叶绿体DNA片段的RFLP分析在黄精族系统学研究中的应用

对广义百合科黄精族6属23种及铃兰族1属1种的叶绿体基因组trnK和rpl16两个基因片段进 行了PCR-RFLP分析,结果表明：trnK基因的PCR产物在各类群间几乎不存在长度变异,均约2600bp,而rpl16基因则在各属之间及黄精属内表现出长度变异,变异范围在1140~1320bp之间;限制性酶切位点的同源性分析显示,黄精属、竹根七属、鹿药属和舞鹤草属构成的狭义黄精族与铃兰族中的铃兰属有较近的亲缘关系,并支持将扭柄花属和万寿竹属从广义百合科黄精族中分出的观点;在狭义黄精族内,黄精属与竹根七属聚成一支,鹿药属与舞鹤草属聚成另一支,为探讨族内属间的系统演化关系提供了分子生物学方面的证据。另外,本研究结果支持将金佛山黄精从鹿药属转隶至黄精属的观点。     

禾本科虎尾草亚科细胞学研究分析

总结了虎尾草亚科72属601个分类单位的细胞学资料。虎尾草亚科的染色体基数是10和9,来源于原始染色体基数6经非整倍性减少为5,再经多倍化及非整倍性减少而来。细胞学性状对虎尾草亚科属上类群的分类具有相当重要的价值。推测染色体基数演化的趋势为:x=6→x=5→x=10→x=9。据认为,虎尾草亚科的原始染色体基数为5的二倍体类群在演化早期就灭绝了。     

半夏属的染色体数目、倍性与珠芽发生的关系

本文通过对半夏属Pinellia 5个种10个群体的染色体计数和珠芽数量统计,首次报道了5个染色体数目,同时发现珠芽的发生与染色体基数及多倍化程度有关：x=13的类群无珠芽,而x=9的有珠芽;在有珠芽的半夏P．ternata(Thunb．)Breit．中,平均每叶珠芽数随倍性的提高而增大。半夏是一个多倍体复合种,起源于无珠芽、染色体基数为x=7～9的二倍体祖先,可能是在该属的早期进化中由鹞落坪半夏P.yaoluopingensis X．H．Guo et X．L.Liu的x=13经非整倍性跌落而成,在发生上比鹞落坪半夏进化。     

蜘蛛抱蛋属的细胞分类学研究Ⅱ

文章报道了13种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的染色体核型,并对属内核型进化规律作了总结。作者认为随体染色体和第1对染色体可以作为本属核型的特征染色体。染色体数目变异与花部式样密切相关。本属植物原始的染色体基数为x=19。此外,对非整倍性变异的主要机制也进行了讨论。     

沙参属10个种的染色体研究

本文报道了我国黑龙江产桔梗科沙参属的10种1变种的染色体数目和核型,对其中 7种作了减数分裂行为的观察。 其中6种1变种为首次报道,并发现2n=68的4x种。该 属染色体基数多为17(x＝17),但Adenophora trachelioides和A．remotiflora的基数为18 (x=18),为该属独特基数。核型的共同特征是：小型,以中部(m)、近中部(sm)着丝点 染色体为主,至少具一对近端着丝点染色体和一对随体染色体。该属染色体的演化处于二种 水平： 数目变化(包括多倍化和非整倍体变化)和结构变异。 多倍化是该属物种形成的主要 途径之一。结合其它性状讨论了这些种的分类,并确立1个四倍体新种(A. amurica)和1个新组合(A．pereskiifolia ssp．alternifolia)。     

国产6种铁线莲的染色体研究

本文报道了我国产铁线莲属Clematis L.6个种的染色体研究结果。其中2种(灌木铁线莲和粗柄铁线莲)的染色体数目及核型为首次报道,1种(女萎)为国内首次报道。6种均为二倍体(2n=2x=16),基数为8(x=8)。本属基数为8的二倍体核型公式概括如下: 2n=2x=16=10m+2st+(4或2或0)st[(2或0)SAT]+(0或2或4)t[(2或4)SAT]核型特征是:中型(4—10.5μm);1—5号为m染色体,6号为st染色体,7—8号染色体变异于st和t之间;具1或2对随体(SAT)染色体。该属染色体的演化处于两种水平:数目变化(包括多倍化和非整倍体变化)和结构变异。后者是本属物种形成的主要方面。3种具异形同源染色体,这种杂合性可能是缺失所致。     

八种国产大戟属植物的核型报道

8种大戟属Euphorbia L．植物的核型分析结果表明,大戟属不同亚属的染色体基数与其形态变 异的复杂性有一定关系。地锦草亚属subgen．Chamaesyce 3个种染色体基数分别为x=8,9,11;一品红 亚属subgen．Poinsettia两个种染色体基数均为x=7,分别为四倍体和八倍体;乳浆大戟亚属subgen． Esula 3个种,染色体基数分别为x=7,10,10。根据以前学者发表的资料分析,一品红亚属和大戟亚属 Subgen. Euphorbia的染色体基数是很稳定的,分别为x=7和x=10;通奶草E．hypericifolia为x=8 的四倍体,它不仅有染色体整倍性的变异,还有异基数性的变化。结合以前学者的研究,笔者支持x= 10为大戟属的最原始基数的观点。齿裂大戟E．dentata和通奶草具不同的染色体倍性,猫眼草E． esula的细胞染色体数目观察证实了我国存在四倍体的居群,与欧洲和北美的植物构成一个典型的多倍体复合体。     

叶表皮及种皮特征在黄精族系统学研究中的应用

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对黄精族trib．Polygonateae 7属79种以及相关类群12属15种 的叶下表皮形态及种皮微形态进行了观察。结果表明广义黄精族植物的叶表皮形态和种皮形态可分别 分为4种类型和6种类型。在黄精族中,鹿药属Smilacina和黄精属Polygonatum的叶表皮和种皮特征在 属内表现出一定的多样性,据此可将黄精属植物分为两类：第一类多表现为叶表皮细胞形状不规则,其垂周壁为波曲形或无皱褶但弯曲,种皮表面浅穴状;另一类叶表皮细胞形状为长方形或菱形,其垂周壁 直或无皱褶但弯曲,种皮表面具脊状突起或网状结构。其中,叶表皮细胞垂周壁无皱褶但弯曲为过渡 类型,在两类植物中均有表现。本研究结果还显示出竹根七属Disporopsis和黄精属的互叶类以及鹿药属 同具有波状垂周壁的叶表皮细胞和穴型种皮。舞鹤草属Maianthemum和鹿药属的S．stellata,S．trifolia 等的种皮特征相似。万寿竹属Disporum的叶表皮特征在属内表现得相当一致,但种皮特征在东亚分布 的种和北美分布的种之间区别明显。扭柄花属Streptopus叶表皮和种皮特征在属内没有分化。卵叶扭 柄花S．ovalis的叶表皮和种皮特征与属内其它种之间没有区别,确证了它在本属中的位置。扭柄花属、 万寿竹属、七筋菇属Clintonia与黄精族其它类群差别较大,但前两者与Uvulariaceae科的油点草属Tricyr- tis和细钟花属Uvudaria较为接近,从而支持了Dahlgren将其移至Uvulariaceae的观点。而在与外类群的关系中,铃兰族的铃兰属Convallaria与黄精族具相近的叶表皮和种皮特征。     

葱属Amerallium亚属 (石蒜科) 的系统发生与性状进化

运用贝叶斯和简约法对葱属（Allium）Amerallium亚属的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区（ITS）进行了分析,对该亚属的系统发生进行了推测。系统分析证实 Amerallium是单系的,并表明该亚属由三个隔离的地理群组成：北美Ameralliums,地中海区Ameralliums和东亚Ameralliums。性状进化的重建表明鳞茎是原始或祖先状态,根状茎和肉质增粗的根是衍生状态且在Amerallium这个亚属的类群中独立进化发生了几次。重建也表明该亚属的原始染色体基数x=7,其它染色体基数（x=8, 9, 10, 11）是由它转化而来的。在北美类群中,异基数性相当罕见,而多倍性似乎是一个相对频繁的进化事件。在地中海区类群和东亚类群中,异基数性和多倍性是染色体进化的两个主要驱动力。     

葱属Amerallium亚属（石蒜科）的系统发生与性状进化

运用贝叶斯和简约法对葱属（Allium）Amerallium亚属的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区（ITS）进行了分析,对该亚属的系统发生进行了推测。系统分析证实 Amerallium是单系的,并表明该亚属由三个隔离的地理群组成：北美Ameralliums,地中海区Ameralliums和东亚Ameralliums。性状进化的重建表明鳞茎是原始或祖先状态,根状茎和肉质增粗的根是衍生状态且在Amerallium这个亚属的类群中独立进化发生了几次。重建也表明该亚属的原始染色体基数x=7,其它染色体基数（x=8, 9, 10, 11）是由它转化而来的。在北美类群中,异基数性相当罕见,而多倍性似乎是一个相对频繁的进化事件。在地中海区类群和东亚类群中,异基数性和多倍性是染色体进化的两个主要驱动力。     

Phylogenetics and evolution of phyllotaxy in the Solomon's seal genus Polygonatum (Asparagaceae: Polygonateae)

Polygonatum is the largest and most complex genus in tribe Polygonateae, comprising approximately 57 species widely distributed in the warm temperate, subtropical and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere. However, phylogenetic relationships in the genus remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the genus using four plastid markers, and to examine the evolution of leaf arrangement in Polygonatum in the phylogenetic context of its closely related taxa. Thirty Polygonatum species were sampled to infer phylogenetic relationships using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The evolution of leaf arrangements was reconstructed using Bayesian, parsimony and likelihood methods. The phylogenetic analyses supported the current generic delimitation of Polygonatum, with Heteropolygonatum recognized as a distinct genus. Three major lineages in Polygonatum were well supported, largely correlated with geographical distribution and the most recent classification at the sectional level. However, our results did not support the currently recognized series, especially the two large series Verticillata and Alternifolia. Bayesian analyses support the alternate‐leaf arrangement as the ancestral state for Polygonatum, but parsimony and maximum‐likelihood analyses suggest an equivocal state for crown Polygonatum. Leaf arrangement was found to be evolutionarily labile. A new nomenclatural combination was made: P olygonatum section S ibirica (L.I.Abramova) Y.Meng, comb. nov. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 435–451.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN COMPOSITAE VIII: HELIANTHEAE

One hundred and ninety-three new counts are reported for the tribe Heliantheae of Compositae, mostly based on determinations of meiotic material, including first counts for the genera Adenothamnus, Chrysogonum, Enceliopsis, Guardiola, Isocarpha, Lipochaeta, Otopappus, and Oyedaea, as well as first counts for 66 species. The original counts are discussed in relation to those previously reported for the tribe, by genera and subtribe. Two-thirds of the approximately 150 genera and more than a third of the roughly 1500 species have now been examined. The incomplete knowledge of generic relationships in the tribe often make the interpretation of these chromosome numbers difficult. Three observations are documented and discussed: (1) genera with low chromosome numbers are few; (2) genera with aneuploid series are abundant; and (3) the original basic chromosome number in the tribe is probably in the range of x = 8 to x = 12.     

Chromosome counts and karyotypes in Chaetoseris and Stenoseris (Asteraceae‐Cichorieae) from the Hengduan Mountains of SW China

Abstract Chaetoseris and Stenoseris are two morphologically close genera from the tribe Cichorieae of the sunflower family and they are endemic in alpine eastern Himalayas to the Hengduan Mountains of SW China. Mitotic chromosome numbers and karyotypes are reported for 12 populations representing eight species of Chaetoseris and two species of Stenoseris from the Hengduan Mountains region. Eight species are new and the other two provide confirmation of previous reference. All Chaetoseris and Stenoseris taxa are diploidy with 2n= 16 and their basic number is tentatively suggested as x= 8. Karyotypes of Chaetoseris and Stenoseris are similar to each other with 2A and 2B for the former and 2A for the latter. Cytological data of chromosomal numbers and karyotypes support a close relationship of the two genera. Currently no polyploids are found for these two genera and it seems that polyploidization has played a minor role in their evolutionary speciation in the Hengduan Mountains region.     

Phylogenetic Reconstruction by Cross-Species Chromosome Painting and G-Banding in Four Species of Phyllostomini Tribe (Chiroptera,Phyllostomidae) in the Brazilian Amazon: An Independent Evidence for Monophyly

The subfamily Phyllostominae comprises taxa with a variety of feeding strategies. From the cytogenetic point of view, Phyllostominae shows different rates of chromosomal evolution between genera, with Phyllostomus hastatus probably retaining the ancestral karyotype for the subfamily. Since chromosomal rearrangements occur rarely in the genome and have great value as phylogenetic markers and in taxonomic characterization, we analyzed three species: Lophostoma silvicola (LSI), Phyllostomus discolor (PDI) and Tonatia saurophila (TSA), representing the tribe Phyllostomini, collected in the Amazon region, by classic and molecular cytogenetic techniques in order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe. LSA has a karyotype of 2n=34 and FN=60, PDI has 2n=32 and FN=60 and TSA has 2n=16 and FN=20. Comparative analysis using G-banding and chromosome painting show that the karyotypic complement of TSA is highly rearranged relative to LSI and PHA, while LSI, PHA and PDI have similar karyotypes, differing by only three chromosome pairs. Nearly all chromosomes of PDI and PHA were conserved in toto, except for chromosome 15 that was changed by a pericentric inversion. A strongly supported phylogeny (bootstrap=100 and Bremer=10 steps), confirms the monophyly of Phyllostomini. In agreement with molecular topologies, TSA was in the basal position, while PHA and LSI formed sister taxa. A few ancestral syntenies are conserved without rearrangements and most associations are autapomorphic traits for Tonatia or plesiomorphic for the three genera analyzed here. The karyotype of TSA is highly derived in relation to that of other phyllostomid bats, differing from the supposed ancestral karyotype of Phyllostomidae by multiple rearrangements. Phylogenies based on chromosomal data are independent evidence for the monophyly of tribe Phyllostomini as determined by molecular topologies and provide additional support for the paraphyly of the genus Tonatia by the exclusion of the genus Lophostoma.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE COMPOSITAE. XIV. LACTUCEAE

Reports of 150 original chromosome counts are recorded, including reports of 22 genera and 57 species and subspecific taxa in tribe Lactuceae. Also included are first reports for 12 specific or subspecific taxa. x = 9 appears to be the ancestral base of the tribe. Chromosome numbers are known for over 85% of the genera of the tribe and the frequency of polyploidy is ca. 23%, which is about one-half that of the angiosperms.     

Chromosome counts and karyotypes in Chaetoseris and Stenoseris (Asteraceae-Cichorieae) from the Hengduan Mountains of SW China

Chaetoseris and Stenoseris are two morphologically close genera from the tribe Cichorieae of the sunflower family and they are endemic in alpine eastern Himalayas to the Hengduan Mountains of SW China.Mitotic chromosome numbers and karyotypes are reported for 12 populations representing eight species of Chaetoseris and two species of Stenoseris from the Hengduan Mountains region.Eight species are new and the other two provide confirmation of previous reference.All Chaetoseris and Stenoseris taxa are diploidy with 2n ＝ 16 and their basic number is tentatively suggested as x ＝ 8.Karyotypes of Chaetoseris and Stenoseris are similar to each other with 2A and 2B for the former and 2A for the latter.Cytological data of chromosomal numbers and karyotypes support a close relationship of the two genera.Currently no polyploids are found for these two genera and it seems that polyploidization has played a minor role in their evolutionary speciation in the Hengduan Mountains region.     

Cytotaxonomy of Liliales

On the basis of cytological data and with consideration of a wide literature, the taxonomy of Liliales as delimited by Hutchinson are represented. A review about phylogeny of Liliaceae in different systems is given. In the main part a great number of tribes of Liliaceae are treated with regard to delimitation, affinities and evolution. Further a cytological assessement of evolution and interrelationships of different families of Liliales with Liliaceae were indicated. Ultimately the lines of evolution of Liliaceae were debated. Especially e. g. the following more important conclusions were outlined: The primitive tribe Heloniadeae might have descended from Juncaginaceae. The potentiality of Asphodeleae as the progenitor of different tribes of Liliacae has been confirmed. The tribe Ophiopogoneae is quite homogeneous, whereas the tribe Hemerocalleae has been indicated as an unnatural group, and some genera are transfered under Agavales. The origin of Amaryllidaceae from Tulipeae and Hemerocallideae is confirmed. Agapantheae is an advanced representative of the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae. In Polygonatum the “latifolium” type of “alternifolia” represents the primitive state with 9 or 10 as basic chromosome number. The midtertiary origin of Smilacina has been supported. Disporum of pleistocene origin is likely to have given rise to Polygonatum through diminution in chromosome size and asymmetry on the one hand and Smilacina on the other, with increase in asymmetry. Asiatic species of Disporum representing the most primitive form and have been reponsible for the evolution of the American species of Disporum and in another line of Aspidistreae, Convallarieae, and Peliosantheae. The creation of the tribes Dianelleae and Veratreae is supported. With the exclusion of Calochortus and Lloydia, Tulipeae would represent a homogeneous grouping. In Scilleae, Scilla sibirica with n = 6 chromosomes represents a primitive form. Muscari is to be separated into three genera. The Tulipeae should be divided into several assemblages which represents origin from a common stock.