C类纤维传入诱发体感皮层电反应的脊髓上传通路

实验用猫,在氯醛糖和三碘季铵酚处理下进行。以强电脉冲刺激腓浅神经,结合极化电流阻滞A类纤维的传入后,选择性引起C类纤维传入时,在对侧大脑皮层体感Ⅰ区记录到特异的C类纤维皮层诱发电位(G-CEP)。观察到损毁脊髓胸11节段对侧腹外侧索后,C-CEP的幅值明显衰减;损毁同侧背索后,G-CEP的幅值也明显衰减;保留同侧背索,损毁脊髓其他部份后,C-CEP仍出现,但幅值变小;同时损毁上述两索后,C-CEP完全消失。提示C类纤维传入诱发C-CEP的脊髓上传通路位于同侧背索和对侧腹外侧索。     

电刺激大鼠皮神经外周端对相邻脊髓节段皮神经内Aβ纤维的机械感受特性的影响

为观察Aβ类初级传入纤维是否参与相邻脊髓节段外周末梢之间的信息传递及其相关机制 ,实验自近中端切断一侧T8～T12 脊髓节段背侧皮神经 ,将一支被切断的皮神经的外周端分离成数支细束 ,以单个Aβ纤维放电为指征 ,检测单位的传导速度、适应特性、机械感受阈值、感受野的形状和面积 ;在相邻脊髓节段、也与中枢断离的皮神经干上施加逆向电刺激 ( 0 45mA ,0 1ms,2 0Hz,10s) ,以观察该刺激对Aβ纤维的上述机械感受特性的影响。在 42只大鼠上共记录了 5 0个Aβ类单位。逆向电刺激相邻节段皮神经后 ,60 6% (n =3 3 )的单位感受野增大 ,全部单位的感受野平均面积从 8 94± 6 5 1mm2 显著增加到 2 0 3 4± 16 17mm2 (P <0 0 1)。 81 8% (n =2 0 )的单位感受野形状从点状、圆或与身体长轴垂直的椭圆变成与身体长轴斜行或平行的椭圆。 68 0 % (n =5 0 )的单位机械感受阈值下降 ,全部单位的平均阈值从 2 3 7± 1 2 4mN降至 2 2 9± 1 2 4mN (P <0 0 5 )。上述机械感受特性的改变可持续 5 2 2 3± 9 2 7至 5 6 93± 15 76min。跨节段电刺激后 ,有 5 0 0 % (n =5 0 )的单位同时出现放电的增加 ,但该增加仅持续 1 5 2± 0 46min ,显著短于机械感受特性改变的时程 (P <0 0 1)。有机械感受特性改变的单位也     

脊髓背部电刺激对延脑内侧网状结构诱发电位抑制效应的分析

实验在46只急性麻痹清醒的猫上进行。以每秒100次的重复电脉冲刺激脊髓背部(L_1)可以抑制刺激腓肠神经在延脑内侧网状结构所引起的诱发电位,抑制后效应可持续5—10分钟。在12只动物上进行了脊髓部分横断的分析,在腰2水平切断刺激部位以下的两侧侧索靠近背角部分的纤维(简称背外侧索),上述抑制作用大大减弱。如再在刺激部位上、下(胸13及腰2)分别切割背索,则抑制效应完全消失。在刺激部位以上切断两侧背外侧索并不影响抑制效应的出现。在10只动物上将背索及背外侧索从脊髓本体上分离,以观察直接刺激的效应。结果表明,分别刺激两侧背外侧索或背索对延脑诱发电位都有抑制效应,前者的作用大于后者。如同时刺激分离的背外侧索及背索则诱发电位在整个刺激期间完全被抑制,其效应与背部电刺激相似,只是所需要的电流强度较弱。上述观察证明,脊髓背部电刺激对延脑网状结构诱发电位的抑制作用是通过背外侧索的下行通路和背索的上行及下行通路而实现的。背外侧索的作用大于背索,抑制作用主要发生在脊髓水平。     

人体桡神经浅支中Aδ和C纤维的生理学特性

用神经内微记录(INMR)和微刺激(INMS)方法,对人体桡神经浅支中的A_b纤维和C纤维所支配的感受单位的生理特性及神经内微刺激诱发的感觉性质进行了观测。24个A_b单位对机械刺激的阈值变化较大,它们的感受野从点状到75.4mm~2,其中有1-4个最大敏感点。INMSA_b单位产生刺痛感,投射野为1.2-97mm~2。投射野与感受野从指背到手背都显著增大(P<0.05),且两者相重叠,提示A_b单位的定位能力相当精确。11个伤害性C单位对机械刺激的阈值高,用INMS产生的感觉为灼痛,多数单位的感受野与投射野相匹配,表明它们对伤害性刺激具有一定的定位能力。     

猫颈动脉区压力和化学感受性刺激对孤束核自发放电的影响

对27只氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的猫观察了选择性激活颈动脉压力和化学感受器对孤束核(NTS)及其附近区域单位放电的影响。共记录到103个对颈动脉压力感受器激活(新福林1—2μg/kg,iv)和/或颈动脉化学感受器激活(尼古丁,5—20μg,注入甲状腺动脉)起反应的单位,其中81个位于NTS,在这些单位中,14个仅对化学感受器激活起反应(10个兴奋和4个抑制),44个以各种组合形式对化学和压力感受性刺激都起反应,23个仅对压力感受器刺激起反应(18个兴奋和5个抑制)。在定位分布上,对两种刺激都起反应的单位主要位于NTS尾部,仅对化学感受性刺激起反应的单位多位于NTS的腹外侧,其它有反应的单位分别位于舌下神经旁区,旁正中网状核和延髓腹侧尾端。这些结果表明,颈动脉区压力和化学感受器活动传入到NTS,并在其中的一些神经元上发生会聚。 在全部有反应的NTS单位中,68个对压力感受性刺激起反应,其中46个兴奋,21个抑制(P<0.005);58个对化学感受性刺激起反应,其中36个兴奋,22个抑制(P>0.05)。这些结果提示,化学感受性刺激对NTS神经元引起兴奋和抑制两种反应,而压力感受性刺激则诱发兴奋为主的反应。     

大鼠背外侧索中各类上行纤维的电生理学特征

在大鼠胸髓下段,用分离纤维细束法观察背外侧索(dorsolateral funiculus,DLF)中各类上行纤维的电生理学特征。在记录的251个单位中,144个主要接受A_β类纤维输入的单位对触毛和/或轻压皮肤反应,26个伤害性单位和毛压-伤害性会聚单位接受A_δ和C纤维的传入;这两类纤维主要沿DLF的中、浅层上行,且具有明显的会聚特点;提示其中部分单位可能属于脊颈束(spinocervicaltract,SCT)。在DLF的深、中层分离到61个对关节运动敏感的单位,它们可能属于脊髓小脑背束(dorsal spinocerebellar tract,DSST)。另有20个对各类自然刺激均无反应的自发单位。在DLF的浅层近背根处,还记录到38条来自对侧的交叉上行纤维,它们与同侧的非交叉上行纤维相混杂,其生理学特性与同侧上行纤维相似,本文结果提供了大鼠DLF中存在部分交叉上行纤维的生理学证据。     

猫脊髓背角双投射神经元的外周传入特性

电刺激猫颈髓背索和背外侧索可双重地逆向激动同侧腰骶髓背角神经元。该神经元对非伤害性和伤害性皮肤刺激发生反应;对电刺激其感受野的反应具有单突触性、低阈值和传导快等特征;该神经元的突触前和突触后纤维的传导速度相似,但不具正变关系。结果表明,SCT-DCPS神经元具有低阈机械感受型和广动力范围型两种生理学模型;从A_β传人接受输入并与之构成单突触联系;其突触前纤维直径与突触后纤维直径之间不具匹配关系。     

猫脊髓胸段对刺激内脏大神经发生反应的神经元

刺激左侧内脏大神经,同时记录肋间神经反射放电(VSR)及脊髓灰质单位电活动。由于 VSR 的阈值相当于内脏神经中 A-delta 纤维的阈值,故以诱发放电阈值等于或略高于 VSR的阈值的单位为 A-delta 单位。阈值等于或高于 VSR 中 C 突起的阈值的单位为 C-单位。我们所观察到的90个 A-delta 单位广泛分布在 Rexed 第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ层,这和Pomeranz 等报道脊髓灰质中对内脏神经的 A-delta 纤维传入起反应的神经元仅分布在第Ⅴ层有所不同。我们记录到的30个 C 单位分布在第Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅶ等层。在64个单位中有62个可观察到内脏大神经和肋间神经传入的会聚。在本工作中,我们还观察到自发放电受刺激内脏大神经抑制的单位。有许多单位的诱发放电出现在 VSR 时程以外,显然不可能参与 VSR 的反射弧。     

刺激大鼠大脑脚影响脊髓伤害感受性传递的下行途径

在麻醉大鼠用部分切割脊髓的方法分析了刺激大脑脚影响脊髓背角伤害感受性神经元的下委途径。刺激ＣＰ对背角神经元伤害感受性反应（Ｃ－反应）的影响以抑制为,部分（３０．７％）神经元在抑制作用产生之前先被兴历,抑制作用主要是通过背索或背外侧索实现的,然而在多数神经元是两者共同作用的结果,其中ＤＬＦ的作用似乎更为重要。兴历作用则是通过ＤＦ实现的。由于大鼠的皮质脊髓束位于ＤＦ中,以上结果提示大脑皮层不仅可直接通     

猫脊髓背索双投射神经元轴突分叉部位的电生理学研究

猫腰骶髓背角神经元对同侧颈髓背索和背外侧索的逆向刺激发生反应。这些神经元对刺激背索抑或背外侧索的逆向反应,在C_7-T_4节段的背索和背外侧索被分隔开时消失。其中,以背索刺激引起的逆向反应的消失机率居多。背索刺激的阈强度、不应期和逆向反应潜伏期等参数多高于背外侧索的有关参数。结果提示,脊髓背角脊颈束-背索突触后神经元轴突在下颈上胸节段分叉;分叉后的背外侧索分支的直径多粗于背索分支。     

刺激大鼠下丘脑背内侧核对丘脑束旁核痛相关神经元放电的影响

本文在 79只清醒麻痹大鼠身上,用玻璃微电极记录丘脑束旁核痛兴奋(PfPE)和痛抑制(PfPI)单位的放电及其对刺激下丘脑背内侧核(DMH)的反应,并观察切割脊髓背外侧束的效应。主要结果如下:(1)刺激DMH使PfPE 单位的自发放电及痛放电有明显的抑制作用,而使PfPI 单位的自发放电增多,并解除伤害性刺激引起的抑制效应;(2)刺激DMH引起PfPE 单位的抑制效应,在切割脊髓背外侧束后仍然出现。上述结果提示:DMH 对丘脑束旁核在处理痛觉信息上具有调制作用,这种调制作用可能不通过脑干下行性抑制系统完成,而主要是通过脊髓上联系抑制丘脑束旁核神经元对痛传入的反应。     

Ascending pathways mediating somatoautonomic reflexes in exercising dogs

The ascending spinal pathways mediating somatocardiovascular reflexes during exercise were studied in unanesthetized dogs by placing lesions in the lumbar spinal cord. After training to run on a treadmill with hindlimbs only, 20 dogs were anesthetized and instrumented using sterile surgical techniques. To chronically record heart rate and arterial blood pressure, the aorta was cannulated via the omocervical artery. To test the intactness of descending spinal sympathetic pathways, reflex pressor responses to baroreceptor hypotension were produced by bilateral carotid arterial occlusion using pneumatic vessel occluders placed around the common carotid arteries. To generate transient ischemic exercise (120 s), a pneumatic occluder was placed around the left iliac artery. Eight to 10 days after instrumentation, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored at rest and during hindlimb running with and without simultaneous iliac arterial occlusion. The modest pressor response and tachycardia elicited by hindlimb exercise were markedly augmented by simultaneous hindlimb ischemia (i.e., iliac arterial occlusion). Lesion placement in the dorsolateral sulcus area and the dorsolateral funiculus at L2 significantly reduced the blood pressure and heart rate responses to simultaneous exercise occlusion. The cardiovascular responses to nonischemic exercise and bilateral carotid arterial occlusion were not altered by such spinal sections. It is concluded that in the dog the ascending spinal pathways mediating cardiovascular responses to ischemic exercise are located in the lateral funiculus, including the dorsolateral sulcus area and dorsolateral funiculus.     

Effectiveness of ascending synaptic influences from various spinal funiculi on reticulospinal neurons in cats

Activity of reticulospinal neurons evoked by stimulation of the ventral, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal funiculi of the spinal cord was recorded extracellularly in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Responses of 57 reticulospinal neurons, of which 22 projected into the ventral funiculus, 20 into the ventrolateral, and 15 into the dorsolateral, were studied. The functional properties (conduction velocity and refractory period) and the location of the neurons of the above-mentioned groups in the medulla did not differ appreciably. The most effective synaptic activation of all neurons was observed during stimulation of the dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi. Responses to stimulation of the dorsal funiculus had the lowest threshold. These responses arose in reticulospinal neurons of the ventral and ventrolateral funiculi after the shortest latent period. The effectiveness of synaptic influences from the dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi was identical in the group of neurons of the dorsolateral funiculus. Correlation between activity evoked by stimulation of the dorsal funiculus in reticulospinal neurons and peripheral nerves indicated that the responses appeared in these cells to stimulation of muscular (groups I and II) and cutaneous (group II) afferent fibers. The results indicate that impulses from low-threshold muscular and cutaneous afferents, which effectively activate reticulospinal neurons, are transmitted along ascending pathways of the dorsal funiculi.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 254–263, May–June, 1979.     

Peripheral and Spinal Inputs to Physiologically Identified Thalamic and Nonthalamic Relay Neurons in Cat Cuneate Nucleus

A single-unit population study of the feline cuneate nucleus was carried out to identify principal neuron types, their distribution within the nucleus, pattern of peripheral activation, and receptive field characteristics. Units were also tested for response to isolated dorsal column or dorsolateral funicular electrical stimulation. The nucleus was explored in a uniform pattern, and sample size was optimized by applying the search stimulus shocks to the dorsal spinal cord. Single units were defined as spinal afferents, cuneothalamic-relay (CTR) neurons, and non-cuneothalamic-relay (non-CTR) neurons. The following features were observed: (1) The distribution within the nucleus of specific cell types agreed with cytoarchitectural studies: Spinal afferent fibers were superficial and caudal; 22% of neurons were CTR neurons; CTR neurons were most dense in the middle of the nucleus and were largely separate from non-CTR neurons. (2) Of the 58 neurons tested for response to isolated dorsal column and dorsolateral funicular stimulation, 24% were activated from both tracts. (3) Convergent input from the off-focus periphery (defined as other than the ipsilateral forelimb) was detected in both CTR and non-CTR neurons, most commonly from the contralateral forepaw. Several neurons were activated from three limbs. (4) Thirty-seven percent of units were unresponsive to hair movement, touch, muscle palpation, or movement of joints. Compared to spinal fibers and non-CTR neurons, CTR neurons were most likely to have an identifiable input.     

大鼠单一肌梭的电生理特征

本研究旨在观察大鼠单一肌梭的电生理特征.从大鼠比目鱼肌中分离单一肌梭,用空气隔绝法观察大鼠单一肌梭感觉末梢在不同液体环境中的放电活动.结果显示:在基础生理盐水溶液中,大鼠单一肌梭的自发放电频率很低,平均(51.78±25.63) impulse/1000s(n=13);在加有适量氨基酸的生理盐水溶液中,其自发放电频率明...     

神经营养素3和脑源性神经生长因子在大鼠脊髓中的定位表达

神经营养素3（NT－3）和脑源性神经生长因子（BDNF）是神经生长因子（NGF）的同源物,体外实验表明NT－3和BDNF能促进感觉神经元和交感神经元的存活,但是NT－3和BDNF在脊髓中的生物学作用和定位分布还不十分清楚。本用免疫组化ABC法观察了NT－3和BDNF的免疫阳性反应物在大鼠脊髓中的分布。结果表明：呈NT－3样免疫阳性反应的胶质细胞分布于脊髓的后索、侧索和前索中;免疫反应阳性的神经元主要见于脊髓前角,少数见于脊髓后角。BDNF位于大鼠的脊髓前角动物神经元;在脊髓Ⅱ板层中还可见较多的BDNF免疫反应阳性的神经终末。提示NT－3和BDNF在维持脊髓神经元和胶质细胞的生理功能中可能起重要作用。     

兔边缘系统背侧海马呼吸相关神经元

本工作对35只家兔在背侧海马区用玻璃微电极记录了103个神经元单位放电,分类如下:56个神经元属非呼吸节律性自发的间歇性放电,可分为两种类型:一为长时振荡型放电;另一为短时振荡型放电。47个神经元出现呼吸节律同步性自发放电,可分为三种类型:吸气型15个单位;呼气型9个单位;跨时相型23个单位。上述结果提示:边缘系统海马的呼吸信息在情绪活动的协调方面可能是一个有趣的问题。     

二代褐飞虱对粳稻危害损失及防治指标研究

不同水稻生育期．褐飞虱的不同虫口密度的增长倍数不同;同一生育期．以低密度的增殖倍数大于高密度．但总虫量仍以高密度处理极显地高于低密度处理。水稻产量损失与二代褐飞虱百丛虫量间呈显正相关(r=0．9557^ ),两关系式为：Y=-16．3732 9．437tg(x);防治指标为150-200头／百丛。当二代楫飞虱早发、中等以上发生程度时．必须施药防治。