水稻器官干物质运转特性的因子分析

本文对33个水稻品种（组合）5个器官的干物质转运率和移动率（共10个性状）进行了因子分析,结果表明,5个器官的干物质运转特性均可自成主因子,均具有重要作用,主因子1为茎杆运转因子,主因子2为叶片运转因子,主因子3为功能叶片运转因子,主因子4为功能叶外其它叶片运转因子,主因子5为叶鞘运转因子．除主因子1具有较大的方差贡献外,其余主因子方差贡献接近．杂交F1比常规品种具有更大的主因子l得分,部分常规品种也具有较高的主因子l得分,可作为亲本加以利用．     

大杯香菇辐射选育新株系数量性状的因子分析

对20个大杯香菇品种和辐射选育新株系的数量性状进行因子分析.结果表明,20个大杯香菇品种和辐射选育新株系的18个数量性状,可提取为7个公因子,其累积方差贡献率达91.85 %,代表了所有性状绝大部分相关信息.按照主因子所包含的性状及其所反映的生物学、营养学和酶学含义,可把7个主因子命名并按方差贡献大小顺序排列为：促长因子1、CAT活性因子2、营养质量因子3、MDA因子7、化学评分因子4、氨基酸比值系数分因子5、粗壮因子6.从主因子出发进行大杯香菇辐射育种,可以加大目标性状的针对性的选择效率,比较容易获得综合数量性状优良的新品种.     

应用因子分析法研究茎瘤芥(榨菜)性状间的关系

应用因子分析法可把23份茎瘤芥品种资源的15个数量性状集约在5个主因子上,采用正交因子和斜交因子模型分析了性状间的遗传作用关系,并探讨了各因子间的关系及其生物学意义。     

香菇数量性状的因子分析

因子分析结果表明,22个香菇菌株16个数量性状可分为弱相关的5个主因子,其方差积累贡献率为85.71%。按照主因子所包含的性状及其所反映的生物学含义,可把5个主因子命名并按方差贡献大小顺序排列为:F5,菇形因子;F1,菌柄因子;F3,营养生长因子;F2,生殖生长因子;F4,转色因子。从主因子出发进行香菇育种,可以加大目标性状的针对性和提高选择效率。     

大熊猫粪团的长度、直径、咬节的因子分析

对大熊猫的粪长、粪径、"咬节"进行了表型相关和遗传相关的因子分析,两个公因子可以表达表型相关的85 86%信息,遗传相关的99 100%信息.粪便3变量与第1公子的表型相关系数达到0.58～0.86,公因子方差达到0.75～0.90,与第1公子的遗传相关系数达到0.88～0.99,公因子方差达到0.98 0.99.2001年资料的表型相关系数,旋转前粪长与第1公因子的相关系数为0.8089,旋转后下降为0.0154.旋转前咬节与第1公因子的相关系数为0.5821,旋转后提高到0.9907,这个公因子反映的是咬节特征.从遗传相关系数看,旋转前和旋转后的结果一致,第1公因子反映粪长、粪径、咬节的作用,粪长作用最大.两个公因子再现遗传相关系数达到原相关系数的93-99%,再现表型相关系数为到原相关系数的52-82%.两年结果相同.表型相关系数是遗传相关和环境(误差)相关的2元回归,回归系数与遗传力大小有关,用遗传相关进行因子分析才能反映问题本质,遗传力大,表型相关与遗传相关比较一致.遗传力小,表型相关与误差相关关系密切,坐标旋转后的因子荷载值会有很大变化.粪便3特征变量和变换后的第1主分量与大熊猫年龄都存在一定相关关系,拟合率仅达到总回归平方和的12-13%,有87-88%的平方和不能被粪便3特征说明,无法用粪便3特征(或变换后的综合性特征)去预测大熊猫年龄或年龄组.     

蚕豆主要数量性状的遗传主成份和数量分类

对50个蚕豆品种的7个数量性状进行了遗传主成份分析, 初步提出了评选蚕豆品种的遗传主成份标准,并筛选出18个综合性状优良的亲本品种。测定了50个蚕豆品种的遗传距离, 根据遗传距离大小,将50个蚕豆品种聚类为2群、 3类、9组。分类结果指出,蚕豆品种的遗传距离大小与地理差异有些似有一定关系,但在总体上,二者间无必然联系。 Abastract:Analysis of major Genetic component analysis was performed for 7 quantitative characters of 50 faba bean lines and according to the analysis,18 lines were selected as parents.The 50 lines were classified into 2 subpopulations,3 types and 9 groups according to their genetic distance.The results showed that there was seemly a correlation between geographical distribution and genetic distance,nevertheless most lines within the same cluster were close in genetic distance but far in geographic sites.     

烟草数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势关系的研究

利用８个数量性状计算了主成分遗传距离,对１５个烟草品种进行聚类,在４３７的阀值下可将１５个一分为５大类,分类结果与品种地理来无必然的联系,而与品种的血缘头等级一定的联系,可将烤纯烟和晒晾烟分开,在一定程度上反映了品种的遗传差异,Ｆ１产量杂种优势指数（Ｆ１／ＭＰ）与亲本间遗传距离（Ｄ＾２）相关系数不显,二呈抛物线关系,在Ｄ＾２〈５．６３的范围内,二呈一直线关系,二相关系数为０．５１１。达极显     

基于形态学标记的山药种质资源遗传多样性研究

对收集的66份山药种质资源的19个农艺性状进行调查,通过遗传多样性分析、聚类分析与主成分分析,探讨其遗传多样性、亲缘关系及分类特征。结果表明,在15个质量性状中,遗传多样性指数最高的是叶片缺裂(1.18),其次是地下块茎形状(1.17)。叶脉数频率分布最高(92.65%),其次为叶先端渐尖(89.71%)。根据各农艺性状的遗传差异,可将66份淮山药种质聚为二大类群;第Ⅰ类群种质均为薯蓣,第Ⅱ类群种质为参薯。主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分累计贡献率达76.496%,第一主成分反映高产株型综合因子,第二主成分反映山药抗病性因子,第三和第四主成分反应山药地下块茎形状因子,第五主成分反映地下块茎颜色。通过以上研究,为山药品种选育及生产利用提供参考。     

26份黄麻种质资源产量性状的主成分聚类分析及其评价

为了解所收集黄麻种质资源的产量性状及遗传多样性,为黄麻育种和生产利用提供科学依据。本研究对26份黄麻品种(系)的8个产量性状进行主成分估算,并以前3个主成分为基础,分别作聚类分析和二维排序图。结果表明:参试材料产量相关性状的变异系数为2.54%~14.70%,其中,皮厚、单株鲜皮重、单株鲜骨重、鲜皮晒干率、单株干皮产量5个产量性状的变异系数超过10%,说明产量性状的变异潜力较高。主成分分析表明,单株鲜皮重因子、鲜皮晒干率因子、分枝高因子这3个主因子提供了原始性状88.247%的信息;在欧氏距离聚类图中,当取值D=2.15时,可把26个黄麻育成品种(系)分成4类,第Ⅰ类群包含18份材料,占69.23%,第Ⅱ类群包含5份材料,占19.23%,第Ⅲ类群只有1个品种(系),第Ⅳ类群包括黄麻179和宽叶长果2份材料,各个类群具有不同的特点,在黄麻杂交育种上可根据不同类别的特点加以利用;二维排序表明9(09品-11)、11(89m5-83)、12(09繁-7)、19(福黄麻1号)、21(黄麻831)、25(Y007-10)等6个高产品种(系)的3个主成分构成因子协调最好。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来的分析方法,能较好地为黄麻品种改良以及亲本利用提供科学依据。     

重庆大豆地方资源多样性评价及群体表型特点研究

对收集于重庆市的103份大豆地方品种进行了表型遗传多样性分析,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析对其进行了群体表型特点的研究,研究结果表明,重庆地区大豆地方种质资源以灰色茸毛、黄粒、褐色脐居多,个体之间数量性状上存在较大变异。主成分分析以3个主成分反映了10个农艺性状的大部分信息,将主要农艺性状归纳成产量因子、生长势因子及籽粒因子。聚类分析将103份地方种质资源聚为6个类群, 同一地区的大部分地方品种表现较为相似,少部分地方品种差异大,品种类群间的表型分化与地理分布既有一定的联系又不绝对相关。利用这些种质选配育种亲本应关注各类群间性状差异作选择,而不能仅关注地理来源选择。     

三种菟丝子的数值分类学

选取３３个形态学性状,应用不加权虎术平均配对法,对惧到的３种菟丝子的２４个居群进行了数值分类学研究,结果表明：（１）日本菟丝子与大花菟丝子亲缘关系较近,两者与中国菟丝子之间关系较疏远,聚类结果献技Ｙｕｎｃｋｅｒ对菟丝子属的分类处理;（２）日本菟丝子和大花菟丝子种内都存在遗传多样性,根据聚类结果将日本菟丝子分成２个变种,将大花菟丝子分成３个变种。     

土壤中辣椒疫霉分离方法的研究与量化测定

从杭州、西安、广州及武汉等辣椒病田分别采集土样 ,室内晾干研碎后 ,用选择性培养基 ,采用土壤稀释平板法和组织诱饵法分离辣椒疫霉 (PhytophthoracapsiciLeonian) ,并对土壤中辣椒疫霉的密度进行量化处理。结果表明 ,利用选择性燕麦培养基 ,采用土壤稀释平板法可分离获得大量的辣椒疫霉菌株 ,而且辣椒连作田的辣椒疫霉菌密度高于轮作田。组织诱饵法试验结果表明 ,辣椒叶片诱集效果最好 ,其次是辣椒果实。     

Genome scan to detect genetic structure and adaptive genes of natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica

We investigated 29 natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica using 148 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers to elucidate their genetic structure and identify candidate adaptive genes of this species. In accordance with the inferred evolutionary history of the species during and after the last glacial episode, the genetic diversity was higher in western populations than in northern populations. The results of phylogenetic and genetic structure analyses suggest that populations of the two main varieties of the species have clearly diverged from each other and that two of the examined loci are strongly associated with the differentiation between the two varieties. Using a coalescent simulation based on F(ST) and H(e) values, we detected five genes that had higher, and two that had lower, values than the respective 99% confidence intervals (C.I.s) that are theoretically expected intervals under a neutral infinite-island model. We also detected 13 outlier loci using a coalescent simulation based on the assumption that the 2 varieties originated from the splitting of an ancestral population. Four of these loci were detected by both methods, two of which were detected in a genetic structure analysis as loci associated with differentiation between the two varieties of the species, and are strong candidates for genes that have been subject to selection.     

Numerical taxonomy of pseudomonads of the diminuta group

The taxonomy of the "diminuta" group is discussed. The method of numerical taxonomy was used to characterize 135 strains of 10 species belonging to Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter and Acetobacter in terms of sixty phenotypical features. The similarity coefficients of the strains were calculated with computers. According to the data of numerical analysis, the species P. diminuta and P. vesiculare represent a single phenon different from Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter and Acetobacter species.     

AFLP analysis of genetic relationships between barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.) landraces from north Shewa in Ethiopia

Local cultivars adapted to specific environmental conditions are the chief source of seed for farmers in Ethiopia and deserve research priority. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the genetic relationships between different barley landraces, from north Shewa in Ethiopia so as to differentiate genotypes known by different local names and facilitate their conservation and use in breeding new varieties. Five AFLP primer combinations were analyzed for 19 barley landraces and five malting varieties. The number of scoreable fragments amplified by each AFLP primer combination varied from 49 to 118 with an average of 84.5 and polymorphic fragments for each primer combination varied from 27 to 77 with an average of 58.5. The average percent polymorphism was 69.9% with values ranging from 55.1% to 75.8%. Cluster analysis placed the accessions and malting varieties into one main group while all the farmers’ cultivars, with the exception of two, were in the other main group. It was shown that sampling of germplasm at a given locality might not represent the whole array of genetic variability of locally grown famers’ cultivars. A comprehensive study of all the farmers’ barley cultivars, grown in different parts of Ethiopia, is required to maximize the efforts of germplasm conservation and utilization in national and regional breeding programs.     

茄子品种遗传多样性的RAPD检测与聚类分析

用RAPD分子标记的方法对来自不同国家的34份茄子品种进行遗传多样性分析,从120条RAPD引物中筛选出有效的22条引物分别对34份茄子品种进行扩增,共检测出232个等位基因位点,每条引物平均检测出10.5个,其中192个为多态位点,多态位点比率为82.76%。POPGENE结果分析表明,Nei's基因多样性H为0.2756,Shannon指数为0.4145,显示出丰富的遗传多样性。计算得出的Jaccard相似系数变化范围为0.331～0.805,根据Jaccard相似系数和组内连接法建立的系统聚类图,34份茄子大致可分为两大类型:圆茄类型和长茄类型,这与经典的形态学分类基本上相符,从而从分子水平上支持了以果形作为茄子品种分类指标的观点。     

药用植物内生芽孢杆菌的多样性和系统发育研究

[目的]了解药用植物内生芽孢杆菌的生物多样性.[方法]采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR RFLP、BOX-PCR指纹图谱和16S rDNA序列分析技术对分离于几种药用植物的内生芽孢杆菌和已知参比菌株进行表型、遗传多样性及系统发育研究.[结果]供试菌株在数值分类聚类分析中在84%的相似水平上产生13个表观群.16S rDNAPCR-RFLP分析表明供试菌株表现出丰富的遗传多样性.BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析进一步证明药用植物的内生芽孢杆菌的基因组也具有多样性,聚群的结果与数值分类有较好一致性.用软件在Genbank中进行所得序列的同源性检索,并构建系统发育树.由16S rDNA序列分析可知,供试的代表菌株SCAU11与球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)亲缘关系最近,SCAU78和SCAU25为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的两个亚种,代表菌株SCAU39与巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)的亲缘关系最近.[结论]研究结果表明药用植物内生芽孢杆菌具有明显的表型和遗传多样性.     

西瓜DUS测试标准品种SSR指纹图谱构建及应用

本研究采用代表最大限度西瓜遗传多样性的SSR核心引物组合,分析了西瓜DUS测试指南中的24份标准品种遗传多样性与核酸指纹。以基于重测序获得的SNP标记构建的17份西瓜材料的系统发育树为参照,对24份标准品种进行了遗传多样性分析,在遗传相似系数0.80处将24份标准品种分为3大类群,分析表明：核酸指纹分类比传统形态学分类更为准确。采用二维（QR）编码构建了西瓜24份标准品种的SSR指纹图谱,并利用本技术以保护品种“京欣2号”与对照品种“京欣1号”为例,进行了DUS分子鉴定测试,共扩增32个SSR位点,“京欣1号”和“京欣2号”之间存在4个位点的差异,品种间遗传相似系数为0.89,比形态学鉴定的差异位点更多且更准。本研究建立的西瓜DUS标准品种SSR指纹图谱与分子检测技术,可以应用到西瓜品种DUS分子检测实践,同时也为西瓜品种纯度与真实性鉴定及遗传背景分析提供了技术方案。     

The Necessity of DNA Taxonomy to Reveal Cryptic Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Meiofauna,with a Focus on Nemertea

Meiofauna represent one of the most abundant and diverse communities in marine benthic ecosystems. However, an accurate assessment of diversity at the level of species has been and remains challenging for these microscopic organisms. Therefore, for many taxa, especially the soft body forms such as nemerteans, which often lack clear diagnostic morphological traits, DNA taxonomy is an effective means to assess species diversity. Morphological taxonomy of Nemertea is well documented as complicated by scarcity of unambiguous character states and compromised by diagnoses of a majority of species (and higher clades) being inadequate or based on ambiguous characters and character states. Therefore, recent studies have advocated for the primacy of molecular tools to solve the taxonomy of this group. DNA taxonomy uncovers possible hidden cryptic species, provides a coherent means to systematize taxa in definite clades, and also reveals possible biogeographic patterns. Here, we analyze diversity of nemertean species by considering the barcode region of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) and different species delineation approaches in order to infer evolutionarily significant units. In the aim to uncover actual diversity of meiofaunal nemerteans across different sites in Central America, COI sequences were obtained for specimens assigned here to the genera Cephalothrix, Ototyphlonemertes, and Tetrastemma-like worms, each commonly encountered in our sampling. Additional genetic, taxonomic, and geographic data of other specimens belonging to these genera were added from GenBank. Results are consistent across different DNA taxonomy approaches, and revealed (i) the presence of several hidden cryptic species and (ii) numerous potential misidentifications due to traditional taxonomy. (iii) We additionally test a possible biogeographic pattern of taxonomic units revealed by this study, and, except for a few cases, the putative species seem not to be widely distributed, in contrast to what traditional taxonomy would suggest for the recognized morphotypes.     

Cosmopolitan versus cryptic meiofaunal polychaete species: an approach to a molecular taxonomy

Polychaete taxonomy is characterised by a high number of apparently cosmopolitan species. Detection of subtle but diagnostic ultrastructural differences and – in recent years – investigations at the molecular level have revealed that many of these "species" are actually complexes of morphologically identical or almost identical cryptic species. To disregard their existence would lead to an underestimation of global meiofauna diversity and undermine the value of many scientific studies. Therefore, we strongly recommend that they be given formal taxonomic recognition, beyond their published presentation as "operational taxonomic units", "types" or by alphabetic or numerical designators. Since there are neither generally accepted practical procedures nor any established consensus regarding the application of genetic data in taxonomy, we here provide examples of, and suggestions for, the treatment of meiofaunal species that are distinguished exclusively by molecular data, e.g. by genetic distance values, cluster analyses, diagnostic (= autapomorphic) DNA fragments from DNA fingerprinting procedures (RAPD) and/or DNA sequence differences (e.g. of ITS 2). Although no holotype material may be available because the molecular procedures require the preparation of entire specimens, practical taxonomic problems can be overcome and the recommendations of the Zoological Code of Nomenclature satisfied, by adopting the following procedures: (1) deposition of band-patterns of an individual obtained with the primers used to find diagnostic markers; (2) deposition of DNA in ethanol of one syntype individual; (3) deposition of fixed specimens (syntypes) from the locus typicus. Electronic Publication