超声在诊断卵巢黄体破裂中的应用

目的探讨超声对卵巢黄体破裂的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析35例经超声诊断卵巢黄体破裂的声像特点及临床表现。结果35例均有不同程度的腹盆腔积液。24例手术治疗并病理证实,11例保守治疗,超声表现为盆腔积液,卵巢囊肿,附件区包块。结论超声对卵巢黄体破裂的早期快速诊断和制定治疗方案及愈后,有及其重要价值和意义。     

Ultrasonic evaluation of the corpus luteum of the mare

Two distinct luteal morphologies were observed in the ovaries of mares studied by daily ultrasound examinations. Luteal glands that formed after 48.5% of 95 ovulations were uniformly echogenic over 90 to 100 percent of the area of the image of the gland throughout the period of detectability. The remaining luteal structures (51.5%) exhibited a centrally located nonechogenic area. The nonechogenic area was first detected on day 0 (28%), day 1 (62%), day 2 (6%) or day 3 (4%) postovulation. Glands classified as centrally nonechogenic were echogenic over 80 to 100 percent of the area of the image of the gland on day 0; mean percentages of echogenic tissue decreased to 45 percent by day three then gradually increased to 95 percent before the glands became unidentifiable. The echogenic portion of the luteal glands of both morphologies had a bright echogenicity (gray-scale zone 4.5 to 5) on day 0. The echogenicity decreased (zones 3 to 3.5) by day 8 and was maintained at approximately that level until day 12. Mean gray-scale values tended to increase (zone 4 to 4.5) prior to the time the luteal glands became ultrasonically unidentifiable. These changes in grayscale values may have reflected changes in luteal hemodynamics. The nonechogenic area of centrally nonechogenic glands was attributed to clotted blood (corpus hemorrhagicum). The formation of a corpus hemorrhagicum was apparently not functionally important because it was present in only one half of the luteal glands. In addition, the mean length of time that the luteal gland was identifiable (17 days) or the mean length of the interovulatory interval (21 days) was not significantly different between the two luteal morphologies. Therefore, the hypothesis that the formation of a corpus hemorrhagicum is a necessary step in luteogenesis was not supported.     

Differential Cellular Localization of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in the Regressing Corpus Luteum of Mice and Their Possible Contribution to Luteal Cell Elimination

Galectin-1 and galectin-3, β-galactoside–binding lectins, are predominantly expressed in the regressing corpus luteum (CL) of mouse ovary. This study revealed the expression patterns and cellular localizations of galectins during CL formation and regression by ISH and IHC. Galectin-1 mRNA expression temporarily increased in active CL, preceding the expression of progesterone degradation enzyme 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), which represents functional luteolysis. The expressions of both galectin-1 and galectin-3 remarkably increased in the structurally regressing CL, which vigorously expressed 20α-HSD and contained abundant apoptotic luteal cells. Ultrastructurally, galectin-1– and galectin-3–immunoreactive cells were identified as fibroblasts and infiltrating macrophages, respectively. In addition, some populations of luteal cells themselves expressed galectin-3 in regressing CL and formed unique demarcation membranes in the cytoplasm, showing a non-typical apoptotic feature. Ovary of adult mice with repeated estrus cycles contained CL of three different generations. Among them, the old CL formed during previous estrus cycles consisted of galectin-3–positive luteal cells. The galectin-3–positive old CL was resistant to apoptosis and seemed to be eliminated by a mechanism different from apoptosis. The stage- and cell-specific expression of galectin in CL suggests its differential contribution to luteolysis, and this expression may be mediated by major regulatory molecules of CL function, prolactin and/or prostaglandin F2α. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:741–749, 2010)     

THE EXPRESSION OF APELIN AND ITS RECEPTOR APJ DURING DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES IN THE BOVINE OVARY

Recent studies implicate that apelin and its receptor APJ may have important role for the modulation of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to further characterise the regulation of apelin/APJ system in bovine ovary. Experiment 1: corpora lutea (CL) were assigned to the following stages: days 1-2, 3-4, 5-7, 8-12, 13-16, >18 (after regression) of oestrous cycle and of gravidity (month <3, 3-5, 6-7 and >8). Experiment 2: Follicles during maturation were divided into granulosa cells (GC) and theca interna (TI) and were examined separately. Classification of follicles occurred by follicle size and oestradiol-17β (E2) concentration in the follicular fluid (FF) (<0.5 ng/ml, 0.5-5 ng/ml; 5-40 ng/ml; 40-180 ng/ml; >180 ng/ml). Real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) was applied to investigate mRNA expression of examined factors. In general, the expression level of apelin during the oestrous cycle was significantly higher compared to the one during pregnancy. Apelin mRNA levels were always high during the cycle with a tendency of decrease after CL regression. The APJ mRNA in the CL was significantly up regulated on days 5-7 and 8-12 followed by a decrease on days 13-16, and further on days >18. The expression of APJ does not show any significant regulation in the CL throughout pregnancy. The expression of apelin and APJ was not statistically regulated in GC, but was significantly up regulated in follicles with an E2 concentration of more than 5 ng/ml and showed an increase according to growth and maturation of follicles. In conclusion, our data suggest that apelin/APJ system is involved in the mechanism regulating angiogenesis during follicle maturation as well as during CL formation and function in the bovine ovary.     

Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on phosphodiesterase activity in rat luteal cells

The present studies were carried out to characterize the cAMP-phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) in luteal cells recovered from pseudopregnant rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. A significant increase in the specific activity of the enzyme was detected in luteal cells from diabetic rats (Group D) with respect to control rats (Group C). This increase could not be prevented by insulin therapy (Group I). Luteal cells from Groups C and D rats responded in vitro to insulin by increasing their PDE activity (% of stimulus of specific activity: C = 75%, D = 110%). However, in cells isolated from Group I, the hormone caused an inhibition of PDE activity (% of inhibition of specific activity: 48%). When cytosolic fractions from Groups C, D, and I were submitted to ion exchange chromatography, two PDE activity peaks could be observed and the activity of the different fractions was increased in the presence of Ca²⁺ and calmodulin. Nevertheless, the Ca²⁺—calmodulin effect was much lower in the extracts from Groups D and I than for controls. Kinetic studies of luteal PDE showed nonlinear Lineweaver-Burk graphs with two apparent ATP hydrolysis sites. Similar K_m values were found for PDE from groups C, D, and I, whereas the V_max2 for the enzyme was higher in Groups D and I. The endogenous concentration of cAMP, measured by RIA, showed no significant differences among Groups C, D, and I. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the specific activity of PDE is significantly increased in luteal cells from streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals, which could explain the previously described reduction in LH-stimulated progesterone production by luteal cells in diabetic rats. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Growth stimulation of ovarian and extraovarian mesothelial cells by corpus luteum extract

Summary Ovarian (OM) and extraovarian (EM) mesothelia represent a common source of gynecologic malignancies with yet unclear pathogenesis. Ovulation triggers a finite wave of DNA synthesis and morphogenesis only in native OM cells, probably through the activation of intraovarian growth factors. To evaluate their growth response to such factors, OM and EM cells were obtained from estrous New Zealand white rabbits by enzymatic dispersion and unit gravity sedimentation. Cell cultures were maintained in serumless, fibronectin-rich, HL-1 medium without or with rabbit corpora lutea tissue extracts (CLE). The growth effects of CLE were evaluated by measuring percent changes in cell number relative to controls (CCN), cell population doublings (CPD), cell population doubling time in hours (CPDT). After 7.5 days, CLE enhanced (P<0.001) the growth of both OM and EM cells, which exhibited, respectively, a CCN of 214 and 257%; a CPD of 2.89 and 2.87; and a CPDT of 54.39 and 59.49. CLE-treated OM and EM cells were smaller, formed more cohesive monolayers, and exhibited more frequent and diffuse microvilli than control cells. These data show a similar in vitro response of OM and EM cells to luteal growth factors, suggesting that the lack of postovulatory morphogenesis in native extraovarian mesothelia is due to the spatially restricted activity of intraovarian growth factors.     

Organ and gestational age effects of maternal nutrient restriction on global methylation in fetal baboons

Background  A sub-optimal intrauterine environment alters the trajectory of fetal development with profound effects on life-time health. Altered methylation, a proposed epigenetic mechanism responsible for these changes, has been studied in non-primate species but not nonhuman primates. We tested the hypotheses that global methylation in fetal baboon demonstrates organ specificity, gestational age specificity, and changes with maternal nutritional status.
Methods  We measured global DNA methylation in fetuses of control fed (CTR) and nutrient restricted mothers fed 70% of controls (MNR) for brain, kidney, liver and heart at 0.5 and 0.9 gestation (G).
Results  We observed organ and gestation specific changes that were modified by maternal diet. Methylation in CTR fetuses was highest in frontal cortex and lowest in liver. MNR decreased methylation in 0.5G kidney and increased methylation in 0.9G kidney and frontal cortex.
Conclusion  These results demonstrate a potential epigenetic mechanism whereby reduced maternal nutrition has long-term programming effects on fetal organ development.     

基于超声的多模式功能化对比剂研究进展

超声对比剂的使用使得超声诊断更加准确,扩大了超声成像的应用范围。但单一影像技术难以满足肿瘤等重大疾病临床诊断和治疗的需求。因此开发以超声对比剂为核心,具有多模式成像功能,或同时兼备肿瘤诊断和治疗功能的多模式功能化对比剂是目前的一大研究热点。多模式成像的结合可以实现优势互补,诊断和治疗功能的结合为使得肿瘤等重大疾病的解决提供了新理念和新希望,具有重要意义。本文就基于超声的多模式功能化对比剂进行综述。     

超声在诊断卵巢黄体破裂中的应用

目的探讨超声对卵巢黄体破裂的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析35例经超声诊断卵巢黄体破裂的声像特点及临床表现。结果35例均有不同程度的腹盆腔积液。24例手术治疗并病理证实,11例保守治疗,超声表现为盆腔积液,卵巢囊肿,附件区包块。结论超声对卵巢黄体破裂的早期快速诊断和制定治疗方案及愈后,有极其重要价值和意义。     

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in a pregnant baboon (Papio cynocephalus)

BACKGROUND: Old World monkeys are considered more susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) than New World monkeys. Several cases of TB in baboons are described in the literature. The data regarding baboon reaction to the tuberculin skin test (TST) are controversial. Some authors described anergy in this species, while the others documented a positive reaction. CASE REPORT: An 8-year-old clinically healthy pregnant female baboon (Papio cynocephalus anubis) developed positive TST after 3 years of negative tests in captivity while not pregnant. Thoracic radiographs demonstrated three nodular densities in the lung. RESULTS: Histological examination of tracheobronchial lymph nodes revealed multiple coalescing pyogranulomas filled with caseonecrotic debris and mineralized foci with numerous large foreign body-type and Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells. The bacterial culture contained a slow growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. CONCLUSIONS: We describe, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of a positive TST in a wild caught, pregnant baboon with latent infection after 3 years in captivity.     

Primate puzzleboard: A simple environmental enrichment device for captive chimpanzees

An environmental enrichment device was designed and evaluated for captive chimpanzees. The puzzleboard consisted of a 61-cm, square piece of clear plastic with holes of various sizes drilled into the center. The puzzleboard was bolted to the roof of a chimpanzee enclosure. Flavored primate treats were arranged on top of the board, and the chimpanzee used a finger to manipulate the food across the board to be retrieved through the larger holes. The behavior and puzzle use of 29 chimpanzees housed in eight groups were evaluated while the device was empty and while filled with food. For each group, four 1-hr scan samples were recorded for each condition. Data showed that an average of 40 min elapsed from the time the puzzleboard was filled to the last recorded contact by a subject. Mean individual use ranged from 4.8 to 23.8 min/hr. Female chimpanzees used the puzzle significantly more often than did males. Aggressive, affiliative, inactive, and self-directed behaviors were significantly reduced when the puzzle was filled. In addition, the puzzleboard was inexpensive, sturdy, and easily constructed, mounted, and operated.     

Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: VII. Urinary progesterone metabolites in the Equidae assessed by immunoassay

A direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for non-specific urinary progesterone (Po) metabolites, utilizing a non-specific monoclonal antibody against pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, was evaluated for the purpose of assessing luteal function in equids. Urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) and immunoreactive PdG-like conjugate (iPdG) concentrations, indexed by creatinine, were compared to plasma Po concentrations in non-conceptive ovarian cycles through two ovulations in four mares. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of urine from lutealphase mares and a pregnant zebra revealed an absence of significant concentrations of PdG and the presence of at least three immunoreactive compounds, all of which were more polar than PdG. The concentration of iPdG in the mare ranged from a nadir of approximately 3 ng/mg Cr at the time of ovulation to nearly 400 ng/mg Cr at the mid-luteal-phase peak and paralleled plasma Po concentrations. This non-radiometric assay for iPdG permits the assessment of ovulation, luteal formation and function, and luteolysis in unprocessed urine samples from domestic mares. Data from a single zebra indicate this approach also will permit simplified and non-invasive longitudinal studies of ovarian function among a wide range of Equidae.