Development of a Fish Based Lake Typology for Natural Austrian Lakes >50 ha Based on the Reconstructed Historical Fish Communities

Based on the reconstructed native fish communities all natural Austrian lakes >50 ha (n = 43) were classified into four groups using cluster analysis methods. Sentinel species (i.e. species with highest discriminating value for lake types and characteristic for a specific lake group) and type specific fish species (accompanying species with additional value for characterising lake groups) were defined by a newly developed index and by similarity analysis. The first group included 16 lakes of high altitude, small surface area and low fish species number with arctic char as a sentinel species. The second group (n = 10) was characterized by intermediate altitude, large surface area and high maximum water depth with the minnow as sentinel species. The third group contained 14 lakes with low maximum water depths and a long retention time. For this group the bleak was found as a sentinel species. The lakes of the eastern part of Austria represented the last group (n = 3) and were characterized by low altitude and very shallow water depth with pike‐perch as a sentinel species. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

'Fish in hot water": the challenges facing fish and fisheries research in tropical estuaries

Tropical estuarine areas comprise small systems of a few km, larger estuaries, coastal lakes of hundreds of km 2 and vast shallow coastal waters that are contiguous with estuaries and have similar reduced salinities. Many of the world's great estuaries are in the tropics, e.g. the Amazon, Orinoco, Congo, Zambezi, Niger, Ganges and Mekong. The distribution of tropical and subtropical estuaries approximately follows that of mangroves. Like estuaries everywhere, they are a focus of human activity and are among the most exploited of ecosystems. In few other places do the activities of fishers, industrialists, shippers, farmers, conservationists, sports enthusiasts and biologists overlap to such an extent. Quite apart from the possible eects of all these activities, the fishes of subtropical and tropical estuaries already face one of the most rigorous of aquatic environments; but despite this, species diversity and productivity are high. Only in tropical estuaries are animals from such a wide range of taxa so closely associated, annelid worms, prawns, crocodiles, birds, ' hippos ', dolphins and of course fishes, all may form part of the overall community, often with functional ecological links. Unfortunately, the diculties of working in these often inhospitable environments, has meant that biologists have favoured projects in more appealing areas, such as coral reefs. While it is still true that most estuarine research is conducted in industrialized developed countries, nearly all of which are in cold or temperate regions, there has been a recent upsurge in tropical estuarine fish research. This is being driven by two imperatives, food security and the conservation and maintenance of biodiversity. Both these problems require knowledge of the ecology of tropical estuarine fishes, particularly their relationships with the environment and the extent to which they are dependent on estuaries or adjacent habitats for survival.     

Fish and fisheries of the Prespa lakes

Twenty-three taxa of fish have been identified fromthe Prespa lakes. Eleven of these have been introducedor translocated, and 7 of the remaining 12 are endemicto the Prespa lakes. This high proportion of endemismrequires confirmation because the systematic positionof several of the species and subspecies remainsuncertain. The absence of a predatory fish in MikriPrespa, the occurrence of trout in Megali Prespa, thepresence of eels in both lakes and the occurrence ofmany rheophilous fish species typifies the fishcommunities of these two lakes. Monitoring of the fishpopulation in Mikri Prespa, from 1984 to 1994, showedapparent stability or a slight increase in catchesduring this period. Not all the introduced specieshave been able to establish populations and theirimpact on the indigenous populations is yet to bedefined. A spectacular re-establishment of the carppopulation, following the crash of the stock of thisspecies in the 1970s–1980s, was recorded in the springof 1991. The past and present situation of thefisheries in lakes Mikri and Megali Prespa isdescribed, and their productivity and yields areanalysed. Particular attention is given to atraditional fishing method unique to the Presparegion: pelaizia fishing. The factors involved inthe temporal trends in the fisheries are identifiedand analysed. Recommendations for the management ofthe fish populations and the fisheries are proposed,so that the sustainability of this resource and thesurvival of the endemic fish species can beensured.     

The mangrove-based coastal and nearshore fisheries of Bangladesh: ecology,exploitation and management

The mangrove forest of Bangladesh, the largest continuous mangrove forest of the world, is one of the most important coastal features of the country. The existence of the mangrove has increased the values of other coastal and marine resources such as the coastal and marine fisheries by increasing productivity and supporting a wide biological diversity. The artisanal fishery, which is highly influenced by mangroves, has been contributing 85–95% of the total coastal and marine catch of Bangladesh. The mangrove also supports offshore and deep sea fisheries by playing a significant role as nursery ground for many deep sea fishes and shrimps including the giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) which is the major species of the industrial bottom trawl fishery of Bangladesh. The mangrove also contributes significantly in shrimp farming which has been the most significant export-oriented industry since the 1970s. However, the mangrove fisheries have been under intensive pressure from deleterious fishing activities and deliberate aquaculture development by destructing mangrove habitats. The impacts of mangrove have been reflected in the contribution of artisanal fishery catch that has been in a continuous decline since the 1980s. Shrimp farming has been the most destructive contributor to mangrove destruction with a corresponding loss of biological resources particularly the wild shrimp fishery. This paper reviews different aspects of the mangrove fisheries of Bangladesh and discusses the impacts of different fisheries. The paper identifies the importance of reviewing, amending and/or replacing the traditional management approaches by the new management techniques such as habitat restoration and stock enhancement in the natural environment; the paper also identifies the need for research findings in formulating and implementing new management approaches.     

Fish and fisheries of the Muni lagoon in Ghana, West Africa

Muni is a closed lagoon that opens to the sea when the water level is high, especially during the rainy season. During the dry period, the water level is very low and the salinity of the lagoon water increases sometimes exceeding that of seawater. Only three finfish species and 8 shellfish species (live animals and empty shells) were found in the lagoon and surrounding wetlands during the study which was conducted in March–June 1994. The blackchin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron (Cichlidae) is the dominant species. The castnet is the most important fishing gear used in the lagoon followed by various finfish and shellfish traps. The fishing effort in the lagoon is high and, like catch rates, it was found to be inversely related to the volume of water in the lagoon and the fishing situation in the sea. The estimated exploitation level (E = 0.65) indicates that S. melanotheron in the Muni lagoon could be considered as over-exploited. From the gonadosomatic index, S. melanotheron appears to spawn continuously in the Muni lagoon between the months of March and June. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated for S. melanotheron as L = 12.5 cm standard length (SL), K = 0.70 yr^–1 and t₀ = 0.01 yr. The longevity of the fish is estimated as ca. 4.2 yr. Taboos and cultural practices contribute to the management and conservation of fisheries in the lagoon. However, additional formal management is required to ensure sustainability of the fisheries in the lagoon. In addition, there is a need to manage the lagoons physical and chemical environment including planting of mangroves around the lagoon in order to restore its mangrove cover. The poverty problem in the fishing community needs to be addressed to divert labour from the lagoon.     

Elasmobranchs in southern Indonesian fisheries: the fisheries, the status of the stocks and management options

The biology of elasmobranchs makes them very vulnerable to fishing pressure and there is increasing international concern over their exploitation. In northern Australia the stocks of some species may be shared with those in southern Indonesia. Indonesia has the highest landings of elasmobranchs worldwide (>100,000 t p.a.) and millions of Indonesian artisanal fishers rely heavily on elasmobranchs taken in target fisheries. They are also taken by industrial trawlers and as bycatch in pelagic tuna fisheries. This paper, resulting from a collaborative project between Australia and Indonesia, summarises the elasmobranch fisheries; the characteristics of the fisheries are outlined, the status of the stocks are assessed, and management options described and discussed. The project focussed on representative markets and fish landing sites in southern Indonesia from 2001 to 2005. Data were from market surveys, the records of the Indonesian Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, and from research cruises. Data from the ongoing tuna monitoring programme showed that shark bycatch from the tuna fleets forms about 11% of shark landings in Indonesia. Yield per recruit and related analyses were used to integrate biological information to indicate the productivity of each species to allow for management policy options and constraints. Research cruise data show that catch rates of elasmobranchs in the Java Sea declined by at least one order of magnitude between 1976 and 1997. The results indicate strongly that many of the shark and ray species in Indonesia are overfished and that the most effective management strategy may need to involve capacity control, such as licencing, gear restrictions and catch limits, together with controls on the fin trade.     

Molecular genetics to inform spatial management in benthic invertebrate fisheries: a case study using the Australian Greenlip Abalone

Hierarchical sampling and subsequent microsatellite genotyping of >2300 Haliotis laevigata (greenlip abalone) from 19 locations distributed across five biogeographic regions have substantially advanced our knowledge of population structure and connectivity in this commercially important species. The study has found key differences in stock structure of H. laevigata compared with the sympatric and congeneric Haliotis rubra (blacklip abalone) and yielded valuable insights into the management of fisheries targeting species characterized by spatial structure at small scales (i.e. S‐fisheries). As with H. rubra, H. laevigata comprise a series of metapopulations with strong self‐recruitment. However, the spatial extent of H. laevigata metapopulations (reefal areas around 30 km²; distances of up to 135 km are effective barriers to larval dispersal) was substantially greater than that identified for H. rubra (Miller et al. 2009). Differences in the dynamics and scale of population processes, even between congeneric haliotids as made evident in this study, imply that for S‐fisheries, it is difficult to generalize about the potential consequences of life history commonalities. Consequently, species‐specific management reflective of the population structure of the target species remains particularly important. This will likely require integration of information about stock structure and connectivity with data on life history and population dynamics to determine the necessary input (e.g. number of fishers, fishing effort) and output (e.g. minimum legal size, total allowable catch) controls to underpin their sustainable management.     

Food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, drivers and future perspectives

World population is expected to grow from the present 6.8 billion people to about 9 billion by 2050. The growing need for nutritious and healthy food will increase the demand for fisheries products from marine sources, whose productivity is already highly stressed by excessive fishing pressure, growing organic pollution, toxic contamination, coastal degradation and climate change. Looking towards 2050, the question is how fisheries governance, and the national and international policy and legal frameworks within which it is nested, will ensure a sustainable harvest, maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and adapt to climate change. This paper looks at global fisheries production, the state of resources, contribution to food security and governance. It describes the main changes affecting the sector, including geographical expansion, fishing capacity-building, natural variability, environmental degradation and climate change. It identifies drivers and future challenges, while suggesting how new science, policies and interventions could best address those challenges.     

Changing fish distributions challenge the effective management of European fisheries

Changes in fish distribution are being observed across the globe. In Europe's Common Fisheries Policy, the share of the catch of each fish stock is split among management areas using a fixed allocation key known as ‘Relative Stability’: in each management area, member states get the same proportion of the total catch each year. That proportion is largely based on catches made by those member states in the 1970s. Changes in distribution can, therefore, result in a mismatch between quota shares and regional abundances within management areas, with potential repercussions for the status of fish stocks and the fisheries that depend on them. Assessing distribution changes is crucial to ensure adequate management and sustainable exploitation of our fish resources. We analysed scientific survey data using a three-tiered analytical approach to provide, for the first time, an overview of changes in distribution for 19 northeast Atlantic fish species encompassing 73 commercial stocks over 30 yr. All species have experienced changes in distribution, five of which did so across management areas. A cross-species analysis suggested that shifts in areas of suitable thermal habitat, and density-dependent use of these areas, are at least partly responsible for the observed changes. These findings challenge the current use of relative stability to allocate quotas.     

基于生态通道模型的北部湾渔业管理策略的评价

北部湾位于南海17°00′-21°45′N,105°40′-110°10′E,为中越两国共同管辖的天然半封闭海湾。根据1997-1999年在北部湾进行的渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,利用EwE软件构建了北部湾生态系统的营养通道模型（Ecopath）。在此基础上,以30a为周期,利用Ecosim中的“渔业管理者”模拟了不同管理策略（经济效益最大化、社会效益最大化、生态效益最大化以及综合考虑三者的最佳管理）对北部湾捕捞结构的影响。结果表明：以经济利益最大化为管理策略时会提高所有渔具的捕捞努力量,除了拖网下降43.2%之外;以社会利益最大化为管理策略时模型要求极大地增加小型渔业,尤其是混合渔业的捕捞努力量将上升3.34倍;而以生态稳定性最大化为管理目标时,模型要求所有渔业的捕捞努力量都必须降低甚至停止。以经济和社会利益最大化为管理目标对不同的vulnerability（V＇s）值的反应敏感,高营养级种类减少而低营养级种增加,其中社会利益最大化时系统的营养级最低（2.78）;而生态稳定性和综合管理目标最大化则对不同的敏感度的反应较为一致。综合考虑经济、社会和生态效应的最佳管理策略能满足渔业和保育目标的平衡,有望成为最佳的管理策略。由此可见,多鱼种捕捞策略的模拟是个复杂的任务,目标功能有时互相冲突,而且易受到初始模型条件的影响。     

Fish and flow management in the Murray–Darling Basin: Directions for research

Effective natural resource management requires knowledge exchange between researchers and managers to support evidence‐based decision‐making. To achieve this, there is a need to align research with management and policy needs. This project aimed to identify the flow‐related ecological knowledge needs for freshwater fish to better inform environmental water management in the Murray–Darling Basin, south‐eastern Australia. Our major objective was to provide an up‐to‐date assessment of scientific research and integrate this with the knowledge requirements of relevant managers to guide future research. We reviewed the contemporary scientific literature and engaged managers specifically responsible for delivering flows for fish outcomes via a questionnaire and workshop. Research on fishes of the MDB has generally evolved from single locations and/or times to larger spatio‐temporal scales, including multiple sites, rivers and catchments. There has also been a trend from single life stage studies to incorporation of multiple life stages and population processes. There remain, however, significant deficiencies in knowledge for most native species, many of which are threatened. Four agreed key knowledge gaps were derived from the literature review and managers’ suggestions: (i) population dynamics, (ii) movement, dispersal and connectivity, (iii) survival and recruitment to adults and (iv) recruitment drivers. To inform policy and management, managers desired timely advice, based on robust research and monitoring. Fish species of most relevance to managers were those highly regarded by community stakeholders and whose life histories and population dynamics are potentially influenced by flow. Populations of these mostly large‐bodied, angling species (e.g. Murray Cod, Golden Perch and Silver Perch) have declined, often due to river regulation and, in conjunction with managers’ priorities, are relevant candidates for research to support the management of flow to rehabilitate fish populations in the MDB.     

传统渔业活动对广西英罗港红树林区渔业资源的影响与管理对策

广西英罗港红树林区滩涂和光滩潮水中大型底栖动物和游泳动物曾很丰富。近4年来由于海鲜价格不断提高,林区的人为滥捕已使大型底栖动物和游泳动物的数量分别下降了约60%和80%。捕获方式有挖掘滩涂底栖动物,在红树林光滩潮水和林内潮沟进行网捕、炸鱼和毒鱼,网眼小至0.25 cm。传统的捕获萎缩了生态食物网的通量,破碎了生境,威胁着种群的繁衍。由于红树林区的渔业多少是当地群众的生计,完全封闭滩涂进行保育目前不可能。为此建议对英罗港红树林区滩涂施行封滩轮育,同时加强公众教育。     

Spatial subdivision among assemblages of Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson (Pisces: Scombridae) across northern Australia: implications for fisheries management

Aim This study investigated the use of stable δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopes in the sagittal otolith carbonate of narrow‐barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson, as indicators of population structure across Australia. Location Samples were collected from 25 locations extending from the lower west coast of Western Australia (30°), across northern Australian waters, and to the east coast of Australia (18°) covering a coastline length of approximately 9500 km, including samples from Indonesia. Methods The stable δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopes in the sagittal otolith carbonate of S. commerson were analysed using standard mass spectrometric techniques. The isotope ratios across northern Australian subregions were subjected to an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to define subregions. Isotope ratios within each of the subregions were compared to assess population structure across Australia. Results Cluster analysis separated samples into four subregions: central Western Australia, north Western Australia, northern Australia and the Gulf of Carpentaria and eastern Australia. Isotope signatures for fish from a number of sampling sites from across Australia and Indonesia were significantly different, indicating population separation. No significant differences were found in otolith isotope ratios between sampling times (no temporal variation). Main conclusions Significant differences in the isotopic signatures of S. commerson demonstrate that there is unlikely to be any substantial movement of fish among these spatially discrete adult assemblages. The lack of temporal variation among otolith isotope ratios indicates that S. commerson populations do not undergo longshore spatial shifts in distribution during their life history. The temporal persistence of spatially explicit stable isotopic signatures indicates that, at these spatial scales, the population units sampled comprise functionally distinct management units or separate ‘stocks’ for many of the purposes of fisheries management. The spatial subdivision evident among populations of S. commerson across northern and western Australia indicates that it may be advantageous to consider S. commerson population dynamics and fisheries management from a metapopulation perspective (at least at the regional level).     

Seasonality and historic trends in the reef fisheries of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia

The reef fisheries of Pulau (meaning “island” in Malay) Banggi, Sabah are not managed, and lack baseline fisheries data despite forming part of a proposed marine park. Thus, a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was applied to obtain a baseline picture about the past and present state of the fisheries. Fish landings were monitored, and fisher interviews conducted to investigate seasonal effects and historical changes in Banggi’s reef fisheries. Monsoon winds were a major driver of seasonal differences in catch quantities for the hook and line, but not the gillnet fishery. Spatial distribution of fishing effort and target species also differed by season. Fishers consistently indicated that Banggi’s fisheries were declining, with a suggested three to four times decrease in catch rates over the last 20 years. Interestingly, it appeared that substantial decreases began in the year 2000. The responses of fishers to seasonal changes, and the resultant implications for management are discussed. Importantly, the need for immediate management policies to prevent further declines and to maintain sustainable reef fisheries is stressed. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Pollution and tidal benthic communities of the James River Estuary,Virginia

Distribution of benthic communities in the estuarine portion of the James River was controlled mainly by salinity. Pollution effects were localized and difficult to assess because of a rigorous physical environment. Mesohaline and oligohaline communities were very similar to those in other estuaries of the eastern United States. Macrobenthic densities were most severely depressed in tidal freshwater habitats near Richmond & Hopewell, where the major portion of the pollution load enters the river. Cluster analysis of species distributional patterns and ordination of pollution and physical parameters produced similar results, dividing the river into mesohaline, oligohaline, and upper and lower tidal freshwater zones. Further analysis of only the tidal freshwater portion indicated the distribution of benthic communities reflected the location and concentration of pollution sources along the river. Tidal freshwater communities were dominated by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, tubificid oligochaetes of the genus Limnodrilus and the chironomid insect larva Coelotanypus scapularis. The fauna of the freshwater zones was very eurytopic with respect to sediment type and has a great resemblance to the fauna of eutrophic lakes. The classical concept of a sharp increase in number of species occurring from oligohaline to freshwater zones was found to be misleading. This increase does not occur until free flowing (or lotic) freshwater areas of greater habitat diversity are reached.     

Mathematical modelling as a management tool for water quality control [2pt] of the tropical Beberibe estuary,NE Brazil

Sewage disposal in natural waters is a common problem in most countries. Large inputs of organic matter and nutrients from raw sewage to a weak hydrodynamic environment may lead to deterioration of the water quality. Widely available riverine and estuarine models such as QUAL-2E and MUDLARK can be used to adequately model these situations. Beberibe is a low hydrodynamic estuary that runs through a densely populated region in the Recife Metropolitan Area (RMA), Northeast Brazil, and receives untreated domestic sewage from aproximately 200000 inhabitants. The mouth of the estuary is shallow and tortuous, causing a large reduction in tidal propagation. The low river flow is strongly influenced by rain seasonality at the upstream boundary, with mean values varying from 4.9 m³ s^–1 in the wet winter to 1.4 m³ s^–1 during the dry summer. A major program to build sewage plants was planned to increase the water quality of the RMA rivers. This study focuses on water quality modelling of the Beberibe estuary basin, formed by the Beberibe River and two small tributaries. Numerical simulations of temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and faecal coliforms were carried out, targeting the expected population growth in the following 20 years. The QUAL-2E and the MUDLARK models were coupled at the tidal intrusion limit, with the estuarine sector modelled by the MUDLARK while QUAL-2E was used in the upper river. A longitudinal dispersion coefficient related to tidal excursion was introduced into the MUDLARK algorithm to better determine the tidal effect on the distribution of water quality variables. Both models were calibrated successfully and verified with a 4 year water quality data series from the Pernambuco State Environmental Agency (Companhia Pernambucana do Meio Ambiente – CPRH). Results showed that the river flow is a major factor controlling the water quality. Even the most efficient treatment applied was not able to bring water quality up to all desirable levels during dry summer months, mainly considering dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand. Results also confirm that the spring-neap cycle does not significantly affect water quality, probably due to the strong tidal attenuation at the estuary mouth.     

Potential changes to the biology and challenges to the management of invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Laurentian Great Lakes due to climate change

Control programs are implemented to mitigate the damage caused by invasive species worldwide. In the highly invaded Great Lakes, the climate is expected to become warmer with more extreme weather and variable precipitation, resulting in shorter iced‐over periods and variable tributary flows as well as changes to pH and river hydrology and hydrogeomorphology. We review how climate change influences physiology, behavior, and demography of a damaging invasive species, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), in the Great Lakes, and the consequences for sea lamprey control efforts. Sea lamprey control relies on surveys to monitor abundance of larval sea lamprey in Great Lakes tributaries. The abundance of parasitic, juvenile sea lampreys in the lakes is calculated by surveying wounding rates on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and trap surveys are used to enumerate adult spawning runs. Chemical control using lampricides (i.e., lamprey pesticides) to target larval sea lamprey and barriers to prevent adult lamprey from reaching spawning grounds are the most important tools used for sea lamprey population control. We describe how climate change could affect larval survival in rivers, growth and maturation in lakes, phenology and the spawning migration as adults return to rivers, and the overall abundance and distribution of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. Our review suggests that Great Lakes sea lamprey may benefit from climate change with longer growing seasons, more rapid growth, and greater access to spawning habitat, but uncertainties remain about the future availability and suitability of larval habitats. Consideration of the biology of invasive species and adaptation of the timing, intensity, and frequency of control efforts is critical to the management of biological invasions in a changing world, such as sea lamprey in the Great Lakes.     

Multiple‐stressor effects on stream invertebrates: a mesocosm experiment manipulating nutrients,fine sediment and flow velocity

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