外源ABA和水分胁迫对不同基因型三叶草生长的影响

在室内研究了不同浓度外源ABA处理和不同水分胁迫对6种不同基因型的三叶草(Trifolium subterraneum L.)生长的影响.当三叶草的第四片叶完全展开时,向营养液中施加不同浓度的ABA时对盆栽土壤进行控水.在处理的1,4,7和11 d,测定植株鲜重、叶片数、最长根长,以表示三叶草的生长状况.各参试品种以上三项生长指标均受外源ABA和水分胁迫的影响而呈现下降的趋势.同时,叶片水势值随ABA浓度的增加和水分胁迫强度的增加而明显降低.在10-4 mol/L ABA处理11 d后,参试品种平均生长量的减少与水分胁迫15 d后其生长量的减少的结论一致.在不同浓度ABA处理下,不同基因型三叶草平均叶片数,完全展开叶面积和每株干物质重约降低了50%,而其根冠比却增加了80%.不同基因型三叶草生长参数间的变化及排序结果与盆栽相同品种获得的实验结果非常相似.品种Clare、Nuba 和Seaton Park在对照和处理下均表现最好.由于三叶草对一定浓度范围的外源ABA的反应与其在盆栽水分胁迫下的反应结果十分相似,因此,利用外源ABA处理的方法来研究不同基因型三叶草的耐旱性将可能是一种行之有效的方法.     

外源ABA和水分胁迫对不同基因型三叶草生长的影响

在室内研究了不同浓度外源ABA处理和不同水分胁迫对 6种不同基因型的三叶草 (TrifoliumsubterraneumL .)生长的影响。当三叶草的第四片叶完全展开时 ,向营养液中施加不同浓度的ABA时对盆栽土壤进行控水。在处理的 1,4 ,7和 11d ,测定植株鲜重、叶片数、最长根长 ,以表示三叶草的生长状况。各参试品种以上三项生长指标均受外源ABA和水分胁迫的影响而呈现下降的趋势。同时 ,叶片水势值随ABA浓度的增加和水分胁迫强度的增加而明显降低。在 10 -4mol/LABA处理 11d后 ,参试品种平均生长量的减少与水分胁迫 15d后其生长量的减少的结论一致。在不同浓度ABA处理下 ,不同基因型三叶草平均叶片数 ,完全展开叶面积和每株干物质重约降低了5 0 % ,而其根冠比却增加了 80 %。不同基因型三叶草生长参数间的变化及排序结果与盆栽相同品种获得的实验结果非常相似。品种Clare、Nuba和SeatonPark在对照和处理下均表现最好。由于三叶草对一定浓度范围的外源ABA的反应与其在盆栽水分胁迫下的反应结果十分相似 ,因此 ,利用外源ABA处理的方法来研究不同基因型三叶草的耐旱性将可能是一种行之有效的方法。     

Nitrogen fixation, stomatal response and transpiration in Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens and T. subterraneum under water stress and recovery

Stomatal behaviour, transpiration and nitrogen fixation were investigated in Medicago sativa L. (cvs. Tierra de Campos and Aragon, Hidalgo-Maynar 1966), Trifolium repens L. (cv. Aberystwyth S-184) and Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Clare) subjected to drought by withholding water and then to three days’ recovery after rewatering. Dawn leaf water potential was measured with pressure chamber, stomatal response with a diffusion porometer and nitrogen fixation by using acetylene reduction technique. At low water potentials, the leaf resistance was higher in Medicago than in Trifolium. As water stress developed all species decreased their transpiration, T. subterraneum being the one most affected by moderate deficits. During water stress ‘Tierra de Campos’ always maintained higher acetylene reduction levels than ‘Aragon’ and the Trifolium species, except for the lowest water potentials. During recovery from water stress only ‘Tierra de Campos’ reached predeficit transpiration rates. In ‘Tierra de Campos’ acetylene reduction recovery after rewatering was more rapid and intense than in ‘Aragon’. It is concluded that, of the plants investigated, ‘Tierra de Campos’ was best adapted to water deficits.     

Abscisic acid concentrations and fluxes in droughted conifer saplings

We present the first study of abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations and fluxes in the xylem sap of conifers during a drought cycle. In both Pinus sylvestris and Picea sitchensis the concentration of ABA in the sap rose 11-fold as the drought progressed. There were clear diurnal trends in this concentration, which reached its maximum (6–8.ininol ABA m^?3) near the middle of the day. The fluxes of ABA were calculated by multiplying the xylem ABA concentration by the sap flow rate. The ABA fluxes in the droughted plants in the middle of the day were usually no higher than those of the controls, as a result of the very low sap flow in the droughted plants at that time. However, the ABA flux in the droughted plants was higher than in the controls in the morning, and we postulate that the stomata are responding to these ‘morning doses’ Stomatal conductance, g_s, could not be related statistically to leaf turgor or to the ABA flux. However, £s did display a negative exponential relationship with ABA concentration in the xylem. Pinus displayed more acclimation to drought than Picea, Its ABA concentration rose and its stomatal conductance fell at day 6 of the drought, as opposed to day 17 for Picea, and its osmotic potential fell during the drought treatment.     

Abscisic acid alters carbohydrate accumulation induced by differential response to sodium salts in the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera

Abstract

The role of abscisic acid (ABA) was analyzed in roots and leaves of the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera in response to low osmotic potential (Ψo: ?1.0, ?1.9, and ?2.6?MPa) induced by sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and the iso-osmotic combination of both compounds (NaCl?+?Na₂SO₄). P. strombulifera plants were sprayed with ABA, as well as with inhibitors of ABA biosynthesis (sodium tungstate and fluridone). Different parameters were measured, including total plant height, leaf number, root length, root and shoot biomass, water content, transpiration rate, and total soluble carbohydrates, specific carbohydrates and ABA concentrations. Results showed that sodium salts affected growth parameters in varying ways, depending on the type of salts used as well as the osmotic potentials. ABA-sprayed plants displayed the lowest transpiration values. These plants had a higher content of total soluble carbohydrates in roots, greater root biomass and length and increased root/shoot rate. This study shows that ABA triggers different biochemical and physiological responses after the perception of a stressful condition, and that the interaction between different concentrations and types of salts, and the addition of ABA or its inhibitors generates responses that affect development and growth in the halophyte P. strombulifera.     

Abscisic acid catabolism in maize kernels in response to water deficit at early endosperm development

To further our understanding of the greater susceptibility of apical kernels in maize inflorescences to water stress, abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism activity was evaluated in developing kernels with chirally separated (+)-[(3)H]ABA. The predominant pathway of ABA catabolism was via 8'-hydroxylase to form phaseic acid, while conjugation to glucose was minor. In response to water deficit imposed on whole plants during kernel development, ABA accumulated to higher concentrations in apical than basal kernels, while both returned to control levels after rewatering. ABA catabolism activity per gram fresh weight increased about three-fold in response to water stress, but was about the same in apical and basal kernels on a fresh weight basis. ABA catabolism activity was three to four-fold higher in placenta than endosperm, and activity was higher in apical than basal kernels. In vitro incubation tests indicated that glucose did not affect ABA catabolism. We conclude that placenta tissue plays an important role in ABA catabolism, and together with ABA influx and compartmentation, determine the rate of ABA transport into endosperms.     

Free and bound abscisic acid in relation to water potential in aging cotyledons of Lupinus albus

To evaluate the capacity for biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) in the cotyledons of developing plants of Lupinus albus L. (= L. termis Forssk.) cv. Giza 1, and the physiological role which the compound may perform during senescence, the levels of free and bound forms of ABA have been estimated in conjunction with the natural changes in the water potential of the tissues during a period of 18 days after sowing. In the cotyledons of the dry seeds, the bound form of ABA is about three times as abundant as the free form. Peaks of the free ABA occur on days 3 and 8, when the water potential reaches minimum values of –1060 and –950 kPa respectively. Since the concentration of the bound ABA does not drop during days 1–8, it is suggested that the peaks of free ABA are due to synthesis in the expanding cotyledons in response to the two water potential minima. During the post expansion period (days 9–18), free ABA appears to be released from a bound form as a consequence of decreased synthetic activity and increased tissue deterioration. The remarkable increase in the rate of the dry weight loss which immediately follows each peak of ABA suggests the involvement of ABA in the senescence of the cotyledons by speeding up the translocation of nutrients to the developing axis.     

The effect of salicylic acid on barley response to water deficit

The effect of a moderate (PEG −0.75 MPa) and severe (PEG −1.5 MPa) water deficit on SA content in leaves and roots as well as the effect of pre-treatment with SA on reaction to water stress were evaluated in two barley genotypes — the modern cv. Maresi and a wild form of Hordeum spontaneum. Water deficit increased SA content in roots, whereas SA content in leaves did not change. The level of SA in the roots of control plants was about twofold higher in ‘Maresi’ than in H. spontaneum. After 6 hours of a moderate stress the level of SA increased about twofold in H. spontaneum and about two and a half-fold in ‘Maresi’. Under severe stress conditions the level of SA increased about twofold in the both genotypes, but not before 24 hrs of the stress. Plant treatment with SA before stress reduced a damaging action of water deficit on cell membrane in leaves. A protective effect was more noticeable in H. spontaneum than in ‘Maresi’. SA treatment increased ABA content in the leaves of the studied genotypes. An increase of proline level was observed only in H. spontaneum. The obtained results suggest that ABA and proline can contribute to the development of antistress reactions induced by SA.     

Experimental manipulations of water and nutrient input to a Norway spruce plantation at Klosterhede,Denmark

At Klosterhede, Denmark experimental manipulations of water and nutrient inputs to a forest stand were carried out under a 1200 m² roof simulating i) summer drought, ii) removal of N and S input, and iii) optimal nutrition and water availability. In practise, manipulation of element fluxes in a complex system like a forest may cause unintended changes such as climatic effects from the roof which may interfere with the results of the intended manipulation. This paper illustrates the extent and effects of such unintended changes.The most important climatic change under the roof was a 50% reduction of photosynthetic light which caused a decrease in moss cover on the ground floor. Soil temperatures under the roof were decreased 0.3°C during summer and increased 0.2°C during winter. Air humidity was not changed. Throughfall water amount decreased close to the stems whereas element concentrations in throughfall increased close to the stems and with tree size on the ambient plots. This distinct spatial pattern was changed under the roof to a more variable water distribution from the sprinkling system and to constant element concentrations in the sprinkling water. This loss/change of spatial variability in the input was reflected in the soil solution. The concentration patterns found in soil water (increasing close to the stem and with tree size) in the ambient plots were no longer observed under the roof.Exclusion of throughfall by the roof disturbed the internal cycle of nutrients leached from the canopy. The removal of canopy leached Ca and K by the roof caused a decline in soil water concentrations, even on the drought plot where natural throughfall was only cut off during two summer months. The internal cycle of Ca and K had to be restored by addition of Ca and K under the roof. Further, leachable elements and soluble compounds may be washed out from litterfall during the collection period on the roof, and thus lost from the internal cycle by by exclusion of throughfall.It is important to consider these problems in the design of new manipulation experiments and in the interpretation of the results. Some recommendations are given.     

Abscisic acid produced in dehydrating roots may enable the plant to measure the water status of the soil

Abstract. Maize plants were grown in 1-m-long tubes of John Innes No. 2 potting compost. From the start of the experimental period, half of the plants were unwatered. Stomatal conductance of these plants was restricted 6 d after last watering and continued to decline thereafter. This was despite the fact that as a result of solute accumulation, unwatered plants showed consistently higher leaf turgors than well-watered plants. Leaf water potentials of unwatered plants were not significantly lower than those of plants that were watered well. Main seminal and nodal roots showed solute regulation in drying soil and continued to grow even in the driest soil, and plants growing in drying soil showed consistently higher root dry weights than did well-watered plants, water potentials and turgors of the tips of fine roots in the upper part of the column decreased as the soil dried. Soil drying below a water content of around 0–25 g cm⁻³ (a bulk soil water potential of between -0.2 and -0.3 MPa) resulted in a substantial increase in the ABA content of roots. As soil columns dried progressively from the top, ABA content increased in roots deeper and deeper in the soil. These responses suggest that ABA produced by dehydrating roots and which was subsequently transported to the shoots provided a sensitive indication of the degree of soil drying.     

Involvement of a high irradiance response in photoinhibition of white clover seed germination at low water potential

Seeds of white clover ( Trifolium repens L., cv. Podkowa) were germinated at water potential ψ=−0.3 MPa in darkness, at 25°C. A short exposure to blue light (B) inhibited germination in a manner similar to that described earlier for red (R) and far‐red (FR) light (Niedźwiedź‐Siegień and Lewak 1989). No reversibility of B, R and FR effects was observed. Saturation irradiance and energy was the lowest for R and the highest for B. The reciprocity of irradiance versus time of exposure was observed only for non‐saturating irradiances of B, R and FR.     

Phosphorus concentrations in the leaves of defoliated white clover affect abscisic acid formation and transpiration in drying soil

Increased leaf phosphorus (P) concentration improved the water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance of regularly defoliated white clover plants by decreasing the rate of daily transpiration per unit leaf area in dry soil. Night transpiration was around 17% of the total daily transpiration. The improved control of transpiration in the high-P plants was associated with an increased individual leaf area and WUE that apparently resulted from net photosynthetic assimilation rate being reduced less than the reductions in the transpiration (27% vs 58%). On the other hand, greater transpiration from low-P plants was associated with poor stomatal control of transpirational loss of water, less ABA in the leaves when exposed to dry soil, and thicker and smaller leaf size compared with high-P leaves. The leaf P concentration was positively related with leaf ABA, and negatively with transpiration rates, under dry conditions ( P < 0.001). However, leaf ABA was not closely related to the transpiration rate, suggesting that leaf P concentration has a greater influence than ABA on the transpiration rates.     

Abscisic acid and ethylene interact in wheat grains in response to soil drying during grain filling

Grain filling is an intensive transportation process regulated by soil drying and plant hormones. This study investigated how the interaction between abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene is involved in mediating the effects of soil drying on grain filling in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two wheat cultivars, cv. Yangmai 6 and cv. Yangmai 11, were field-grown, and three irrigation treatments, well-watered, moderately soil-dried (MD) and severely soil-dried (SD), were imposed from 9 d post anthesis until maturity. A higher ABA concentration and lower concentrations of ethylene and 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were found in superior grains (within a spike, those grains that were filled earlier and reached a greater size) than in inferior grains (within a spike, those grains that were filled later and were smaller), and were associated with a higher filling rate in the superior grains. An increase in ABA concentration and reductions in ethylene and ACC concentrations in grains under MD conditions increased the grain-filling rate, whereas much higher ethylene, ACC and ABA concentrations under SD conditions reduced the grain-filling rate. Application of chemical regulators gave similar results. The results did not differ between the two cultivars. The grain-filling rate in wheat is mediated by the balance between ABA and ethylene in the grains, and an increase in the ratio of ABA to ethylene increases the grain-filling rate.     

Distribution of mineral nutrient from nodal roots of Trifolium repens: Genotypic variation in intra-plant allocation of 32P and 45Ca

To assess genotypic variability in nutrient supply of shoot branches, the distribution of ³²P and ⁴⁵Ca exported from a source nodal root (24-h uptake period) was measured within a genotype of a large-leaved (Kopu) and a small-leaved (Tahora) cultivar of Trifolium repens. Source-sink relationships of plants were modified by root severance, defoliation, and shade treatments. In control plants of both genotypes distribution of ³²P and ⁴⁵Ca closely followed the pathways that could be predicted from the known phyllotactic constraints on the vascular system. As such there was little allocation of radioisotopes (3.1% and 2.5% of exported ³²P and ⁴⁵Ca, respectively) from the source root to branches on the apposite side of the parent axis (far-side branches). However, genotypic differences in nutrient allocation were apparent, when treatments were imposed to alter intra-plant source-sink relationships. In the large-leaved genotype, the imposed treatments had minor effects on the allocation to far-side branches: whereas, in the small-leaved genotype, root severance and defoliation treatments increased lateral transport to far-side branches to 30% (³²P) and 10% (⁴⁵Ca) of exported radioisotopes. Genotypes with low (8–9) and high (12–13) numbers of vascular bundles were selected from within the large-leaved cultivar. Distribution of ³²P was then measured after plants had been pre-treated by removal of all far-side roots two days prior to labelling. Genotypes with low vascular bundle number allocated 20% and those with high vascular bundle number 3.2% of exported ³²P to far-side branches. It was concluded (1) that genotypic variation exists within T. repens for potential to alter intra-plant allocation of mineral nutrients, in response to treatments that modify source-sink relationships within plants; and (2) that this variation is correlated with differences among genotypes in the organisation of the vasculature of their stolons.     

Conversion of (2Z,4E)-5-(1′,2′-epoxy-2′,6′,6′-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid to xanthoxin acid by Cercospora cruenta, a fungus producing (+)-abscisic acid

(±)-(2Z,4E)-5-(1′,2′-epoxy-2′,6′,6′-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid was metabolized by Cercospora cruenta, which has the ability to produce (+)-abscisic acid (ABA), to give (±)-(2Z,4E)-xanthoxin acid, (±)-(2Z,4E)-5′-hydroxy-1′,2′-epoxy-1′,2′-dihydro-β-ionylideneacetic acid, (±)-1′,2′-epoxy-1′,2′-dihydro-β-ionone and trace amounts of ABA.