喀斯特山地典型植被恢复过程中表土孢粉与植被的关系

喀斯特山地坡耕地、1a弃耕地、灌草地、15a疏林地、25a次生林群落表土孢粉分析和植被样方调查结果表明:(1)研究区植物孢粉共由46科属组成,以草本和蕨类植物占据优势,含量为45.77%-68.35%,其次是乔木(主要为雪松和马尾松),含量为(2.53%-21.31%),灌木植物花粉含量最低,为1.04%-8.88%,显示该区植被退化严重;(2)恢复过程中各阶段的花粉类型丰富度差别不明显,物种多样性主要表现为草本、蕨类和灌木植物种类的变化,乔木基本保持不变;(3)喀斯特山地典型植被恢复过程的表土孢粉组合差别明显,与其相应的实际植被情况大致相同,基本反映了石漠化地区现代植被的基本状况,表明孢粉可以为该区恢复和重建自然生态环境提供参考性依据。     

基于文献计量学的近30年(1990-2020)第四纪孢粉学研究现状与展望

第四纪孢粉学利用现代和化石孢粉重建第四纪古植被、古气候和古环境,属于可持续发展的前沿学科领域。本文基于CiteSpace软件数据可视化和计量分析模块,以CNKI (中国知网)数据库与Web of Science核心数据库中1990–2020年间的共计6081篇第四纪孢粉学相关文献为基础,梳理了近30年来第四纪孢粉学的过去和现在,并探讨了未来发展趋势。研究结果表明,近30年第四纪孢粉学领域发文量呈增加趋势,中国的总发文量和国际影响力整体呈增长趋势;第四纪孢粉学研究主要集中于各大高校和科研院所,研究成果有明显的聚集性;中国科学院是外文发文量最多的国际机构。第四纪孢粉学近30年的研究主要涉及古植物学、古地理学、古生态学和古气候学等领域,古植被、古气候、古环境的定性和定量重建一直是国内外学者关注和研究的重点。表土花粉研究、花粉与人类活动、亚洲季风演变和孢粉分类学是近几年发刊的热点。虽然一些关键词如花粉产量、代表性以及现代花粉与植被和气候的定量关系等出现频次低,但对第四纪孢粉学十分重要。未来还需要进一步加强湖泊表层沉积物的花粉研究,探讨花粉与植被、气候的定量关系,为准确解译化石花粉提供坚实基础。...     

Pollen molecular biology: Applications in the forensic palynology and future prospects: A review

Palynology, which is the study of pollen and spores in an archaeological or geological context, has become a well-established research tool leading to many significant scientific developments. The term palynomorph includes pollen of spermatophytes, spores of fungi, ferns, and bryophytes, as well as other organic-walled microfossils, such as dinoflagellates and acritarches. Advances in plant genomics have had a high impact on the field of forensic botany. Forensic palynology has also been used and applied more recently to criminal investigation in a meaningful way. However, the use of pollen DNA profiling in forensic investigations has yet to be applied. There were earlier uses of dust traces in some forensic analyses that considered pollen as a type of botanical dust debris. Pollen grains can be studied for comparative morphological data, clues to unexpected aspects relating to breeding systems, pollination biology and hybridization. This can provide a better understanding of the entire biology of the group under investigation. Forensic palynology refers to the use of pollen and other spores when it is used as evidence in legal cases to resolve criminal issues by proving or disproving relationships between people and crime scenes. This overview describes the various contributions and the significance of palynology, its applications, different recent approaches and how it could be further employed in solving criminal investigations.     

四川雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜观察了中国四川雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物的花粉形态,并对其花粉形态进行了主成分分析和聚类分析,基于孢粉学和SRAP聚类结果的比较,讨论不同孢粉学特征对分类结果的影响。结果显示:(1)雅安地区13种凤仙花属植物花粉粒均为中等大小,花粉粒形状从超扁到扁球形变化,花粉粒极面观形状从矩形和椭圆形到四边形、圆形、三角型变化,且只有湖北凤仙、峨眉凤仙和匙叶凤仙是三沟花粉粒,其余种均为四沟花粉粒;外壁纹饰仅扭萼凤仙和齿萼凤仙为细小网状,其余均为网状纹饰。(2)依据不同指标进行的孢粉学聚类均将13种凤仙花属植物划分为3个类群,而SRAP聚类结果则将13种凤仙花属植物划分为5个类群;不同孢粉学聚类结果的相似率只有30.77%。(3)孢粉学聚类并未与分子聚类显示严格的对应关系,以花粉大小和形状、外壁纹饰为指标进行的孢粉学分类与SRAP分类的相似率最高(69.23%)。研究认为,选择不同的花粉形态特征作指标对分类的准确性影响较大,花粉大小和形状、外壁纹饰这2个指标对凤仙花属植物分类具有意义,而萌发沟的特征则很难作为分类的依据,花粉形态特征在分类上有局限性;进行该属植物孢粉学分类需要选择有价值的分类指标,并结合形态学、分子生物学等综合研究。     

A new look at the acetolysis method

The acetolysis method intreduced byGunnar Erdtman is still a very welcome and highly successful technique in palynology. However, acetolysis destroys all pollen material with the exception of sporopollenin that forms the outer pollen wall, the exine. Modern palynology in its application to plant systematics and phylogeny must consider all sporoderm characters, not only those of the exine. The neglect of the intine may distort some principal palynological aspects. This is illustrated by cases of total breakdown or gross modification of thin exine structures (e.g. inBeilschmiedia, Strelitzia) and by the clarification of apertures (e.g.,Polyalthia, Fissistigma, Calluna). In our view the investigation of both acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen is obligatory for a well balanced view of pollen structure and function.     

中国孢粉学的研究进展与展望

中国古生物学会孢粉学分会今年迎来了学会成立30周年纪念.本文就中国孢粉学的发展历程作了简要的回顾,重点列举中国孢粉学在地层孢粉学、第四纪孢粉学、孢粉形态学和应用孢粉学等方面所取得的成就和研究进展,并对中国孢粉学的今后发展提出展望,呼吁中国孢粉工作者不断开拓,利用当前孢粉学良好的发展机遇,开创新的辉煌.     

试论应用孢粉学及其新进展

本文从应用孢粉学的特点出发，阐述了孢粉学在油气形成原始物质，环境科学研究，植物分类，农业与养蜂业等应用方面的进展，并对孢粉的化学成分与生物活性物质研究进展了总结，期望对我国孢粉应用研究有所裨益。     

孢粉-植被-气候关系研究进展

随着全球变化研究的不断深入 ,第四纪孢粉学研究已取得了长足的进步 ,特别是近些年来 ,孢粉 植被 气候关系研究已成为世界孢粉学界的热点之一。空气孢粉学的研究在大气环境污染监测、花粉过敏症、农业收成预报和第四纪植被与环境重建等方面得到了广泛应用 ,并不断发展 ;近年来 ,为开展全球范围的古环境研究 ,各大洲相继建立了孢粉数据库 ,大量开展表土孢粉研究。中国第四纪孢粉数据库的建立 ,汇集了我国近半个世纪积累的孢粉资料 ,并利用中国第四纪孢粉数据 ,系统开展了中国现代表土孢粉、6kaBP(中全新世 )及 1 8kaBP(末次盛冰期 )的生物群区模拟及重建 ,建立了花粉 气候转换函数和响应面模型 ,并取得了良好的结果 ;冲积物孢粉学和环境考古孢粉学研究 ,也取得了一定成果 ,但研究还有待于深入 ;特征指示种花粉雨研究 ,对古生态环境重建也具有重要的意义。     

The Use of Osmium-Thiocarbohydrazide for Structural Stabilization and Enhancement of Secondary Electron Images in Scanning Electron Microscopy of Pollen

Pollen grains stained in a sequence of osmium (O) and thiocarbohydrazide (T) solutions (collectively known as OTOTO) appear structurally stable and undistorted in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and usually do not require special drying. In fact, OTOTO can be regarded as another special drying method in palynology. This sequential incubation also strikingly increases the electrical conductivity of pollen grains in the SEM. Compared to standard sputter-coating or vacuum evaporative procedures, OTOTO reduces charging and yields secondary electron images with significantly higher resolution.     

Palynological characters and their phylogenetic signal in Rubiaceae

In the 1990s Rubiaceae became a hot spot for systematists, mainly due to the comprehensive treatment of the family by Robbrecht in 1988. Next to the exploration of macromolecular characters to infer the phylogeny, the palynology of Rubiaceae finally received the attention it deserves. This article aims to present a state-of-the-art analysis of the systematic palynology of the family. The range of varíation in pollen morphology is wide, and some of the pollen features are not known from other angiosperm taxa; e.g., a looplike or spiral pattern for the position of apertures in pantoaperturate grains. We compiled an online database at the generic level for the major pollen characters and orbicule presence in Rubiaceae. An overview of the variation is presented here and illustrated per character: dispersal unit, pollen size and shape, aperture number, position and type, sexine ornamentation, nexine pattern, and stratification of the sporoderm. The presence/absence and morphological variation of orbicules at the generic level is provided as well. The systematic usefulness of pollen morphology in Rubiaceae is discussed at the (sub)family, tribal, generic, and infraspecific levels, using up-to-date evolutionary hypotheses for the different lineages in the family. The problems and opportunities of coding pollen characters for cladistic analyses are also treated.     

Biodiversity and pollen analysis: modern pollen studies and the recent history of a floodplain woodland in S. W. Ireland

One of the problems with biodiversity for palynologists is that their samples come from an unbounded area and source area varies with both pollen/spore type and vegetation type. There have been two broad approaches to the problem of inferring diversity from pollen/spore samples; firstly the use of pollen type richness as a proxy for species richness, and secondly the ‘identification’ of past vegetation communities aided by ecological inference and historical or modern data concerning species affinities and typical diversity. The estimation of biodiversity from pollen analysis depends upon the pollen count, taxonomic precision, source strength for individual types and dispersal/transport of pollen from source areas to the site. A transect of surface pollen samples is used here to test the effect of a vegetation boundary on pollen/spore diversity and compare the pollen/spore diversity with the species richness of the woodland. Palynological richness (at a constant count sum) does, to some extent, reflect changing local vegetation along the transect. Type count curves also reflect the changes in vegetation type along the transect due to the partial influence of species richness on pollen/spore richness. This study suggests that depending upon the woodland composition, the woodland may not entirely drown-out the pollen signal of the surrounding vegetation, and that a small woodland may be more representative (as a sampling site) of the valley floor diversity than a raised mire. The surface transect is also used in the interpretation of Medieval pollen levels from The Gearagh.     

The challenge of pollen analysis in palaeoenvironmental studies of hominid beds: the record from Sterkfontein caves

The search for pollen in carbonate-rich sediments from the hominid site Sterkfontein has been justified because previous investigations suggested that although pollen contamination is a problem, speleothems (e.g. travertines and stalagmites) are most likely to contain reliable assemblages. The new results confirm that, although they have some potential, most sediment types from the site, even speleothems, are usually not suitable for analysis and that they contain very low concentrations of pollen, if any. The extraction of pollen from them is complicated by the problem of contamination from the modern environment. Such contamination has shown up in many previous investigations at this and similar sites and judging from published literature, its significance has not been fully appreciated. Cave palynology can be a very valuable tool in palaeoenvironmental research but the caveats associated with palynology of different sediment types especially carbonate impregnated sediments must be emphasized.     

The roots of pollen analysis: the road to Lennart von Post

In 2016 the 100th birthday of palynology was celebrated: Lennart von Post introduced the scientific discipline in 1916 at lectures in Oslo and Stockholm. However, von Post was not the first to study pollen, and research dates back to the works of Nehemiah Grew and Marcello Malpighi in the late 17th century. Afterwards studies focussed mainly on the role of pollen for plant reproduction, and on pollen morphology. The first scientist who observed fossil pollen was Heinrich Göppert in 1836. However, it was not until the 1890s and 1900s that the study of pollen became a regular component in the reconstruction of past vegetation. Lennart von Post subsequently developed theoretical and practical concepts and methods of pollen analysis, and raised palynology from its infancy into the mature scientific discipline that flourished greatly during the century that followed.     

黑龙江省梨栽培品种(系)花粉形态的比较观察

利用扫描电镜和光学显微镜系统观察了黑龙江省梨20个栽培品种(系)花粉粒的形态并进行聚类分析。结果表明：同一品种花粉粒的大小、形态和纹饰特征比较稳定,不同品种间存在差异,杂种后代纹饰的变化,反映出黑龙江省梨品种其血缘关系的多样性,依据纹饰和聚类分析结果是梨品种鉴别的有效方法之一,具有一定的生产实践价值。     

杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对5个亚属20种杜鹃花属植物的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究,其中大部分(16种)为首次报道。杜鹃花属花粉均为四合花粉,呈正四面体排列。四合体为圆角三角形,连接紧密。单粒花粉为球形或近球形,具三沟孔。在扫描电镜下,除了杜鹃亚属的百合杜鹃、羊踯躅亚属的羊踯躅以及马银花亚属的马银花组具有明显的纹饰特征之外,其它类群的形态特征相互重叠,不足以作为现有亚属的分类依据。花粉粒具不同的外壁纹饰,可为分类研究提供孢粉学方面的证据,但应慎重应用花粉形态对杜鹃花属植物特定种进行分类鉴定。     

山东对囊蕨属(蹄盖蕨科)植物孢粉学研究及其在分类上的意义

采用扫描电镜对山东分布的8种对囊蕨属(Deparia)植物进行孢粉学观察。研究结果表明:在中国对对囊蕨属(Deparia Hook.& Grev.)蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)新分类系统首次进行孢子形态亚显微结构研究;该属孢子形态圆肾形,左右对称,具周壁,其周壁纹饰在种内稳定,种间区别显著;为建立假蹄盖蕨亚属(Subgen.1.Athyriopsis)和蛾眉蕨亚属(Subgen.2.Lunathyrium )提供孢粉学依据;依据山东蛾眉蕨和东北蛾眉蕨孢壁纹饰的显著差异,山东蛾眉蕨应为一个独立的物种,不宜并入东北蛾眉蕨,建议恢复山东蛾眉蕨在植物分类学上的种级地位,依照对囊蕨属新分类系统,山东蛾眉蕨(Lunathyrium shandongense)新组合为中华山东对囊蕨(D.sinoshandongensis)。该研究不仅为对囊蕨属孢粉学积累了新的资料,也为近缘种的分类鉴定提供了孢粉学依据。因此对囊蕨属孢子形态研究,在该属孢粉学、分类学及系统演化上都具有重要意义。     

广西蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅰ.水龙骨科

该文是广西蕨类植物孢子形态研究的第一部分。首次利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对广西产水龙骨科6属9种植物的孢子形态进行了观察研究。对每个种的孢子形态特征及表面纹饰进行了描述。水龙骨科6属9种植物孢子都为单裂缝类型孢子,孢子外壁表面具有皱状、细孔状、蠕虫状、瘤状、光滑、索状条纹和颗粒状纹饰7种纹饰类型。讨论了各属、种间的差异,为水龙骨科系统分类及孢粉学研究提供资料。     

广西蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅰ.水龙骨科

该文是广西蕨类植物孢子形态研究的第一部分。首次利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对广西产水龙骨科6属9种植物的孢子形态进行了观察研究。对每个种的孢子形态特征及表面纹饰进行了描述。水龙骨科6属9种植物孢子都为单裂缝类型孢子,孢子外壁表面具有皱状、细孔状、蠕虫状、瘤状、光滑、索状条纹和颗粒状纹饰7种纹饰类型。讨论了各属、种问的差异,为水龙骨科系统分类及孢粉学研究提供资料。