婴儿泪在室内生长的光照范围研究

研究了婴儿泪适宜生长的光照范围问题。通过测定试验房间光照的分布图 ,选择试验房间内具有代表性的光区进行栽培试验。实验环境温度为 15～ 2 5℃ ,湿度为 33%～ 6 9%。经栽培 4 0d后 ,用LI 6 4 0 0测定其不同光强下的光合特性 ,计算光补偿点、光饱和点、最大净光合速率。同时测定不同试验区植株的枝长与叶片数量的生长量。结果表明 :婴儿泪在 >8 5μmol·m-2 ·s-1～ <2 99 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1(4 2 5～ 14 95 0lx ,RH33%～ 6 9% ,温度 15～ 2 5℃ )的光照条件下能够生长     

番茄高温高湿胁迫后的补偿生长

为了解高温高湿复合胁迫对番茄的影响,以番茄品种"金冠五号"(Jinguan 5)为对象,设计温度、相对湿度和处理天数三因素正交试验,温度设置4个水平(昼温/夜温),即32℃/22℃、35℃/25℃、38℃/28℃、41℃/31℃,相对湿度设置3个水平,为50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%,持续时间设为4个水平,为3、6、9、12 d。以28/18℃、50%～55%环境下处理的番茄幼苗为对照组(CK)。分别在高温高湿胁迫后及恢复生长的7、14、21、28 d进行取样,测定生长指标、抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素含量。结果表明:高温胁迫后,35、38、41℃处理下番茄干重显著降低,叶面积显著增加,41℃番茄干重较CK降低12.89%,高温处理后叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量低于CK,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均高于CK,且随温度升高,酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,38℃处理SOD、POD、CAT酶活性最高,分别较CK增加121.14%、35.41%、55.13%;从湿度来看,相同高温条件下,RH70%处理番茄的生长最好,RH70%处理番茄SOD、POD、CAT酶活性、叶绿素含量显著高于RH...     

光照和温度对滇丁香种子萌发的影响

研究了不同光照和温度条件对滇丁香(Luculia pinciana)种子萌发的影响。结果表明,滇丁香种子是需光种子,有明显的光休眠现象;种子在光下萌发的最适温度范围为20~25℃,8~10d开始萌发,2~3周萌发完全,萌发率可达97%,温度的升高或降低均会降低种子萌发率。在15~30℃,用250mg/L GA₃处理24h能代替光照解除光休眠。     

光照强度对乐昌含笑幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为探析乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)在不同光照强度下生长及光合能力的适应机制,以乐昌含笑2年生幼苗为试材,经100%(CK)、70%(T1)、50%(T2)、30%(T3)、10%(T4)全光照5个不同遮荫处理1年(3年生),进而对其生长及光合指标进行测定。结果表明,在70%全光照和100%全光照下,乐昌含笑幼苗存活率与株高、地径生长显著高于其他处理。净光合速率在70%光照强度处理时达最高值(8.553μmol·m^-2·s^-1);随着遮荫胁迫的加重,净光合速率逐渐下降,在50%全光照下净光合速率下降主要由气孔限制导致,30%全光照和10%全光照下由非气孔限制导致。与其他遮荫处理相比,100%全光照和70%全光照下乐昌含笑叶片具有更高的最大净光合速率(8.166和8.735μmol·m^-2·s^-1)、光饱和点(1215.956和1145.328μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和光补偿点(16.280和13.572μmol·m^-2     

高温高湿交互对设施番茄叶片光合特性的影响

为了揭示高温高湿交互作用对设施番茄叶片光合特性的影响,以番茄品种"金粉五号"为试材,在人工气候箱中进行L_9(3~3)正交试验,设置3个温度水平(35℃(昼温)/18℃(夜温)、38℃/18℃、41℃/18℃)、3个湿度水平(白天空气相对湿度50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%)和3个持续时间(3、6、9 d),并以28℃/18℃、45%~55%为对照处理(CK),测定植株叶片的光合参数和荧光动力参数。结果表明:高温高湿处理条件下净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、PSII最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR)较CK均有不同程度的降低,而胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)以38℃/18℃、70%处理下最小,气孔限制值(Ls)以38℃/18℃、90%处理下最小。极差法分析表明:38℃/18℃、35℃/18℃、41℃/18℃、70%、50%、90%处理下叶片P_n较CK分别降低了30.1%、21.4%、51.9%、31.2%、31.4%、38.6%;3 d、6 d和9 d处理下各指标的差异不显著;高温是影响设施番茄叶片P_n的主要胁迫因素(P0.05),高湿为次要胁迫因素,高温高湿交互作用对叶片P_n具有极显著影响(P0.01)。研究证实,当最高气温上升至38℃以上时,适当增加空气相对湿度至65%~75%,可有效降低高温胁迫对设施番茄的危害。     

天南星科、龙舌兰科、棕榈科观叶植物在闽中地区的引种适应性

对天南星科、龙舌兰科、棕榈科观叶植物的基本生态习性研究表明,三科观叶植物的适合生长温度多在18~28℃之间,当温度低于10℃或者高于35℃时,大多数植物出现寒害或热害,生长停滞。天南星科和龙舌兰科植物长势较好的遮光度分别为75%和50%左右;而棕榈科植物多数可在全光条件下正常生长。不同科植物之间对土壤水分的需求差异较大,天南星科植物要求最高(大于80%),其次是龙舌兰科,为70%,棕榈科植物要求较低,为55%;空气湿度85%~90%最有利于这几类观叶植物生长。     

温度、盐度、光照对蜈蚣藻丝状体生长的影响

为了研究蜈蚣藻丝状体在不同的盐度、温度、光照强度和光照周期下的生长特征,分别观察比较了5个盐度(18~46)、5个温度(10℃~30℃)、6个光照强度(500 lx~5500 lx)和6个光照周期(0L∶24D-24L∶0D)培养条件下蜈蚣藻丝状体增重量的变化。结果表明:温度实验中以20℃条件下,蜈蚣藻丝状体的相对增重率最大,为124.8%;盐度实验中以32盐度下,蜈蚣藻丝状体的相对增重率最高,为68.3%;光照强度以2500 lx条件为最佳,蜈蚣藻丝状体的相对增重率最高,为88.2%;光照周期以24L∶0D全光照条件下生长最快,蜈蚣藻丝状体的相对增重率达到197.3%。由此可见,在温度为20℃,盐度为32,光照强度为2500 lx,24 h光照的条件下,蜈蚣藻丝状体长势最好,是培育蜈蚣藻的最佳条件。     

高温高湿胁迫及恢复对番茄快速荧光诱导动力学的影响

为了研究高温高湿复合胁迫对番茄的影响,以番茄品种“金冠五号”(Jinguan 5)为试材,于2018年6-9月在南京信息工程大学农业气象试验室进行温度、相对湿度与处理天数三因素正交试验,温度设置4个水平(昼温/夜温),即32℃/22 ℃、35℃/25℃、38℃/28 ℃、41℃/31℃,空气相对湿度设置3个水平为50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%,4个持续时间(3、6、9、12 d),以28℃/18℃、50%~55%环境下处理的番茄幼苗为对照(CK),测定不同处理下番茄叶片光合参数和快速荧光诱导动力学参数.结果表明:在日最高32~41℃范围内,随着温度升高,番茄光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQE)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合性能指数(PIabs)、综合性能指数(PItotal)、用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)、用于还原PSI受体侧末端电子受体的量子产额(φRo)、用于电子传递的光能(ET0/CSm)和有活性的反应中心数量(RC/CSm)均有所降低,快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线发生变化,J、I、P相降低,且AK小于0.在高温环境下,70%湿度处理的LSP、AQE、Pmax、Fv/Fm、PIabs PItotal、φEo、φRo、ETo/CSm、RC/CSm等指标显著高于50%和90%湿度处理.不同天数处理和恢复期间各指标无显著性差异.研究表明:高温胁迫破坏了番茄幼苗光系统的结构和功能,在超过日最高35℃的环境中,适当增加空气相对湿度至70%,可稳定光合反应中心,缓解高温胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害.     

苦草繁殖生态学研究

通过太湖野外调查、室内培养、种子与块茎萌发及幼苗生长试验,对太湖苦草(Vallisneria natans)种群的繁殖生态特征进行了研究。结果显示:1)苦草分配于有性繁殖部分的生物量较无性的大,分别占总生物量的25.0%±13.8%和10.1%±7.0%。雌花数与座果率平均分别为22.9±13.8朵·株^-1和73.3%±17.9%。雄株可以产生11~33个佛焰苞,每个佛焰苞内平均含有364±38朵雄花,每个雄花产生的花粉为128~184粒。每个果实内种子丰富,多达150~360粒,估算太湖苦草种群立地种子量可达1.68×10⁴~1.01×10⁶个·m^-2。但每年种群主要来自地下块茎和匍匐茎,水深、风浪等可能是种子苗难以在湖泊中定植成功的主要因素。2)苦草的块茎数量较大,平均90~226个·m^-2,是种群发展的强大物质基础。3)温度、光照、基质及种子保存方式与时间长短对种子发芽率均有较大影响。10 ℃时种子发芽率较低,仅8.35%±1.89%;20 ℃时发芽率较高,为56.73%±6.42%;30 ℃时发芽率有所降低,为43.55%±4.34%。种子发芽对光照有一定要求,20 ℃、无光条件下,种子发芽率下降63.6%。在没有湖泥为基质的情况下,发芽率下降36.5%。此外,随干燥保存时间增加,种子发芽率下降。4)块茎发芽对光照需求不大,但温度对块茎的发芽率有较大影响,10 ℃时发芽率为20.3%±5.7%,20 ℃时较高,达90.2%±12.6%,30 ℃时发芽率降低至60.4%±7.6%。5)光照对幼苗生长有一定影响。有光照的幼苗伸长生长比无光条件下慢,但生物量积累较大,有光的苗生长速度平均为0.56~0.70 cm·d^-1,无光的为0.86~0.96 cm·d^-1。试验结果还显示,苦草的块茎苗初期的伸长生长主要依赖于基部的根茎生长。6)根据研究结果认为,在湖泊中恢复苦草种群应主要利用地下块茎,种子只适用于相对静止的浅水池塘种植。     

不同光照条件下外源水杨酸对浒苔响应紫外辐射胁迫的影响

为研究不同光照条件下,外源水杨酸(SA)和紫外辐射(UV)对海洋绿藻浒苔的复合效应,在两个光照强度(高光:160 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;低光:70 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)条件下,设置对照(CK)、SA、UV及UV+SA处理(UV=3.2 W·m^-2、SA=10 μg·mL^-1),处理3 d后测定浒苔生长、叶绿素荧光参数、光合放氧速率、超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等的变化,探讨光照强度、UV及SA的复合效应.结果表明: 低光无UV条件下,SA会促进浒苔生长,降低浒苔叶绿素a(Chl a)和可溶性蛋白含量;高光无UV条件下, SA会抑制其生长,但显著提高了Chl a含量、呼吸速率、光合放氧速率、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量;高光和UV条件下, UV+SA显著促进浒苔生长,提高Chl a和可溶性糖含量;低光和UV条件下,与UV相比,UV+SA提高了浒苔最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和可溶性蛋白含量,涨幅分别为139.8%和32.2%.外源SA的加入在一定程度上缓解了UV对浒苔的胁迫作用,且在高光条件下的效果更为显著.     

Screening a cucumber crop during leaf area development reduces yield

In order to reduce heat energy consumption in greenhouse cucumber production, (transparent) screens may be used also during the day, particularly in the early growth phase when high temperatures are required to achieve rapid leaf area development. However, energy savings must be optimised against light reduction‐induced yield loss. For this reason, two experiments were conducted to quantify the effect on photosynthesis and growth of screening cucumber plants during their early growth phase, and on yield in the following generative phase. Screening with different light transmission coefficients was simulated using shading nets. Shading the plants during the first 5 weeks under Central European winter conditions reduced the leaf area by 0.40% per 1% reduction in photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Moreover, potential leaf net photosynthesis decreased by 0.46% per 1% PAR reduction. A major impact was that the leaf dry matter content, leaf starch content and leaf sugar content of shaded plants diminished significantly. In the course of the following 2 weeks under full light, the leaf photosynthesis of the plants previously shaded recovered fully and the leaf area index rose to 3.3 m² m^?2, considered sufficient for optimal crop photosynthesis. The yield from plants previously shaded diminished slightly as early as from the first harvest week on. These yield losses increased further over the next few weeks, measuring approximately 0.8 kg m^?2 per 1 mol m^?2 day^?1 PAR reduction in the early growth phase. The effect of PAR on plant growth was proportional when relating the PAR integral over the entire experimental period to the total yield and to the total dry matter production, respectively.     

Leaf area index, canopy structure and photosynthesis of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Abstract. The influence of leaf age, total leaf area and its dispersion in space on canopy photosynthesis were studied using microswards of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) which were established in the greenhouse. Two varieties, Renova (flowering) and Molstad (non-flowering), were sown in separate plastic boxes at densities of 225, 400 and 625 plants per m².
Vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf area, leaf age and ¹⁴CO₂-fixation were determined periodically. Net photosynthesis and dark respiration of canopies were measured. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves was measured on plants taken from the intact canopy or from plants where shading of the growing leaves had been prevented.
Net photosynthetic rate of canopies increased linearly with leaf area index (LAI) up to an LAI of 3.5 and then declined at higher LAI, independent of variety and sowing density. Below the optimum LAI, net photosynthesis depended mainly on interception of PAR. Decrease in canopy photosynthesis above the optimum LAI was due to a higher proportion of old leaves with decreased photosynthetic capacity, and not to an increase in respiring plant parts. It is concluded that LAI and position of leaf age categories in the canopy are more important than vertical distribution of leaf area in determining canopy photosynthesis of red clover.     

Estimating photosynthetic radiation use efficiency using incident light and photosynthesis of individual leaves

It has been theorized that photosynthetic radiation use efficiency (PhRUE) over the course of a day is constant for leaves throughout a canopy if leaf nitrogen content and photosynthetic properties are adapted to local light so that canopy photosynthesis over a day is optimized. To test this hypothesis, 'daily' photosynthesis of individual leaves of Solanum melongena plants was calculated from instantaneous rates of photosynthesis integrated over the daylight hours. Instantaneous photosynthesis was estimated from the photosynthetic responses to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and from the incident PAR measured on individual leaves during clear and overcast days. Plants were grown with either abundant or scarce N fertilization. Both net and gross daily photosynthesis of leaves were linearly related to daily incident PAR exposure of individual leaves, which implies constant PhRUE over a day throughout the canopy. The slope of these relationships (i.e. PhRUE) increased with N fertilization. When the relationship was calculated for hourly instead of daily periods, the regressions were curvilinear, implying that PhRUE changed with time of the day and incident radiation. Thus, linearity (i.e. constant PhRUE) was achieved only when data were integrated over the entire day. Using average PAR in place of instantaneous incident PAR increased the slope of the relationship between daily photosynthesis and incident PAR of individual leaves, and the regression became curvilinear. The slope of the relationship between daily gross photosynthesis and incident PAR of individual leaves increased for an overcast compared with a clear day, but the slope remained constant for net photosynthesis. This suggests that net PhRUE of all leaves (and thus of the whole canopy) may be constant when integrated over a day, not only when the incident PAR changes with depth in the canopy, but also when it varies on the same leaf owing to changes in daily incident PAR above the canopy. The slope of the relationship between daily net photosynthesis and incident PAR was also estimated from the photosynthetic light response curve of a leaf at the top of the canopy and from the incident PAR above the canopy, in place of that measured on individual leaves. The slope (i.e. net PhRUE) calculated in this simple way did not differ statistically from that calculated using data from individual leaves.     

Effects of kaolin application on light absorption and distribution, radiation use efficiency and photosynthesis of almond and walnut canopies

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kaolin applied as a suspension to plant canopies forms a film on leaves that increases reflection and reduces absorption of light. Photosynthesis of individual leaves is decreased while the photosynthesis of the whole canopy remains unaffected or even increases. This may result from a better distribution of light within the canopy following kaolin application, but this explanation has not been tested. The objective of this work was to study the effects of kaolin application on light distribution and absorption within tree canopies and, ultimately, on canopy photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency. METHODS: Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) incident on individual leaves within the canopy of almond (Prunus dulcis) and walnut (Juglans regia) trees was measured before and after kaolin application in order to study PAR distribution within the canopy. The PAR incident on, and reflected and transmitted by, the canopy was measured on the same day for kaolin-sprayed and control trees in order to calculate canopy PAR absorption. These data were then used to model canopy photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency by a simple method proposed in previous work, based on the photosynthetic response to incident PAR of a top-canopy leaf. KEY RESULTS: Kaolin increased incident PAR on surfaces of inner-canopy leaves, although there was an estimated 20 % loss in PAR reaching the photosynthetic apparatus, due to increased reflection. Assuming a 20 % loss of PAR, modelled photosynthesis and photosynthetic radiation use efficiency (PRUE) of kaolin-coated leaves decreased by only 6.3 %. This was due to (1) more beneficial PAR distribution within the kaolin-sprayed canopy, and (2) with decreasing PAR, leaf photosynthesis decreases less than proportionally, due to the curvature of the photosynthesis response-curve to PAR. The relatively small loss in canopy PRUE (per unit of incident PAR), coupled with the increased incident PAR on the leaf surface on inner-canopy leaves, resulted in an estimated increase in modelled photosynthesis of the canopy (+9 % in both walnut and almond). The small loss in PRUE (per unit of incident PAR) resulted in an increase in radiation use efficiency per unit of absorbed PAR, which more than compensated for the minor (7 %) reduction in canopy PAR absorption. CONCLUSIONS: The results explain the apparently contradictory findings in the literature of positive or no effects of kaolin applications on canopy photosynthesis and yield, despite the decrease in photosynthesis by individual leaves when measured at the same PAR.     

The mitochondrial CMSII mutation of Nicotiana sylvestris impairs adjustment of photosynthetic carbon assimilation to higher growth irradiance

The CMSII mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris, which lacks a functional mitochondrial complex I, was used to investigate chloroplast-mitochondria interactions in light acclimation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. CMSII and wild-type (WT) plants were grown at 80 micromol m(-2) s(-1) photosynthetic active radiation (PAR; 80) and 350 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR (350). Carbon assimilation at saturating PFD was markedly higher in WT 350 leaves as compared with WT 80 leaves, but was similar in CMS 80 and CMS 350 leaves, suggesting that the mutant is unable to adjust photosynthesis to higher growth irradiance. WT 350 leaves showed several general characteristic light acclimation responses [increases in leaf specific area (LSA), total chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll a/b ratio, and a higher light compensation point]. In contrast, a similar chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were measured for both CMS 80 and CMS 350 leaves, while LSA and the light compensation point acclimated as in the WT. The failure of CMSII to adjust photosynthesis to growth PFD did not result from lower quantum efficiency of PSII, lower whole-chain electron transport rates (ETRs), or lower ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) capacities. Excess ETR not used for carbon assimilation was even higher in CMS 350 than in WT 350. Since photochemical fluorescence quenching and the initial activity of NADP malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) were identical in WT 350 and CMS 350 leaves but the activation state of NADP-MDH was different, redox signals from primary ETR are not involved in the signal transduction of light acclimation, while a contribution of stromal redox state cannot be excluded. When mature plants were transferred between 350 and 80 conditions, the mutant showed acclimatory tendencies, although adjustments were not as rapid or as marked as in the WT, and the response of the initial activities of Rubisco and NADP-MDH was impaired or altered. Initial activities of Rubisco and SPS at limiting concentration were also affected in CMS 350 as compared with WT plants when compared at growth irradiance or after in situ activation at 1000 micromol m(-2) s(-1) PAR. The data demonstrate that chloroplast-mitochondria interactions are important in light acclimation, and modulation of the activation state of key photosynthetic enzymes could be an important mechanism in this cross-talk.     

Far-red enrichment and photosynthetically active radiation level influence leaf senescence in field-grown sunflower

Basal leaves frequently senesce before anthesis in high population density crops. This paper evaluates the hypothesis that quantitative and qualitative changes in the light environment associated with a high leaf area index (LAI) trigger leaf senescence in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) canopies. Mean leaf duration (LD, time from achievement of maximum leaf area) of leaf 8 was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced from 51 to 19 days as crop population density was increased from 0.47 to 4.76 plants m⁻². High compared to low plant population density was associated with earlier reduction in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and red/far-red ratio (R/FR) reaching the target leaf. However the changes in R/FR preceded those in PAR. When the light environment of individual leaves of isolated plants growing under field conditions was manipulated using filters and FR-reflecting mirrors, LD was positively and linearly related with the mean daily PAR (MDR) received in the FR- (no FR enrichment) treatments. FR enrichment of light reaching the abaxial surface of the leaf significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced LD by 9 days at intermediate PAR levels with respect to FR-controls, but did not affect LD at the maximum PAR used in these experiments. However, when light reaching both leaf surfaces was enriched with FR, LD (for leaves receiving maximum PAR) was 13 days shorter than that of the FR- control. These results show that basal leaf senescence in sunflower is enhanced both by a decrease in PAR and by a decrease in R/FR.     

Combined effects of light and nitrate supplies on the growth,photosynthesis and ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds in marine macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta), with special reference to the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation

It is well known that light and nutrients are essential to plants; however, there are few investigations in which these have been studied in combination on macroalgae, especially when solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is concerned. We cultured the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) at different nitrate concentrations and light levels with or without UVR for 24 days. The results showed that nitrate supply markedly enhanced the growth and photosynthesis, increased the absorptivity of UV‐absorbing compounds (UVACs), and decreased photoinhibition in the presence of UVR. The thalli that received photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) treatment exhibited higher growth rates than those that received PAR + UVR at ambient or enhanced nitrate concentrations. However, under PAR + UVR treatment, the absorptivity of UVACs was higher than that of PAR and fluctuated with light levels. UVR was found to reduce the maximal net photosynthetic rate, apparent photosynthetic efficiency and light‐saturating irradiance while increasing the dark respiration rate, and inducing higher inhibition of growth and photosynthesis under high light versus under low light. Ultraviolet B significantly induced the synthesis of UVACs but led to higher inhibition on growth and photosynthesis than ultraviolet A.     

Importance of the green color,absorption gradient,and spectral absorption of chloroplasts for the radiative energy balance of leaves

Terrestrial green plants absorb photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm) but do not absorb photons evenly across the PAR waveband. The spectral absorbance of photosystems and chloroplasts is lowest for green light, which occurs within the highest irradiance waveband of direct solar radiation. We demonstrate a close relationship between this phenomenon and the safe and efficient utilization of direct solar radiation in simple biophysiological models. The effects of spectral absorptance on the photon and irradiance absorption processes are evaluated using the spectra of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The radiation absorption of a leaf arises as a consequence of the absorption of chloroplasts. The photon absorption of chloroplasts is strongly dependent on the distribution of pigment concentrations and their absorbance spectra. While chloroplast movements in response to light are important mechanisms controlling PAR absorption, they are not effective for green light because chloroplasts have the lowest spectral absorptance in the waveband. With the development of palisade tissue, the incident photons per total palisade cell surface area and the absorbed photons per chloroplast decrease. The spectral absorbance of carotenoids is effective in eliminating shortwave PAR (<520 nm), which contains much of the surplus energy that is not used for photosynthesis and is dissipated as heat. The PAR absorptance of a whole leaf shows no substantial difference based on the spectra of direct or diffuse solar radiation. However, most of the near infrared radiation is unabsorbed and heat stress is greatly reduced. The incident solar radiation is too strong to be utilized for photosynthesis under the current CO₂ concentration in the terrestrial environment. Therefore, the photon absorption of a whole leaf is efficiently regulated by photosynthetic pigments with low spectral absorptance in the highest irradiance waveband and through a combination of pigment density distribution and leaf anatomical structures.     

基于辐射和温度热效应的温室水果黄瓜叶面积模型

依据温室黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)叶片生长与温度和辐射的关系,构建了适合我国种植技术的黄瓜叶面积模拟模型,并利用不同品种、播期的试验资料对模型进行了检验。结果表明,该模型比传统的积温法和比叶面积法更准确地模拟温室水果黄瓜的叶面积。该模型对黄瓜叶面积指数的模拟结果与1∶1直线之间的决定系数R²和回归估计标准误差RMSE分别为0.879 2和0.398 0,比用积温法和比叶面积法模拟叶面积指数的精度分别提高了37%和74%。     

UV-B response of cucumber seedlings grown under metal halide and high pressure sodium/deluxe lamps

UV-B-sensitive (Poinsett) and -insensitive (Ashley) cultivars of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) were grown in growth chambers at 600 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ of photosynthetically active radiation provided by metal halide (MH) or high pressure sodium/deluxe (HPS/DX) lamps. Plants were irradiated 15 days from seeding for 6 h per day under 18. 2 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ of biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation. One of the most pronounced effects of UV-B was a 27 to 78% increase in phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity. UV-B also increased total polyamines. Catalase and superoxide dismutase varied greatly in their response to UV-B. There were no interactive effects on PAL or catalase activity, or total polyamines. There was a UV × PAR source interaction for superoxide dismutase activity. UV-B increased chlorosis and decreased height, dry weight and leaf area. Stem elongation, biomass production, leaf enlargement and chlorosis were greater under HPS/DX lamps than under MH lamps. Chlorosis was greater in Poinsett than in Ashley and in lower leaves than in upper ones. Aside from chlorosis, there were no interactive effects of UV-B, PAR source or cultivar on any of the growth parameters measured, suggesting that the growth response of cucumber seedlings to UV-B is unaffected by PAR source or cultivar. Similarly, except for SOD activity, the biochemical response to UV-B was also not influenced by PAR source or cultivar.