和云芝栓孔菌Trametes versicolor Y4946对刚果红、橙黄G、茜素红、结晶紫、中性红和亚甲基蓝均显示出较强的脱色能力。对一色齿毛菌Cerrena unicolor Y5002的液体培养脱色条件进行了研究,其最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和麦芽浸粉;在不同橙黄G浓度下均获得较高的脱色率,因此浓度为500mg/L的橙黄G未对该菌的脱色能力产生抑制作用,而浓度为400mg/L茜素红则对其脱色作用产生明显抑制。对菌丝生物量和染料脱色率的研究表明,在不同碳源和氮源条件下,两者之间具有明显的正相关性。     

降解烤烟秸秆和烟碱菌株的筛选及其产酶特性

摘要:【目的】为获得能够降解烤烟秸秆和烟碱的菌株,并探索其降解烤烟秸秆的利用途径。【方法】以烤烟秸秆为唯一碳氮源,从烟田土壤中进行了菌株的筛选。采用形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列鉴定等方法对该菌株进行了鉴定,并对其以烤烟秸秆为底物进行液态发酵的产酶活性和木质纤维素降解效果进行了测定。【结果】结果表明:该菌株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。在以烤烟秸秆为主要营养物质液态发酵条件下该菌株具有较强的木质素降解能力,最大漆酶活力达到418.52 U/L,而木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最大酶活分别为19.71 U/L 和64.71 U/L。此外,发酵20 d后该菌能够完全降解发酵液中的烟碱。【结论】本研究筛选到了1株能够较好降解烤烟秸秆和完全降解烟碱的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),且该菌株具有利用烤烟秸秆生产漆酶的应用价值。     

Modeling enzyme production with Aspergillus oryzae in pilot scale vessels with different agitation, aeration, and agitator types

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a model can be constructed such that the progress of a submerged fed-batch fermentation of a filamentous fungus can be predicted with acceptable accuracy. The studied process was enzyme production with Aspergillus oryzae in 550 L pilot plant stirred tank reactors. Different conditions of agitation and aeration were employed as well as two different impeller geometries. The limiting factor for the productivity was oxygen supply to the fermentation broth, and the carbon substrate feed flow rate was controlled by the dissolved oxygen tension. In order to predict the available oxygen transfer in the system, the stoichiometry of the reaction equation including maintenance substrate consumption was first determined. Mainly based on the biomass concentration a viscosity prediction model was constructed, because rising viscosity of the fermentation broth due to hyphal growth of the fungus leads to significant lower mass transfer towards the end of the fermentation process. Each compartment of the model was shown to predict the experimental results well. The overall model can be used to predict key process parameters at varying fermentation conditions.     

Dependence of penicillium chrysogenum growth, morphology, vacuolation, and productivity in fed-batch fermentations on impeller type and agitation intensity

The influence of the agitation conditions on the growth, morphology, vacuolation, and productivity of Penicillium chrysogenum has been examined in 6 L fed-batch fermentations. A standard Rushton turbine, a four-bladed paddle, and a six-bladed pitched blade impeller were compared. Power inputs per unit volume of liquid, P/VL, ranged from 0.35 to 7.4 kW/m3. The same fermentation protocol was used in each fermentation, including holding the dissolved oxygen concentration above 40% air saturation by gas blending. The mean projected area (for all dispersed types, including clumps) and the clump roughness were used to characterize the morphology. Consideration of clumps was vital as these were the predominant morphological form. For a given impeller, the batch-phase specific growth rates and the overall biomass concentrations increased with agitation intensity. Higher fragmentation at higher speeds was assumed to have promoted growth through increased formation of new growing tips. The mean projected area increased during the rapid growth phase followed by a sharp decrease to a relatively constant value dependent on the agitation conditions. The higher the speed, the lower the projected area for a given impeller type. The proportion by volume of hyphal vacuoles and empty regions decreased with speed, possibly due to fragmentation in the vacuolated regions. The specific penicillin production rate was generally higher with lower impeller speed for a given impeller type. The highest value of penicillin production as well as its rate was obtained using the Rushton turbine impeller at the lowest speed. At given P/VL, changes in morphology, specific growth rate, and specific penicillin production rate depended on impeller geometry. The morphological data could be correlated with either tip speed or the "energy dissipation/circulation function," but a reasonable correlation of the specific growth rate and specific production rate was only possible with the latter. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Screening of a fungus capable of powerful and selective delignification on wheat straw

Aims: To screen and characterize a novel fungus with powerful and selective delignification capability on wheat straw. Methods and Results: A fungus capable of efficient delignification under solid‐state fermentation (SSF) conditions on wheat straw was screened. After 5 days of incubation, 13·07% of the lignin was removed by fungal degradation, and 7·62% of the holocellulose was lost. Furthermore, 46·53% of the alkali lignin was removed after 2 days of liquid fermentation. The fungus was identified as Fusarium concolor based on its morphology and an analysis of its 18S rDNA gene sequence. The molecular weight distribution of lignin was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography. Enzyme assay indicated that the fungus produced laccase, cellobiose dehydrogenase, xylanase and cellulase during the incubation period. Intracellular lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase were produced during liquid fermentation. Conclusions: We have successfully screened a fungus, F. concolor, which can efficiently degrade the lignin of wheat straw, with slight damage to the cellulose, after 5 days of SSF. Significance and Impact of the Study: The newly isolated strain could be used in pretreatment of lignocellulose materials prior to biopulping, bioconversion into fuel and substrates for the chemical industry.     

Development of a novel enzyme-redox-mediator system based on a fungal laccase and ruthenium complexes

The laccase produced by the fungus Coriolus hirsutus has been coordinatively modified with ruthenium complexes [Ru(phpy)(phen)(MeCN)2]PF6 and Ru(bpy)2CO3 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The amount of the complexes per enzyme molecule does not depend on the oxygen concentration, equaling 5 for [Ru(phpy)(phen)(MeCN)2]PF6 and 3 for Ru(bpy)2CO3. The pH dependence of the enzymatic activity, thermostability, and catalytical and electrocatalytical properties of the modified laccase are reported. It has been shown that, during the modification, at least one molecule of the ruthenium compound was coordinated near the T1 active center of the laccase, being directly involved in the catalysis and enhancing its efficiency.     

蔗根土天牛高致病力绿僵菌菌株的生物学特性研究

【目的】明确对蔗根土天牛Dorysthenes granulosus具有良好杀虫活性的金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae JC002菌株生长和产孢所需要的最适营养条件和环境条件。【方法】通过单因素试验,测试了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH及紫外线照射不同时间对JC002菌株生长和产孢的影响。【结果】JC002菌株培养基的最佳配方是葡萄糖30 g、蛋白胨15 g、马铃薯200 g、琼脂20 g、水1 000 mL;蔗糖、NaNO3是菌落生长及产孢的最适碳源和氮源;菌株培养的最适温度为25℃,培养基的最适pH值为7.0;紫外光对菌株的生长速率无显著影响,但对产孢量有较大的抑制作用,紫外光照射时间越长,产孢越少。【结论】本研究为JC002菌株的大量培养及其孢子制剂的大量生产和有效利用奠定基础。     

影响白腐真菌AH28-2菌株漆酶合成的因子和发酵条件

White-rot fungus AH28-2, a newly isolated strain, produced effectively laccase by induction when grown on a synthetic medium. Aromatic compounds of low molecular weight had an inducing influence on laccase production and its isoenzyme compositions. The using of o-toluidine or syringic acid had the best inducing effect. Cu2+ concentration in medium had distinguished effect on laccase production. Enzyme activity was notably increased by Cu2+ and reached the maximum when Cu2+ final concentration was 5 mumol/L. Mn2+ inhibited the synthesis of laccase. Carbon and nitrogen limitation were not beneficial to laccase synthesis, while high nutrient organic medium was beneficial to the growth of cell and the synthesis of laccase. Using cellobiose as the sole carbon source, the highest level enzyme activity reached 82,923. 7 u/L under the condition of optimum fermentation with ABTS as substrate. This enzyme activity was 2.9-fold higher compared to the reported data on international references in recent years.     

Production of ethanol by filamentous and yeast-like forms of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mucor indicus</Emphasis> from fructose,glucose, sucrose,and molasses

The fungus Mucor indicus is found in this study able to consume glucose and fructose, but not sucrose in fermentation of sugarcane and sugar beet molasses. This might be an advantage in industries which want to selectively remove glucose and fructose for crystallisation of sucrose present in the molasses. On the other hand, the fungus assimilated sucrose after hydrolysis by the enzyme invertase. The fungus efficiently grew on glucose and fructose and produced ethanol in synthetic media or from molasses. The cultivations were carried out aerobically and anaerobically, and manipulated toward filamentous or yeast-like morphology. Ethanol was the major metabolite in all the experiments. The ethanol yield in anaerobic cultivations was between 0.35 and 0.48 g/g sugars consumed, depending on the carbon source and the growth morphology, while a yield of as low as 0.16 g/g was obtained during aerobic cultivation. The yeast-like form of the fungus showed faster ethanol production with an average productivity of 0.90 g/l h from glucose, fructose and inverted sucrose, than the filamentous form with an average productivity of 0.33 g/l h. The biomass of the fungus was also analyzed with respect to alkali-insoluble material (AIM), chitin, and chitosan. The biomass of the fungus contained per g maximum 0.217 g AIM and 0.042 g chitosan in yeast-like cultivation under aerobic conditions.