长期定位施肥对冬小麦品质及产量构成因素的影响

利用连续25a在无石灰性潮土的定位施肥试验,研究了长期施肥对冬小麦品质及产量构成因素的影响,结果表明,高量有机肥配施高量氮肥、氮磷钾配施能提高冬小麦面粉吸水率、沉降值,延长面团形成时间、稳定时间和断裂时间,提高氨基酸总量和必需氨基酸含量。高量有机肥配施高量氮肥可提高冬小麦籽粒中谷氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量．增加37．21％～54．62％．与对照比较均达极显著水平。长期施肥对作物籽粒氨基酸含量的影响也不相同,冬小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量受施肥影响最大的是谷氨酸,变异系数(CV)为14％,最小的是苏氨酸和赖氨酸,CV为7．67％及5．27％。     

灌溉频次和时期对冬小麦籽粒产量及品质特性的影响

为探讨我国北方地区冬小麦的节水灌溉模式,2006—2008年,在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站,以冬小麦品种科农9204为试验材料,在总灌溉量为120mm的条件下,研究了灌溉次数和灌溉时期对籽粒产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、籽粒蛋白质含量以及相关主要品质特性的影响。结果表明,拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期一次灌溉分别有利于产量、干物质积累量和千粒重的形成或提高;两次灌溉处理中,以拔节和抽穗期各灌60mm处理籽粒产量最高,籽粒蛋白质产量有随灌溉时期后移而降低的趋势;冬小麦生育期间随灌溉次数增多和灌溉时期后移,湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间等均显著降低。综合考虑冬小麦的籽粒产量、WUE、营养品质和加工品质,在总灌溉量为120mm的条件下,以拔节和抽穗期各灌溉60mm为宜。     

咸水灌溉对冬小麦籽粒品质特性和产量的影响

为缓解农业用水供需矛盾,解决井灌区地下水超采问题,探究华北平原广泛分布的地下咸水灌溉对冬小麦品质和产量的影响,实现农业可持续发展,本研究在始于2006年的长期定位试验基础上,设置1、2、4、6、8 g·L^-1共5个灌溉水矿化度处理,其中1 g·L^-1灌溉水(取自当地地下水)为对照,研究咸水灌溉对冬小麦籽粒品质特性和产量性状的影响。结果表明: 与对照相比,当灌溉水矿化度≥4 g·L^-1时可显著增加籽粒吸水量、面团形成时间、沉淀值、湿面筋和粗蛋白含量,但显著降低出粉率、面团稳定时间和面筋指数;长期灌溉高矿化度咸水(4～8 g·L^-1)显著降低了冬小麦穗数(44.0%～60.7%)和籽粒产量(35.6%～64.7%)。在连续多年咸水灌溉条件下,与对照相比,2 g·L^-1灌水处理对籽粒产量及产量构成因素无显著影响,且能提高吸水量、面团形成时间、沉淀值、湿面筋和粗蛋白含量等籽粒品质。采用主成分分析法对冬小麦产量性状和品质特性进行综合性评价,得出2 g·L^-1灌水处理综合效果最优。本研究可为华北平原咸水资源高效利用提供理论支撑。     

不同试点灌溉方式对冬小麦产量和品质性状的影响

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物之一。随着人们生活水平的提高,对小麦高品质的需求日益迫切。未来全球环境变化背景下,CO2 浓度升高、气候变暖、降水格局变化等将可能影响作物的生理过程,继而影响作物产量和质量。为此,选择两个试点(CO2 浓度、温度等环境条件不同) ,同期进行不同灌溉方式对两个冬小麦品种(中育5号和中优970 1)的产量和品质影响的试验研究。结果表明:2灌(拔节水和开花水)对小麦经济产量最有利;小麦生育后期增加灌溉可提高千粒重,尤其浇灌浆水对增加千粒重有利。在小麦拔节后期,随灌溉增加,小麦品质性状普遍呈现下降趋势,但个别品质性状因品种而异,即灌溉增加,对中优970 1的面包体积影响不大,对其沉降值、面团拉伸参数反而有利。同一品种产量和品质性状有明显的地域差异,在小麦开花至成熟期,大田环境CO2 浓度较高(增幅6 9.0μmol/ mol)、日均温度高2℃多的北京试点,与安阳试点相比,产量表现较低,多数小麦品质性状较优。说明北京试点的环境条件有益于品质改善,不利于产量提高,而且在小麦生育后期较高温度可能更为影响小麦产量和品质。从而在未来全球气候变暖背景下,温度小幅增加将可能改善小麦品质,但产量减少     

施肥对白芍产量及品质的影响

为了探索提高白芍品质和产量的施肥方法,研究了不同施肥措施下白芍的产量的影响。结果表明：施肥可以增产,每667m^2施P、K肥分别为6kg时增产幅度最大。并对施肥措施对芍药甙含量的影响进行了进一步研究,结果表明：处理6小区不但产量高,而且芍药甙产量也最高,品质最好。本研究为制定合理的GAP(Good Agricultural Practice)管理规范提供科学依据。     

除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应

通过田间试验研究了4种除草剂(2,4-D丁酯、‘巨星’、‘世玛’和‘骠马’)对2个小麦品种(‘临优145’和‘临汾138’)光合特性、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明:2,4-D丁酯使小麦灌浆期间旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率(Pn)一直较低,千粒重和籽粒产量显著低于对照;‘巨星’使灌浆前期的SPAD值和Pn较高而中后期快速下降,灌浆持续时间缩短,产量与对照相近;‘世玛’使灌浆前中期SPAD值和Pn较低但后期下降缓慢,灌浆持续时间延长,千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于对照和其它处理;‘骠马’对光合特性和产量影响较小。2,4-D丁酯和‘骠马’使籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、评价值显著或极显著提高,稳定时间延长,而形成时间与对照相近;‘巨星’和‘世玛’处理的品质指标大多低于或接近对照。研究发现,除草剂通过调控小麦旗叶光合特性和灌浆进程来影响其千粒重和籽粒产量,且除草剂和品种间存在差异;2,4-D丁酯虽能明显改善小麦品质但却显著降低籽粒产量,‘骠马’使小麦品质特性改善的同时也使籽粒产量有所提高,‘世玛’虽能显著提高籽粒产量却使品质特性变差。     

不同植物生长调节剂对小麦衰老及产量构成的调节效应

研究了叶面喷施GA3、NBT、6－BA、TIBA、PP333对小麦旗叶衰老过程中若干生理指标的影响,分析了它们对成产要素的不同作用。结果表明：不同生长调节剂可以以不同的方式调节小麦旗叶的衰老,影响小麦产量构成因素水平。其中6－BA和PP333能够提高单位面积穗数,明显延缓叶片衰老,增加了穗粒数和千粒重,使成产3因素间比例协调合理,产量较高;TIBA可以明显提高叶绿素含量并显著提高千粒重。GA3和NBT对延缓旗叶衰老有一定作用,但增产效果不显著。研究指出,根据小麦生育状况有选择性地使用生长调节剂,协调成产因素关系,是一个有效的增产途径。     

冬小麦水肥产量交互效应模拟研究

采用人工控制土壤含水量的方法,对冬小麦水肥产量的交互效应研究结果表明,增加施肥量可提高冬小麦对土壤水利用程度。但低供水高施肥和高供水低施肥土壤水分的无效消耗增加,不利于提高水分生产效率。要获得理想产量必须量水施肥,才能提高水分生产效率。     

自然降水条件下施肥对旱塬冬小麦产量水平的影响

在黄陵南塬,研究了在自然降水条件下,采用以增施肥料为主的旱作技术对冬小麦产量的影响,主要结论如下：（１）实产与降水量呈正相关,且施肥量越高,产量越高;（２）麦田土壤水分利用率和水分生产效率都随着施肥量的增加而增加;（３）施肥量的大小影响着冬小麦植物学性状;（４）五年试验示范表明,以处理３标准配施肥料（厩肥３００００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,纯氮２２６．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和Ｐ２Ｏ５１７２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,最经济,最可行。     

冬小麦品种小量播种的产量效应试验

2001-2003年在北京进行了2个年度的冬小麦小量播种秋播试验.2001-2002年,在22.5kg/hm2播量中,参试品种DS 1号的最好产量是5589.0kg/hm2.2002-2003年度,在22.5kg/hm2播量处理中,京411、鲁麦21、晋麦73、DS 1号的产量分别达到8537.7、7403.7、7353.75和6836.25kg/hm2.试验中,旗叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔阻力、CO2传导度和叶肉细胞CO2浓度表明植株的生理功能较旺盛.硝酸还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性较高,表明植株代谢活动较强.在产量构成因素中,这些品种的单株穗数较多.     

强筋与弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质组分与加工品质对灌浆期弱光的响应

选用强筋小麦品种济麦20和弱筋小麦品种山农1391,在大田试验条件下,分别于籽粒灌浆前期(花后6—9 d)、中期(花后16—19 d)和后期(花后26—29 d)对小麦进行弱光照处理,研究了籽粒产量、蛋白质组分及加工品质的变化。灌浆期弱光显著降低小麦籽粒产量,灌浆中期对济麦20和灌浆后期对山农1391的产量降幅最大。弱光处理后,籽粒氮素积累量及氮素收获指数减少。但弱光使籽粒蛋白质含量显著升高,其中灌浆中期弱光升幅最大,原因可能是由于其粒重降低造成的。弱光对可溶性谷蛋白无显著影响,但增加不溶性谷蛋白含量,使谷蛋白聚合指数显著升高,面团形成时间和稳定时间亦升高,籽粒灌浆中、后期弱光对上述指标的影响较前期大。灌浆期短暂的弱光照对改善强筋小麦粉质仪参数有利,但使弱筋小麦变劣;并均伴随籽粒产量的显著降低这一不利影响。     

施肥对旱地冬小麦近轴和远轴叶面气孔敏感性的影响

 施肥降低旱地冬小麦的叶片水势。当作物体内出现水分胁迫时,冬小麦叶片两面气孔对施肥的反应有明显差异。远轴叶面气孔对施肥的反应比近轴叶面气孔敏感。旱地施肥以后,冬小麦远轴叶面气孔首先收缩,且收缩的程度比近轴叶面大,从而使远轴叶面气孔阻力与近轴叶面气孔阻力的比值(Rab／Rad)增大。旱地施肥以后,远轴和近轴叶面气孔阻力均急剧增大,并且随肥力水平的提高(施肥量增加)而缓慢增大,二者呈直线关系发展趋势。旱地施肥对土壤水势有影响,但不论是提高还是降低土壤水势,均增大Rab／Rad。说明施肥确有增强旱地冬小麦远轴叶面气孔对环境因素变化敏感性的作用。     

Effects of different water availability at post-anthesis stage on grain nutrition and quality in strong-gluten winter wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. However, water is the most important limiting factor for wheat production. This study was initiated to test water stress environmental effects on grain quality and nutritional value of wheat by using single different water conditions at post-anthesis stage. Further analyses were conducted to examine variations in concentrations and compositions of the bioactive compounds and nutritions in strong-gluten winter wheat subjected to different levels of water deficit during grain filling. For the experiment on the response to different soil water conditions during post-anthesis stage, effects of soil water environment on protein content and composition in the grains were significant. Soil water conditions in this study greatly affected mineral contents in the grains of winter wheat, particularly with regard to the major minerals (P, K, Ca and Mg). Water deficit during grain filling can result in a decrease in lipid contents in wheat grains, which agrees well with experimental findings elsewhere. Concomitantly, a mild water deficit during grain filling would be beneficial to the grain filling and starch compositions, significantly improved bread-making quality. Therefore, it was concluded that good management of wheat field water at post-anthesis stage was helpful to improving grain quality and nutritions relevant to processing and human nutrition. To cite this article: C.-X. Zhao et al., C. R. Biologies 332 (2009).     

土壤水分对强筋小麦‘豫麦34’氮素同化酶活性和籽粒品质的影响

 以强筋型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘豫麦34号’为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了土壤水分对氮素同化酶活性及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明：旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性于花后呈下降趋势,且土壤含水量为田间持水量（FC）60%的处理活性最强,其次为40%FC,活性最低的是80%FC。旗叶和籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性于开花15 d前均呈下降趋势,15 d后均为上升趋势,各水分处理间酶活性大小关系是：80%FC＞60%FC＞40%FC。各水分处理间旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性的大小关系同GS。60%FC籽粒产量及品质最优,80%FC产量次之,40%FC产量最低;40%FC品质次之,80%FC品质最低。不同水分处理下籽粒蛋白质含量与叶片NR、GS 和籽粒GOGAT活性均呈正相关,与旗叶GOGAT活性呈负相关。且40%FC和80%FC下籽粒蛋白质含量只与旗叶GS活性相关性达显著水平, 60%FC下蛋白质含量则与旗叶NR和籽粒GS活性均达显著相关,与旗叶GS活性达极显著相关。     

冬小麦高产优质高效栽培决策模拟研究

在产量和品质形成规律及投入产出效益规律基础上,应用模糊集方法,构建了一个综合的冬小麦高产优质高效栽培优化决策模拟模型.并以Window XP为平台,采用VB(Visual Basic)语言编程,建立了相应的可视化决策支持系统.实现了在不同时空、自然、社会、经济、技术条件下,进行多目标、可综合、可选择、可调控的冬小麦田间水肥管理决策的目标.通过检验证明模拟模型是可行的.     

Analysis of spatial and yearly variation in winter survival of winter wheat

 Four years of winter survival data for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were collected on a loam soil located on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Ontario (45° 23′N, 75° 43′W). The site was low-lying and subject to frequent winter flooding and ice sheet formation. It appeared level although there was microtopographic variation with a range in elevation of approximately 0.15 m. The objective of the study was to gain insight into factors which might affect winter survival. Two varieties, a soft white and a hard red winter wheat, were planted in September. Crop establishment was measured in late fall and the percentage survival was measured in April of the following year. We assumed the large spatial differences in survival were not totally random, but rather were affected by spatial variation in environmental factors such as snow and ice depth, soil moisture and temperature. Hourly measurements of soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m were recorded throughout the fall, winter and spring. Fall and spring soil moisture at the same depth were measured on the plot, as well as snow and ice depth at selected times throughout the winter. Measurements were taken on a grid covering the plot to help explain spatial variation in survival. In addition, detailed measurements of elevation were taken on a grid. Meteorological data were available from the nearby weather site. While soil temperatures were never low enough to kill plants according to the CERES model, the spatial variation in winter survival was associated with differences in elevation and the resulting surface drainage patterns. Received: 23 March 1998/Accepted: 21 October 1998     

西藏高原田间冬小麦旗叶光合作用研究

 西藏高原冬小麦旗叶光合速率日变化曲线为平坦或单峰型,没有明显“午睡”现象。净光合速率日最高值可与平原接近。光合日总量最高值出现在灌浆中期,其值比平原低4％～34％。净光合速率达20μmolCO2·m-2·s-1以上的环境因子组合是光合有效辐射光量子通量密度2000μmol·m-2·s-1以上,气温25～29℃,近地层大气CO2密度0.41mg·dm-3以上,0cm地温18～23℃、5cm地温15～19℃。这样的因子组合在高原同时满足的机率不高,由于CO2浓度与光温因子高值出现时间不同步,更由于CO2密度比内陆平原低1/3,严重制约了光合日总量值,高原冬小麦旗叶光合作用的特点是净光合速率日最高值可与平原接近,但光合日总量却明显低于平原。     

一级生产水平下冬小麦、夏玉米的生产模拟

通过模拟计算得到一级生产水平下冬小麦和夏玉米的累积干物质动态曲线.两年的计算结果和实测值都比较吻合.研究表明,在黄淮海平原,可以把亩产吨粮作为冬小麦夏玉米一年两茬平作粮田达到一级生产水平的指标.若用中熟夏玉米套作代替早熟夏玉米平作,籽粒的年产量可增加一成.通过对不同叶面积指数下干物质产量的模拟计算,得到一年两茬平作的干物质产量最大可达46t·hm^-2,籽粒产量19.1t·hm^-2.     

春化冬小麦的玉米赤霉烯酮结合蛋白(简报)(英文)

玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,简称ZEN)是八十年代初从高等植物中鉴定出的一种微量生理活性物质,已证明它在植物成花过程中起重要作用。为了阐明玉米赤霉烯酮的作用机制,我们用放射配体竞争结合分析法研究了春化冬小麦的ZEN特异结合蛋白。结果表明在春化冬小麦胚芽中存在着可溶性的ZEN特异结合蛋白(ZBP)。结合反应的pH范围在6-8,加热、蛋白酶和尿素处理破坏结合活性。玉米赤霉烯酮的同系物α-玉米赤霉醇和β-玉米赤霉醇,以及动物雌性激素雌二醇可与ZEN竞争结合ZBP。其它植物激素不能与ZBP发生竞争结合。蔗糖密度梯度离心分析表明ZBP沉降于4-5S区。     

F1 hybrid versus 32 selected F7 lines performance of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare)

Summary One F₁ common wheat hybrid (Zlatna Dolina x Primépi) which had exhibited significant heterosis in a previous study was compared with 32 F₇ lines selected from the same cross. The yield test was planted in the 1976–1977 season at two locations: Zagreb, Yugoslavia (optimal environment) and Hutchinson, Kansas, USA (stress environment). The purpose of this experiment was to determine if a homozygous segregant superior to the F₁ hybrid could be obtained from the same cross combination.Heading date, plant height, disease incidence, grain yield and its components, protein content, and sedimentation value were examined at Zagreb. Germination, winterhardiness and grain yield were determined at Hutchinson.At Zagreb, the F₁ hybrid exhibited significant heterosis in grain yield, even though two of the three yield components were intermediate to parent values. Heterotic effects were greater in the stress environment (Hutchinson), mainly due to the poor winterhardiness and lower yield of one parent variety. At Zagreb, grain yield of the f₁ hybrid was significantly better than the best F₇ line. However at Hutchinson, the two leading F₇ Unes outyielded the f₁ hybrid, but differences were not significant.It can be concluded that genes involved in heterosis in the hybrid, Zlatna Dolina x Primépi, were not fixed in the homozygous lines selected from the same cross.