花生增产剂的大田应用及其对花生形态与生理的影响

花生增产剂在生产中应用,对花生有矮化抗倒和增产的作用。它能提高叶片的光合作用强度和叶绿素含量及a/b比值,促进根系发育,调节营养生长和生殖生长的关系,提高光合产物向荚果和果仁的分配比率,使亩产量增加。     

氮肥对覆膜花生固氮活性与产量的影响

不施氮肥花生固氮力为106～146公斤N/顷。施用高量氮肥对花生结瘤不利,用量10、20、40、60公斤NH_4NO_3/亩时,花生固氮率分别降低24、47、67、82%,花生约增产10%,在施低量氮肥(5公斤NH_4NO_3/亩)时不影响花生结瘤,且对花生有增产作用。有机肥对花生结瘤的抑制作用比无机氮肥轻,在2与4吨/亩(0.6％N)用量时,花生固氮作用降低7与23%,花生约增产8.0％     

花生根瘤菌高效菌剂的研究

我国在豆科作物上应用根瘤菌接种措施至今已近40年。实践证明,花生在播种时,人工接种根瘤菌,一般能增产10％左右。但这一优势在花生生长期,从外观上难以察看出来,这直接影响着花生根瘤菌剂大面积推广应用。考虑到稀土元素和石油助长剂等所具有的生理活性特点以及与根瘤菌剂配合施用的效果,特开展本项研究,以提高菌剂的应用效果。     

花生荚果形成过程中代谢途径的变化以及“B_9”的调节作用

近年来,广东地区广泛地开展了在花生上施用B_9防止植株倒伏、提高产量的研究,一致认为在花生下针后喷施B_9有明显的增产效果。为了进一步阐明B_9提高花生产量的生理生化原因,我们探讨了花生籽实形成过程中代谢途径的变化以及B_9对它的调节作用。     

酸性土施用钙肥对花生产量和品质及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种‘花育22号’为研究材料, 2013年在威海文登市、2014年在日照三庄镇的丘陵砂壤土上进行试验, 研究增施钙肥对酸性土花生的产量、品质的影响, 以及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性差异, 探讨酸性土花生钙肥最佳用量。试验设3个钙肥处理, 分别为每667 m²施CaO 0 kg (T₀)、14 kg (T₁)、28 kg (T₂)。结果表明: 酸性土增施钙肥显著增加了花生的荚果产量, 两个试验点T₁处理平均增产26.92%, T₂处理平均增产21.65%。增产原因是增施钙肥显著增加了花生单株结果数, 提高了双仁果率, 从而增加了单株荚果产量, 同时增加了籽仁的饱满度而显著提高了出仁率。钙肥处理均显著提高了花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量, 提高了赖氨酸、总氨基酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值。酸性土增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性, 其中T₁处理的GS活性显著高于T₂处理。钙肥处理显著提高了花生生育前期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性, 而生育后期的活性低于不施钙肥处理。不同钙肥施用量相比, 每667 m²施14 kg CaO的经济效益最好, 其产量最高, 品质最优。     

花生基因工程

建立花生遗传转化和高效植株再生系统是花生基因工再生技术和基因转化体系的完善,已获得抗病、抗虫和提高品质的转基因花生植株,取得了突破性进展.农杆菌介导法和微弹介导法是花生基因工程的主要方法.     

花生根瘤菌液体菌剂和不同载体固体菌剂的研究

自1956年至1985年,我国应用花生根瘤菌剂面积累计已达3000余万亩,根据1256次试验统计,接种根瘤菌比不接根瘤菌平均每亩增产28.6公斤,增产率达13％。近几年来,豇豆属根瘤菌除在花生上大面积推广应用外,在绿豆、豌豆、豇豆、红小豆等作物上也逐步扩大应用,并获得了10％以上的增产效果。     

花生蚜虫的习性及其防治试验

1964年以来,花生蚜虫(即苜蓿蚜Aphis cracci-rora)在中牟县连年发生为害,成为花生的重要害虫。如郑庵公社贾堂村防治蚜虫的地块,比不防治的平均每亩增产达86斤。为了掌握蚜虫的发生规律,我们从1964年开始,对蚜虫的发生规律和防治,进行了观察。现将初步结果汇总如下,供参考。     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

利用离体诱变培育花生新品种宇花4号

为了丰富花生遗传资源,开拓新的育种方法,本研究对离体诱变创造花生新种质、培育花生新品种进行了研究。利用花生品种花育20号胚小叶作为外植体,平阳霉素(PYM)作为诱变剂进行离体诱变培养,然后在含有羟脯氨酸(HYP)的培养基上进行定向筛选,最终获得了15个再生小苗。再生小苗经嫁接移栽田间,从后代中获得了23个高油株系,3个产量显著提高的品系,其中一个高产高油品系2015年通过了安徽省新品种登记鉴定,定名为宇花4号,在参试的品种中名列第一,比对照白沙1016增产16.63%。宇花4号为早熟、小粒、高油花生品种,经农业部油料及制品质量监督检验测试中心(武汉)化验,籽仁含油率达56.10%,达到高油标准,比诱变亲本花育20号(含油率49.50%)高6.6个百分点,荚果产量比花育20号增产15%以上。本研究结果表明,离体诱变结合离体定向筛选是创造花生新种质、培育新品种的有效途径。     

The EfFect of B9 upon the Structure of Leaves and Chloroplasts in Peanut plant

When peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) were treated with aqueous solution of Bo (2000 ppm) by spraying application, the cells of the assimilating tissue were enlarged and the thickness of the leaves were increased. B9 promoted the development of the chloroplast, so that the number of chloroplast, grana and the lamella were increased. As a result, the volume of the “container” of chlorophyll was enlarged. In addition, the chlorophyll content of file leaves also increased after B9 treatment, there fore the leaves turned dark green.     

Involvement of the siderophore of cowpea Rhizobium in the iron nutrition of the peanut

An iron-inefficient variety of peanut plant, when grown hydroponically with the catechol siderophore of Rhizobium (peanut isolate), showed increased growth and chlorophyll content compared with plants grown with Fe alone. The siderophore, when used in concentrations less than the concentrations of Fe, was still effective in grwoth promotion, indicating that it might function as a shuttle agent, solubilizing and supplying Fe to the plant. Similar results were also obtained with desferrioxamine B.The authors are with the Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda-390 002, Gujarat, India.     

Effects of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Alleviating Chlorosis Induced by Iron Deficiency in Peanut Seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on alleviating chlorosis induced by iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by investigating the symptoms, plant growth, chlorophyll concentrations, soluble Fe concentration, Fe distribution in subcellular, and antioxidant enzymes. Fe deficiency caused serious chlorosis and inhibited growth of peanut seedlings, and dramatically decreased the soluble Fe concentration and chlorophyll concentration. Furthermore, ion balance was disturbed. The addition of 50, 100, and 250 μM SA significantly increased the absorption of Fe from the cell wall to cell organelles and the soluble fraction, enhanced the Fe concentration in cell organelles, Fe activation and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, ameliorated the inhibition of Ca, Mg, and Zn absorption induced by Fe deficiency, alleviated the chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency and promoted plant growth. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is dramatically increased in peanut seedlings exposed to Fe deficiency, and resulted in lipid peroxidation, which was indicated by accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The application of 50, 100, and 250 μM SA significantly decreased the level of ROS and MDA concentrations, and significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in peanut seedlings exposed to Fe deficiency. The addition of 100 μM SA had the best effect on alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency, whereas the addition of 500 μM SA had no significant effect under Fe deficiency.     

Role of Exogenous Nitric Oxide in Alleviating Iron Deficiency Stress of Peanut Seedlings (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.)

A greenhouse hydroponic experiment was performed to evaluate how peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) responded to iron (Fe) deficiency stress in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. The results showed that Fe deficiency inhibited peanut plant growth, decreased chlorophyll and active Fe concentrations, and dramatically disturbed ion balance. The addition of 50, 100, 250, and 500 µM SNP, significantly promoted the absorption of Fe in the cell wall, cell organelles, and soluble fractions, increased the concentrations of active Fe and chlorophyll in peanut plants, and alleviated the excess absorption of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) induced by Fe deficiency. In addition, SNP also significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, which is beneficial to inhibit the accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Addition of 250 µM SNP had the most significant alleviating effect against Fe-deficiency stress, and after 15 days of treatment, the plants with the 250 µM SNP treatment achieved comparable NO levels with those grown under optimal nutrition conditions. However, the effects of SNP were reversed by addition of hemoglobin (Hb, a NO scavenger). These results suggest that NO released from SNP decomposition was responsible for the effect of SNP-induced alleviation on Fe deficiency.     

呲效隆对花生光合作用及产量的影响

花生结荚期施用0.1～10 mg/L吡效隆(4PU-30)溶液,能增加叶片的厚度,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,促使叶片中的同化物向荚果运输和积累增多,从而促进了荚果生长和发育,使结荚率、饱果率以及百果重和百仁重增加,最终使单株荚果产量增产12.6％左右,吡效隆的最适浓度为 1 mg/L。     

Stimulation of Peanut Seedling Development and Growth by Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles at Low Concentrations

Because of its strong pollutant degradation ability, nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) has been introduced to soils and groundwater for remediation purposes, but its impacts on plants are still not very clear. In this work, the effects of low concentration (10–320 μmol/L) NZVI particles on seed germination and growth of peanut plants were evaluated. The exposure of peanut seeds to NZVI at all the tested concentrations altered the seed germination activity, especially the development of seedlings. In comparison with the deionized water treated controls (CK), all of the NZVI treatments had significantly larger average lengths. Further investigations with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested that NZVI particles may penetrate the peanut seed coats to increase the water uptake to stimulate seed germination. The growth experiments showed that although NZVI at a relatively high concentration (320μmol/L) showed phytotoxicity to the peanut plants, the lower concentrations of NZVI particles stimulated the growth and root development of the plants. At certain concentrations (e.g., 40 and 80 μmol/L), the NZVI treated samples were even better than the ethylenediaminetetraacetate-iron (EDTA-Fe) solution, a commonly used iron nutrient solution, in stimulating the plant growth. This positive effect was probably due to the uptake of NZVI by the plants, as indicated in the TEM analyses. Because low concentrations of NZVI particles stimulated both the seedling development and growth of peanut, they might be used to benefit the growth of peanuts in large-scale agricultural settings.     

An Exogenous Source of Nitric Oxide Modulates Iron Nutritional Status in Peanut Seedlings (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.)

Iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis is a common and severe nutritional deficiency in plants, and nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in regulating Fe homeostasis in plants. We studied the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor) on Fe uptake, translocation, storage, and activation in a greenhouse. The concentrations of active Fe, total Fe, and the ratio of active Fe to total Fe, the activities of key enzymes, and chlorophyll concentration were determined, and resistance to oxidative stress and mineral element distribution in peanut plants grown in Fe sufficiency and Fe deficiency (an absence of Fe and low level of Fe concentration) conditions were also investigated. The results showed that NO significantly increased the concentration of active Fe and the ratio of active Fe to total Fe in Fe-deficient plants, and increased active Fe concentration in leaves and stems of Fe-sufficient plants. NO application also increased Fe translocation from roots to the shoots and the accumulation of Fe in cell organelles and the soluble fraction in leaves, especially in the low-level Fe concentration condition, thus increased available Fe and chlorophyll concentration in leaves of Fe-deficient plants. The activities of key enzymes were regulated by NO, which effectively mitigated oxidative damages by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT), increasing H⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities to balance the ion (Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn) uptake and distribution in Fe-deficient plants. However, NO application had no obvious effect on these variables in Fe-sufficient plants. These results indicated that NO application can improve Fe uptake, translocation, and activation of related enzymes in Fe-deficient plants, thus mitigating the adverse effect of Fe deficiency.     

模拟酸雨对大豆、花生生长和产量的影响

大豆(Glycine max)、花生(Arachis hy-pogaea)是我国主要油料作物,国内外均曾用大豆作为模拟酸雨的试验材料。本文对大豆作了较详细的观察。在大田中进行了花生试验,研究酸雨对其产量的影响。     

Peanut nodulation kinetics in response to low pH.

In this work, the peanut nodulation kinetics by acid-sensitive and tolerant isolates under acid stress condition was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the acid pH produced a decrease in the number of nodules formed only when peanut plants were inoculated with acid-sensitive isolates but increased steadily by the addition of 10 mM Ca2+, reaching higher values than those obtained at pH 7.0. On the contrary, the peanut nodulation by acid-tolerant isolates was not affected by this stressing condition. These data suggest that acid-tolerant isolates could be used as a potential source of strains for preparing highly effective inoculants for peanut plants growing in acid soils.