共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Takahiro Tsukahara 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(2):147-156
Grooming initiation among adult males and females of a Japanese macaque troop was analyzed during the non-mating season. Some
gestures (“solicitation”) elicited grooming from partners at a high rate. Grooming initiation patterns were divided into two
main types: (1) a male often solicited a female to groom him immediately after approaching her and was groomed by her; and
(2) a female approached an alpha male selectively, and immediately groomed him. After a female groomed a male, she rarely
solicited him to groom her and instead often moved away from him. These results indicated that males were motivated to be
groomed, while females were more highly motivated to groom. Sex differences in grooming motivation can be explained by sex
differences in the benefit to be groomed. 相似文献
2.
Masayuki Nakamichi April Silldorff Peggy Sexton 《Primates; journal of primatology》2001,42(3):245-252
The present report describes behavioral reactions of a 33-month-old female infant gorilla to maternal separation in a captive
social group whose composition is similar to that of wild groups. The infant gorilla responded differently to two types of
maternal separation. When she remained alone for a few hours, she cried repeatedly and moved restlessly, indicating protest.
Upon reunion and also for a few days thereafter, an intensification of the mother-infant relationship occurred. On the other
hand, when she was separated from her mother but remained with the other group members for nine days, she did not display
any behaviors that could be characterized as protest, but rather showed clear behavioral depression. During the 9-day separation
period, she hardly played with other group members but she developed affiliative relationships with the leading male. After
the reunion from the 9-day separation, she spent as much time near her mother as before separation and played with other infants
at a level similar to that before separation, while she sometimes displayed behavioral patterns demanding the maintenance
of physical contact with her mother. The present findings are compared with other reports in great apes and human children. 相似文献
3.
T Nishida 《Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology》1988,50(1-2):109-123
Grooming between female chimpanzees and their offspring was studied in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Infants under 2 years of age rarely groomed their mothers, and mostly groomed accessible parts of their mother's bodies, if they did so. Most older adolescents reciprocated grooming with their mothers almost equally. Daughters appeared to mature socially earlier than sons, judging from the earlier ages at which a female infant began to groom her mother, groom mutually with her, and groom others. Weaning infants groomed their mothers more when they were in oestrus than when they were not. Development of the use of grooming as a means of social manoeuvring is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Pavel Stopka David W. Macdonald 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1999,105(11):969-982
Grooming in the wood mouse is a means by which males obtain information about the reproductive state of females, as grooming creates a situation which allows the male to smell the groomed female’s anogenital area to ascertain her phase of oestrus. Although grooming is reciprocal in this species, it is asymmetrical in that males groom females more often than vice versa. This grooming asymmetry was studied using Markov chain analysis for grooming sequences in two captive wood mouse colonies, and transition rates were used to represent motivation in both sexes. Grooming sessions were often initiated by a male’s attempt to sniff an immobile female’s anogenital region, while the female would immediately react by avoiding or biting the male. In order to entice the female to remain, the male would begin grooming the female’s head and shoulder area, surreptitiously and consistently grooming downwards towards the female’s anogenital region, until she would again terminate such contact either by avoiding or biting the male. While, therefore, the male’s tendency to sniff the female’s anogenital region was stronger than his tendency to groom her, the female’s tendency to terminate the male’s naso-anal contact was much stronger than her tendency to terminate his grooming bouts. If the male did not initiate grooming after the female terminated naso-anal contact, she avoided further contacts and escaped. In mice, as in most mating systems, the demand for matings by males is far larger than the number of matings females offer. The mating market, therefore, is highly skewed, which gives females the opportunity to demand ‘commodities’ in return for allowing males to mate. This system allows females to ‘bargain’ with males to obtain grooming in return for anogenital contact. Females assess the length of time they receive grooming and will only allow males to attain anogenital contact after a certain threshold value has been passed. If anogenital contact provides the male with information about the female’s reproductive state and/or with sexual stimulation, then this process represents the first quantified example in short-lived mammals of females ‘selling sex’ in terms of the market effect. This paper therefore provides a new view of the regulation of grooming: grooming is not simply reciprocal with both participants concerned that the other does not ‘cheat’ (e.g. tit-for-tat (TFT)-like strategy), rather grooming is a commodity which can be bartered against female reproductive information or matings. 相似文献
5.
Detailed observations on the consumption ofVernonia amygdalina (Del.), a naturally occurring plant of known ethnomedicinal value, by an adult female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of M-group in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania were made. Chewing the pith of several shoots, she sucked out and swallowed
the astringent, bitter tasting juice; spitting out the fibrous remains. The female was followed during this period for 11
hr, over two consecutive days, and was recognized to be in irregular health at the time of consumption, exhibiting signs of
lethargy, lack of appetite, and irregularity of bodily excretions. The low frequency and lack of seasonality in the usage
of this plant suggest that it is sought after for reasons other than as a food source. These factors suggest that for chimpanzees,
the consumption of this plant is primarily medicinal. The symptoms displayed by the female are the same as those experienced
by people throughout tropical Africa who utilize this plant as a medicinal treatment for them. Interactions between the female
and others suggest that they too were aware of her condition and coordinated their activities with the female and her infant. 相似文献
6.
Elisa Tamariz Meytha Marsch-Moreno Federico Castro-Muñozledo Victor Tsutsumi W. Kuri-Harcuch 《Cell and tissue research》1999,296(3):575-585
Sheets of cultured allogeneic human keratinocytes have been used for the treatment of burns and chronic leg ulcers but there has been no animal assay for the therapeutic action of these cultures. In order to analyze the effects of frozen cultures of human keratinocytes on wound healing, we have developed such an assay based on the rate of repair of full-thickness skin wounds in immunocompetent NMR1 mice. Reepithelialization of the control wounds, originating from the murine epithelium at the edge of the wound, occurred at a constant rate of advance of 150 microm/day. When frozen cultured human epidermal sheets were thawed at room temperature for 5-10 min and applied to the surface of the wound, the murine epithelium advanced at 267 microm/day. Most wounds treated with frozen cultures completely healed after 10 days, whereas most control wounds required 16 days. The accelerated reepithelialization did not depend on the presence of proliferative human keratinocytes in the frozen cultures. The cultures also promoted early formation of granulation tissue and laminin deposition over the surface of the wound bed. This simple assay should permit quantitative analysis of the effects on healing exerted not only by cultured cells, but also by proteins and small molecules. 相似文献
7.
Stephen Swearer 《Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology》2013,45(3):217-218
Caprella scaura typica is common in communities of fouling animals in tropical waters. Courtship and mating involve exploration of the female by the male using antennae and maxillipeds followed by moulting of the female and copulation. During courtship and mating, males are very aggressive and will fight off all other animals. There were significantly more deaths from intraspecific fighting between males when sexually receptive females were present. Soon after a successful mating, the female also becomes very aggressive and resists further attempts at mating. The young hatch 4 days after the eggs are deposited in the brood pouch but remain there for up to 12 hours while their locomotory movements become fully coordinated. The young may be assisted from the pouch by the mother and will initially cling to her body. They scrape epiphytes from her body for food and she will periodically groom them. After a week the young are actively removed by the mother to fend for themselves. 相似文献
8.
Clara B. Jones 《Primates; journal of primatology》1979,20(2):289-292
Dominant individuals groom subordinates in the mantled howler monkey. This relationship is previously unreported for the species
and is a characteristic that howler monkeys share with many birds and mammals. 相似文献
9.
Michael D. Gumert 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(5):1059-1074
Female long-tailed macaques are attracted to infants and frequently groom mothers bearing them. Such grooming often involves
the groomer contacting the infant and may be a trade of grooming for infant handling. To identify if grooming and infant handling
are directly traded, I collected samples on times after female-to-mother grooming and on interactions in which a female groomed
a mother and contacted her infant. I determined that grooming tended to promote an exchange with infant handling and that
the supply of available infants was related to how long a female groomed a mother. Grooming interactions were longer when
infants were scarce in the surrounding social environment than when they were abundant, indicating a possible supply-and-demand
effect. This supports that grooming may be payment for infant handling. Grooming-infant handling interchanges tended to be
unidirectional as mothers usually did not reciprocate grooming. Instead, infant contact occurred. A larger proportion of grooming-infant
handling interchanges involved younger infants, but infant age did not seem to influence grooming durations. The length of
female-to-mother grooming had no observable effect on handling time. Lower-ranked females groomed higher-ranked mothers and
their infants longer than vice versa. Moreover, it was possible to predict up-rank grooming via supply and demand better than down-rank grooming. There was no
observable influence of kinship on grooming-infant handling interchange. These results support the conclusion that grooming
and infant handling may be traded. Grooming promoted infant handling, while supply and rank predicted the grooming payment
a female would offer to access an infant. 相似文献
10.
Gregory Charles Westergaard Stephen J. Suomi 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(4):521-529
We examined hand preference in the use of tools by tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). We presented a colony of monkeys with
an enclosed container designed to accommodate the use of probing tools. Over an 8-month period, 13 monkeys used probes to
extract sweet syrup from the narrow opening of the apparatus. Five monkeys exhibited bias toward use of their right hand and
eight monkeys exhibited bias toward use of their left hand. Adult monkeys exhibited a greater percentage of right-hand preferent
probing sequences than did juveniles. These results are consistent with hypotheses that in tasks that involve the use of tools,
nonhuman primates exhibit strong lateral asymmetries at the individual level, a moderate left-hand bias at the population
level, and increased bias with age toward use of the right hand. 相似文献
11.
Then ignoring the pleadings of the king, she wandered into the sacred grove of Kumara. Her mind bewildered by the curse of her Guru, she failed to notice this transgression into an area forbidden to women. No sooner did she enter, than she was transformed into a vine clinging to a tree at the boundary of the grove. Kalidasa in Vikramorvasiyam (c. 300 A.D.) 相似文献
12.
《Prostaglandins》1984,27(3):323-332
Oral administration of 5-oxa-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF1α methyl ester (PGF-analog) resulted in a consistent and dose-dependent inhibition of corpus luteum progesterone production in nonpregnant rhesus monkeys concomitantly treated with human chorionic gonadotropin. Similarly, vaginal suppositories containing PGF-analog also inhibited the monkey corpus luteum. Side effects by the oral route of administration were minimal, whereas side effects of following vaginal treatment with PGF-analog were higher. Five prostaglandings with structural similarity to PGF-analog were studied for their ability to inhibit the monkey corpus luteum, but none showed an advantage over the parent molecule. PGF-analog did not synergize with 9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene-PGE2 for the inhibition of the monkey corpus luteum, nor did it synergize with (15S)-15-methyl-PGF2α methyl ester for the interruption of early pregnancy in the monkey. 9-Deoxo-9-methylene-5-oxa-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGE1 methyl ester did not terminate early gestation in the monkey at doses of 8 or 24 mg. 相似文献
13.
《Applied animal behaviour science》1986,16(2):199-202
A 24-year-old mare exhibited abnormal behavior only when she was in estrus. She was subordinate to other mares. During diestrus she aggressed against an approaching stallion as a normal non-receptive mare would, but during estrus she flexed her limbs, clamped her tail and opened and closed her mouth when a stallion approached. The facial expression appeared when she first noticed the stallion or heard his neighs. The limb flexing occurred only when a stallion was in close proximity. The facial expression closely resembled snapping (also known as champing or tooth-clapping) of immature equids and jawing of receptive zebra and donkey mares.It is hypothesized that the mare's expression, the snapping of foals and the facial expression of donkeys and zebras are the same expression — one that indicates that the animal is in an approach—avoidance situation. In this case, the mare may have been both fearful of, and attracted to, stallions. 相似文献
14.
Traumatic insemination (TI) is a rare reproductive behaviour characterized by the transfer of sperm to the female via puncture wounds inflicted across her body wall. Here, we challenge the claim made by Kamimura (Kamimura 2007 Biol. Lett. 3, 401–404. (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0192)) that males of species of the Drosophila bipectinata complex use a pair of claw-like processes (claws) to traumatically inseminate females: the claws are purported to puncture the female body wall and genital tract, and to inject sperm through the wounds into the lumen of her genital tract, bypassing the vaginal opening. This supposed case of TI is widely cited and featured in prominent subject reviews. We examined high-resolution scanning electron micrographs of the claws and failed to discover any obvious ‘groove’ for sperm transport. We demonstrated that sperm occurred in the female reproductive tract as a single-integrated unit, inconsistent with the claim that sperm are injected via paired processes. Laser ablation of the sharp terminal ends of the claws failed to inhibit insemination. We showed that the aedeagus in the complex delivers sperm through the vaginal opening, as in other Drosophila. The results refute the claim of TI in the Drosophila bipectinata species complex. 相似文献
15.
Oral administration of 5-oxa-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF1α methyl ester (PGF-analog) resulted in a consistent and dose-dependent inhibition of corpus luteum progesterone production in nonpregnant rhesus monkeys concomitantly treated with human chorionic gonadotropin. Similarly, vaginal suppositories containing PGF-analog also inhibited the monkey corpus luteum. Side effects by the oral route of administration were minimal, whereas side effects of following vaginal treatment with PGF-analog were higher. Five prostaglandings with structural similarity to PGF-analog were studied for their ability to inhibit the monkey corpus luteum, but none showed an advantage over the parent molecule. PGF-analog did not synergize with 9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene-PGE2 for the inhibition of the monkey corpus luteum, nor did it synergize with (15S)-15-methyl-PGF2α methyl ester for the interruption of early pregnancy in the monkey. 9-Deoxo-9-methylene-5-oxa-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGE1 methyl ester did not terminate early gestation in the monkey at doses of 8 or 24 mg. 相似文献
16.
Breeding site fidelity in willow ptarmigan: the influence of previous reproductive success and familiarity with partner and territory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Breeding site fidelity is high in willow ptarmigan: only 9% of males and 31% of females switched territories between years. Unpaired males were more likely to switch territories than paired males. For paired males, survival of their previous partner and reproductive success in year x did not influence probability of switching in year x+1. A female was more likely to switch territories if her previous partner disappeared. If her partner returned, she had a higher probability of switching if she did not produce chicks the previous year. Most hens moved to the territories of older males, although hens paired with unfamiliar older males did not have higher reproductive success than those paired with yearlings. Individuals that paired with their previous partner laid earlier and produced heavier chicks than those paired with unfamiliar partners. Excluding birds paired with familiar partners, survival and reproductive success in year x+1 was similar for males and females that did or did not switch territories. Males had a higher probability of producing chicks after switching than before, but females were more likely to lose their clutch after switching. For both sexes, birds that switched territories were as successful as the birds that replaced them on their former territories. We conclude that high site fidelity in willow ptarmigan is maintained because of the benefits of pairing with a familiar partner. 相似文献
17.
A 35 year old female patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed fusariosis in which dissemination appeared to be limited to cutaneous and vascular invasion. The first evidence of fungemia occurred nearly seven months after initial hospitalization. The fungus was identified asFusarium sp. and was considered a contaminant. Two weeks later blood cultures were again positive forFusarium sp. and the patient was placed on amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine therapy. The following day developing lesions were noted on her forearms and face; lesions ultimately spread to her trunk, abdomen, and lower extremities. Skin lesion biopsy sections revealed abundant septate and branching hyphae throughout the dermis and within capillaries. Twenty-six days after the initial isolation the patient died. Post-mortem blood cultures gave rise to the same fungus, which was identified asFusarium monoliforme. Postmortem cultures and stains of spleen, liver, lung, and brain specimens were all negative for fungi. The primary source and portal of entry of the organism remained undetermined. 相似文献
18.
《Endocrine practice》2009,15(2):134-137
ObjectiveTo report a case of a child with precocious puberty attributable to Rathke cleft cyst (RCC).MethodsThe clinical features, laboratory results, and findings on ultrasonography of the pelvis and magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland are presented.ResultsA 16-month-old child had breast enlargement, height increase, and an increase in growth velocity. On examination, she was found to have Tanner stage 3 breast development, and her vaginal mucosa was estrogenized. Her height was above the 97th percentile. Biochemically, she was diagnosed as having central precocious puberty, and magnetic resonance imaging of her pituitary gland disclosed RCC. Treatment with leuprolide resulted in normalization of her growth rate and regression of the breast development; the vaginal mucosa also became unestrogenized.ConclusionAlthough RCC is a relatively common finding, it is a rare cause of precocious puberty. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland should be performed in all children younger than 6 years of age who have precocious puberty, in an effort to detect any organic lesions. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:134-137) 相似文献
19.
Summary Clathrin-coated vesicles have been isolated from cotyledons of both developing and germinating pea seeds using differential centrifugation, ribonuclease treatment, discontinuous sucrose gradients, and isopycnic centrifugation on a linear D2O-Ficoll gradient. The yield of coated vesicles from developing pea cotyledons was exceptional, being 1.6 × higher than the yield from hog and bovine brain, 5.3 × higher than the yield from carrot suspension cultures, and 13 × the yield from cotyledons of germinating pea seeds. The pea coated vesicles are similar to other plant coated vesicles in size (approximately 80 nm in diameter) and in having a clathrin heavy chain of 190,000 Mr. The lipid phosphorus to protein ratio, 190–250 nmol P per mg protein, of the coated vesicles from plants is comparable to that reported for highly purified coated vesicles from animals. The nondenatured pea clathrin reacted weakly with an antiserum to bovine brain clathrin, but pea clathrin denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate did not.Abbreviations CLC
Clathrin light chain
- CHC
clathrin heavy chain
- CV
coated vesicle
- DTT
dithiothreitol
- EGTA
ethyleneglycol-bis-(-aminoethyl ether) N,N-tetraacetic acid
- SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TBS
Tris buffered saline 相似文献
20.
Once a Urolepis rufipes male mounted, the female beat her antennae against his mouth and clypeus. Immediately after he swept his antennae rapidly downward and extruded his mouthparts, her abdomen rose as she opened her genital orifice. Almost simultaneously he backed up for copulation and she folded her antennae against her head. Neither her abdomen rising nor her antennal folding were essential to his backing up as determined from their timing and from experiments in which her abdomen was sealed or her antennae were removed. Females did not open their genital orifice if with a sealed-mouth male; and antennae-removed females did not open even in the few cases where untreated males extruded their mouthparts. Unlike a closely related species, females mounted by sealed-mouth males did not open in response to air from containers of mating pairs. 相似文献