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增强子作用机制研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
增强子是能够增强启动子转录活性的ＤＮＡ顺式作用序列。增强子的结构与启动子相似,也是由多个元件组成,每个元件可以与一种或多种转录调控因子结合。增强子可以在启动子区的上游或下游起增强转录作用且与其距转录起点的远近无关。如Ｔ细胞受体α链基因的增强子位于启动... 相似文献
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增强子是一段具有转录调控功能的DNA序列,主要通过顺式调控方式发挥作用。由于增强子及其调控基因在位置和距离上的不确定性,大大增加了研究增强子作用机制的复杂性和困难性。越来越多的证据表明,增强子与癌症等疾病的发生发展密切相关,因此开展癌症相关增强子的研究,将有助于全面解析癌症发病机制,并推动抗肿瘤药物的高效研发,具有重要的社会意义和经济价值。目前对于增强子的鉴定不充分,增强子在癌症和其他疾病中的发生发展调控机制尚未得到完整的解析。本文主要对增强子和超级增强子及其特性进行介绍,并在全基因组水平上对增强子的预测和鉴定进行了描述,最后总结了近年来增强子在癌症等疾病发生过程中所发挥的调控作用,从而为未来解析增强子调控机制以及癌症的诊断和治疗提供参考。 相似文献
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原核增强子样序列研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
增强子是真核细胞中增强启动子功能的顺式作用元件。随着人们对原核生物基因表达调控的深入研究,人们发现在原核生物的调控系统和某些病毒基因组DNA片段中也具有增强子样功能。这些研究对揭示原核系统的基因表达调控和增强外源基因在原核系统中的表达水平具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。 相似文献
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增强子是位于基因上游的DNA序列,能够增强下游基因的转录,但增强子自身也可转录出RNA却鲜为人知。最近通过一些关于全基因组的研究发现,增强子可以普遍地转录产生RNA,称之为enhancer RNAs(eRNAs)。eRNAs可以激活增强子活性,也能与其它蛋白质因子结合促进增强子启动子环的形成,从而激活下游基因的表达,它还可能以独立的形式发挥某些生物学功能。目前对eRNAs的研究并不是很深入,所以对eRNAs的深入研究将对其功能探索、eRNAs的开发应用,甚至是疾病的防治有重要的意义。本文旨在对eRNAs的结构、功能及作用机制作相关介绍。 相似文献
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本文介绍病毒编码的启动子和增强子的结构和功能特点。综述人类免疫缺陷病毒,人单纯疱疹病毒,巨细胞病毒,人乳头瘤病毒,Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ病毒和乙型肝炎病毒启动子和增强子研究的主要进展,阐述这些启动子,增强子在病毒转录及调控中的作用及其机制和目前研究中有待解决的问题。 相似文献
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三维基因组染色质架构蛋白CTCF(CCCTC-bindingfactor)能够介导增强子与基因启动子的远距离染色质相互作用,也可以结合调控区域的绝缘子发挥增强子绝缘功能,对发育中的基因表达调控具有重要作用。同源框基因家族(Homeoboxgenefamily,Hox)编码一类控制动物发育的关键转录因子,在发育中主要沿胚胎首尾轴(head-to-tail axis)呈时空线性表达。在哺乳动物中,Hox基因分为HoxA、HoxB、HoxC和HoxD四个基因簇,在中枢神经系统、骨骼和四肢发育中发挥重要功能。HoxD基因簇主要调控四肢发育,受位于其两侧调控域内的增强子调节,沿肢体近远轴(proximal-distal axis)呈时空线性表达。在人类基因组中,HOXD基因簇及其两侧的调控区域分布有串联排列的CTCF结合位点(简称CTCF位点),参与9个HOXD基因的表达调控。本研究以HOXD基因簇为模式基因,探究CTCF对发育基因(developmentalgenes)转录调控的影响。利用CRISPRDNA片段编辑技术在人HEK293T细胞中获得一系列的串联反向CTCF位点删除的单细胞克隆株。... 相似文献
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S/MARs (scaffold/matrix attachment regions) are the DNA regions that are involved in the interaction with the nuclear matrix and are identified by in vitro methods. According to the available information, S/MARs possess an insulating activity, i.e., the ability to block the interaction between the enhancer and promoter in vivo, and are, probably, intact insulators or their fragments. Nevertheless, there is still no direct proof for this correspondence. To obtain additional information on the insulator activity of S/MARs, we selected five DNA fragments of different lengths and affinities for the nuclear matrix from a previously constructed library of S/MARs and tested their ability to serve as insulators. Two of five elements exhibited an insulator (enhancer blocking) activity upon the transient transfection of CHO cells. None of the S/MARs displayed either promoter or enhancer/silencer activities in these cells.Translated from Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2005, pp. 77–81.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sass, Ruda, Akopov, Snezhkov, Nikolaev, Sverdlov. 相似文献
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《遗传学报》2020,47(8):407-424
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a multifunctional zinc finger protein that is conserved in metazoan species. CTCF is consistently found to play an important role in many diverse biological processes. CTCF/cohesin-mediated active chromatin ‘loop extrusion’ architects three-dimensional (3D) genome folding. The 3D architectural role of CTCF underlies its multifarious functions, including developmental regulation of gene expression, protocadherin (Pcdh) promoter choice in the nervous system, immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (Tcr) V(D)J recombination in the immune system, homeobox (Hox) gene control during limb development, as well as many other aspects of biology. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions of CTCF from the perspective of its essential role in 3D genome architecture and topological promoter/enhancer selection. We envision the 3D genome as an enormous complex architecture, with tens of thousands of CTCF sites as connecting nodes and CTCF proteins as mysterious bonds that glue together genomic building parts with distinct articulation joints. In particular, we focus on the internal mechanisms by which CTCF controls higher order chromatin structures that manifest its many façades of physiological and pathological functions. We also discuss the dichotomic role of CTCF sites as intriguing 3D genome nodes for seemingly contradictory ‘looping bridges’ and ‘topological insulators’ to frame a beautiful magnificent house for a cell's nuclear home. 相似文献
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Haiyan Huang;Qiang Wu; 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2024,46(10):2400121
Topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries are the flanking edges of TADs, also known as insulated neighborhoods, within the 3D structure of genomes. A prominent feature of TAD boundaries in mammalian genomes is the enrichment of clustered CTCF sites often with mixed orientations, which can either block or facilitate enhancer–promoter (E-P) interactions within or across distinct TADs, respectively. We will discuss recent progress in the understanding of fundamental organizing principles of the clustered CTCF insulator codes at TAD boundaries. Specifically, both inward- and outward-oriented CTCF sites function as topological chromatin insulators by asymmetrically blocking improper TAD-boundary-crossing cohesin loop extrusion. In addition, boundary stacking and enhancer clustering facilitate long-distance E-P interactions across multiple TADs. Finally, we provide a unified mechanism for RNA-mediated TAD boundary function via R-loop formation for both insulation and facilitation. This mechanism of TAD boundary formation and insulation has interesting implications not only on how the 3D genome folds in the Euclidean nuclear space but also on how the specificity of E-P interactions is developmentally regulated. 相似文献
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Mutations in enhancers have been shown to often underlie natural variation but the evolved differences in enhancer activity can be difficult to identify in vivo. Threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a robust system for studying enhancer evolution due to abundant natural genetic variation, a diversity of evolved phenotypes between ancestral marine and derived freshwater forms, and the tractability of transgenic techniques. Previous work identified a series of polymorphisms within an intronic enhancer of the Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) gene that are associated with evolved tooth gain, a derived increase in freshwater tooth number that arises late in development. Here, we use a bicistronic reporter construct containing a genetic insulator and a pair of reciprocal two-color transgenic reporter lines to compare enhancer activity of marine and freshwater alleles of this enhancer. In older fish, the two alleles drive partially overlapping expression in both mesenchyme and epithelium of developing teeth, but the freshwater enhancer drives a reduced mesenchymal domain and a larger epithelial domain relative to the marine enhancer. In younger fish, these spatial shifts in enhancer activity are less pronounced. Comparing Bmp6 expression by in situ hybridization in developing teeth of marine and freshwater fish reveals similar evolved spatial shifts in gene expression. Together, these data support a model in which the polymorphisms within this enhancer underlie evolved tooth gain by shifting the spatial expression of Bmp6 during tooth development, and provide a general strategy to identify spatial differences in enhancer activity in vivo. 相似文献
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Sandra Acosta Luciano Fiore Isabel Anna Carota Guillermo Oliver 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》2018,56(5)
Targeted genome editing in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is a powerful resource to functionally characterize genes and regulatory elements. The use of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach has remarkably improved the time and efficiency of targeted recombination. However, the efficiency of this protocol is still far from ideal when aiming for bi‐allelic homologous recombination, requiring at least two independent targeting recombination events. Here we describe an improved protocol that uses two gRNAs flanking the selected targeted region, leading to highly efficient homologous recombination in mouse ESCs. The bi‐allelic recombination targeting efficiency is over 90% when using two gRNAs together with the inhibition of non‐homologous end‐joint repair. Moreover, this technique is compatible with the generation of knocked‐in mice and the use of ESC‐derived differentiation protocols, therefore facilitating and accelerating the gene targeting in mice and ESCs. 相似文献
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CCAAT增强子结合蛋白β(CCAAT enhancer binding protein,C/EBPβ)是CCAAT增强子结合蛋白家族的一员。该家族是碱性亮氨酸拉链大家族的一个亚家族,在细胞分化、能量代谢、生长发育等多个进程中发挥作用。文章就C/EBPβ的结构、表达调控和生物学功能做一综述,并对研究应用进行了展望。 相似文献