鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA基因的克隆及亚细胞定位研究

鰤鱼诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)是鱼类诺卡氏菌病的主要病原,为兼性胞内菌。生物信息学分析显示鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA基因的表达产物为分泌蛋白,且可能定位于宿主细胞的线粒体上。通过构建重组质粒p EGFP-DmpA和pc DNA-DmpA、鰤鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物鉴定、亚细胞定位、过表达等方法,对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA基因进行了克隆、亚细胞定位及初步功能研究。结果表明在鰤鱼诺卡氏菌胞外产物中鉴定到了DmpA蛋白,证实其为分泌蛋白。亚细胞定位研究发现DmpA-GFP融合蛋白均匀地分布在FHM细胞中,与线粒体分布不重合,说明DmpA蛋白并不定位在线粒体上。DmpA-GFP融合蛋白的表达会改变FHM细胞线粒体的分布为团块状。DmpA在细胞中的过量表达对细胞核无明显影响,表明该基因无诱导细胞凋亡的功能。通过对鰤鱼诺卡氏菌DmpA的克隆、亚细胞定位和过表达研究,为进一步研究该基因的功能和深入了解鰤鱼诺卡氏菌的致病机理奠定了基础。     

诺卡氏菌形放线菌的化学分类

通过对28株分别代表12个属的诺卡氏菌形放线菌及有关分类单位的胞壁组分、枝菌酸、甲基萘醒、磷酸类脂等化学特性的分析,结合数值分类,在相似值(s.m)80％水平上将这类菌分成了两个大的化学类群,在90％水平上再分成四个小的类群。除拟诺卡氏菌属是显著的化学异源类群外,其余均与传统分类的属一致,形成独立的化学分类单位。讨论了化学分类在诺卡氏菌形放线菌分类研究中的应用及对出现的化学异源类群的认识。     

拟诺卡氏菌16S rRNA,gyrB,sod和rpoB基因的系统发育分析

为了更好地了解拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)各物种间的系统发育关系,该属现有有效描述种的gyrB,sod和rpoB基因的部分序列被测定,结合16S rRNA基因,对拟诺卡氏菌属进行了系统发育重建。研究发现拟诺卡氏菌属gyrB,sod和rpoB基因的平均相似性分别为87.7%、87.3%和94.1%,而16S rRNA基因的平均相似性则达到96.65%,3个看家基因均比16S rRNA具有更高的分歧度。比较基于不同基因的系统树发现,由gyrB基因得到的系统树拓扑结构与16S rRNA得到的结构在亚群上基本一致。因此,gyrB基因在拟诺卡氏菌属的系统分类上比16S rRNA基因更具优越性。     

诺卡氏菌型放线菌的分类

诺卡氏菌型放线菌在分类学上属于细菌域 ,厚壁菌门 ,放线细菌纲 ,放线菌目中的一类形态相似的微生物。在自然界中分布广泛 ,但由于分离、分类方法所限 ,绝大多数 ( 85%以上 )还没有被人们所认识。诺卡氏菌型放线菌是一类重要的自然资源 ,某些种能产生抗生素 ,如利福毒素等 ;有些种产生可供利用的重要的代谢产物 ,如 2、3 二羟基 苯甲酸、环已乙酸、羟基苯酮丁酸、Ｌ 组氨酸、1 6α 羟基甾体等 ;某些种产生重要的酶类 ,如胆固醇氧化酶、葡萄糖异构酶、溶菌酶等 ;有些种可用于废水 (物 )的生物处理。另一方面 ,也有些种引起人和动物的诺卡氏…     

诺卡氏菌烈性噬菌体vB_Ncarnea_KYD1的分离纯化与基因组分析

【背景】诺卡氏菌是一种广泛分布的好氧放线菌,可在人体内引起局部或播散性感染,尤其是在免疫功能低下的个体中。诺卡氏菌感染在临床上较难鉴定,而且不断有新型诺卡氏菌种被发现。不同类型、不同地域的诺卡氏菌具有流行差异和抗生素敏感性差异,阻碍了适当治疗方式的选择。利用病灶处的宿主菌分离得到噬菌体来控制诺卡氏菌感染的这种方法在近年来受到了各界的关注。【目的】尝试从环境中分离出能够用于临床治疗的针对诺卡氏菌的烈性噬菌体,并研究其基因组学特征。【方法】利用双层平板法分离得到目标噬菌体,观察其噬菌斑形态,并对噬菌体进行分离纯化,在透射电镜下鉴定其特征。提取噬菌体DNA进行全基因组测序与注释,并与数据库内已知噬菌体基因组进行比较,同时构建系统进化树以进行遗传进化分析。【结果】本文以肉色诺卡氏菌为宿主,从环境样本中分离出一株烈性噬菌体vB_Ncarnea_KYD1,在双层平板上可形成直径<2 mm的透亮均匀的噬菌斑。基因组分析表明,vB_Ncarnea_KYD1DNA为环状,大小为66 621 bp,共发现102个蛋白质编码区(coding sequence,CDS)及一个tRNA-Ser编码序列。透射电镜观察与系统进化树综合分析可以确定,vB_Ncarnea_KYD1为长尾噬菌体科的一个新属。其在进化过程中经历了复杂的基因重组过程。暂未发现毒力因子相关基因与抗性基因,具备实用价值。【结论】从环境水体中分离出一株烈性肉色诺卡氏菌噬菌体vB_Ncarnea_KYD1,通过电镜观察与基因组分析可知,此株噬菌体为长尾噬菌体,基因组中暂未发现不利于临床应用的相关基因,是一株相对安全的烈性诺卡氏菌噬菌体。研究结果丰富了国内噬菌体资源库,并为后续诺卡氏菌感染疾病的治疗提供支持。     

类诺卡氏属放线菌的研究进展

Prauser H.最初于1976年从土壤中分离到17株诺卡氏形态放线菌,综合形态、生理生化特性和部分化学分类特征的研究结果,提议建立了一个新属——类诺卡氏属(Nocardioides),并以新种白色类诺卡氏菌(N.albus)为典型种。之后,随着分离、纯培养和分类方法的发展,越来越多的新成员从各种不同环境中分离得到。尽管这些菌来源广泛,形态和生理生化等特征各异,但他们拥有共同的属的特征。过去的50年中,随着放线菌研究的发展,该属中部分成员历经了分类地位的变迁和修订。到目前为止,该属共收纳了56个有效描述种。类诺卡氏属(Nocardioides)放线菌在农业、工业、化工业等方面也曾有应用研究报道。本文就类诺卡氏属放线菌的建立依据,属的特征,属内种的分布和变更以及它们在工农业上的应用研究前景及进展进行了综述。     

诺卡氏菌科的分类研究I．拟诺卡氏菌属中的一个新种

对4．215菌株进行形态、培养特征、生理生化特性等方面的研究结果表明,该菌株基丝有横隔,断裂,茉莉黄,风帆黄,无气丝,细胞壁化学组份III型,糖类型C(即无特征性糖),无诺卡氏菌特征性类脂A。因此,认为该菌株为拟诺卡氏菌属中的一个新种,定名为略黄拟诺卡氏菌 Nocardiopsis flavidus n. sp.。     

诺卡氏菌形放线菌枝菌酸的气相色谱分析

以已知的棒杆菌枝菌酸,红球菌枝菌酸及自诺卡氏菌典型株提取的枝菌酸为参照样品,用硅烷化的枝菌酸甲酮气相色谱分析方法,分析侧定了包括以前我们发表的两个诺卡氏菌种在内的7株诺卡氏菌形放线菌的枝菌酸。结果表明.鲜黄诺卡氏菌A100和黄粉诺卡氏菌N10的枝菌酸分子碳原子数(58-64)均在诺卡氏菌枝菌酸的范围内;而另一株原名珊瑚诺卡氏菌N21的枝菌酸碳原子数(32-40)则与红色红球菌8372一样在红球菌枝菌酸范围内。其余结果均与文献报道的相一致。本文还讨论了这一方法在诺卡氏菌形放线菌分类鉴定中的作用和意义。     

嗜热放线菌类群分类的研究IV．诺卡氏菌科嗜热种的研究

从亚热带地区土壤中分离出属于诺卡氏菌科的一些嗜热菌种,经52℃培养,通过形态、培养特征、生理生化特性及细胞壁组份等的研究,证明有与诺卡氏菌科菌种共同的特征,区别于这类菌的特性是嗜热性。本文报道属于3个属的4个新种：热黄色诺卡氏菌、Nocardia the-rmoflava n. sp.、热紫色诺卡氏菌 Nocardia thermoviolacea n. sp.、热酒红放线多孢菌Actinopolyspora thermovinacea n. sp.、热丁香类诺卡氏菌 Nocardioides thermolilacinus n. sp.。     

诺卡氏菌科分类的研究II．诺卡氏菌属中的两个新种和一个新变种

从我国各地的土壤中分离得到百余株诺卡氏菌形放线菌,其基丝形成横隔并断裂成秆状或球状体,细胞壁化学组份IV型,属于诺卡氏菌科诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)。经形态、培养特征及生理生化特性等鉴定为15个种。本文只报道其中两个新种及一个新变种：念球状诺卡氏菌(Noeaedia nostocoidea n. sp．);紫褐诺卡氏菌(Nocardta violaccofusca n. sp.);鲑色诺卡氏菌桔橙变种(Nocardia salmontcolor var. aurantiaca n. var.)。     

拟孢囊菌属放线菌的研究进展

拟孢囊菌属(Kibdelosporangium)是一个经典的丝状放线菌类群。自Shearer等于1986年建立该属以来,不断有新的菌株从不同生境中被纯培养分离得到,目前已有效发表8个种、2个亚种。拟孢囊菌属作为稀有放线菌属,是获得新型抗生素类次生代谢产物的重要资源。本文结合我们分离到的一株该属菌株的功能研究、基因组分析和相关文献资料,系统综述了拟孢囊菌属放线菌的建立、分类学特征、属内种的分布、活性次级代谢产物的发现以及其他功能应用和开发前景,以期为该属其他新分离菌株的分类鉴定、新颖次级代谢产物的发现、功能基因资源的挖掘与开发提供借鉴。     

曲霉属真菌活性代谢产物及在农业生产中的应用研究进展

曲霉属(Aspergillus)真菌是一类分布广泛的丝状真菌,种类繁多,代谢产物丰富,应用广泛,在农业、医药、生物能源、化妆品、食品发酵等行业均有应用。对近年来曲霉属真菌活性代谢产物在抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒方面的研究进展进行了综述。结合实验室研究成果,对近年来曲霉属真菌代谢产物在秸秆腐熟菌剂、溶磷生物菌剂、拮抗植物寄生线虫等农业生产领域中的应用进行综述,以期为开发应用曲霉属真菌活性代谢产物的研究提供参考。     

梭菌属分类研究进展:现状和展望

目前构成梭菌属的微生物在系统发育和表型特征上不一致。多相分类数据表明,梭菌属物种之间差异大。大量基于16S rRNA 基因的系统发育研究表明,梭菌属应被限定为梭菌属类群I,作为狭义梭菌属(Clostridium sensu stricto)。尽管有这方面认识,梭菌属新物种仍持续增加,这些新物种并不能与梭菌属类群I 和标准种丁酸梭菌(C. butryicum)形成一致分支,引发梭菌属分类上的混乱。本文明确了梭菌属物种的范围,即只包括模式种和梭菌属类群I。此外,4 个物种念珠状真杆菌(Eubacterium moniliforme)、旋舞真杆菌(Eubacterium tarantellae)、最大八叠球菌(Sarcina maxima)和胃八叠球菌(Sarcina ventriculi)应被调至梭菌属,分别命名为念珠状梭菌(Clostridium moniliforme)、旋舞梭菌(Clostridium tarantellae)、最大梭菌(Clostridium maximum)和胃梭菌(Clostridium ventriculi)。一个新属哈撒韦氏菌属(Hathewaya)被提议成立,3 个梭菌属物种溶组织梭菌(Clostridium histolyticum)、泥渣梭菌(Clostridium limosum)和解朊梭菌(Clostridiumproteolyticum)重新归为溶组织哈撒韦氏菌(Hathewaya histolytica)、泥渣哈撒韦氏菌(Hathewaya limosa)和解朊哈撒韦氏菌(Hathewaya proteolytica),其中Hathewaya histolytica 为模式种。     

Secretory structures and cytochemical investigation of the leaf of Phlomis fruticosa, a seasonally dimorphic subshrub. Secreting activity of the leaf-originating calluses

Various species of the genus Phlomis have been reported to produce metabolites demonstrating significant pharmacological efficiency. In mature summer leaves of Phlomis fruticosa several secretory cells and structures were detected. A spectrum of compounds was localized histochemically within them. Calluses produced from leaf-cell cultures were histochemically investigated as well. Callus cells, although of low-differentiation, are synthetically active and produce various compounds. Many of them could be of pharmaceutical interest.     

Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea: the role of hybrid PKS-NRPS in pathogenicity

Fungal secondary metabolites are an important source of bioactive compounds for agrochemistry and pharmacology. Over the past decade, many studies have been undertaken to characterize the biosynthetic pathways of fungal secondary metabolites. This effort has led to the discovery of new compounds, gene clusters, and key enzymes, and has been greatly supported by the recent releases of fungal genome sequences. In this review, we present results from a search for genes involved in secondary metabolism and their clusters in the genome of the rice pathogen, Magnaporthe grisea, as well as in other fungal genomes. We have also performed a phylogenetic analysis of recently discovered genes encoding hybrids between a polyketide synthase and a single non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module (PKS–NRPS), as M. grisea seems rich in these enzymes compared with other fungi. Using results from expression and functional studies, we discuss the role of these PKS-NRPS in the avirulence and pathogenicity of M. grisea.     

兰科石斛属植物菌根真菌研究进展

石斛属(Dendrobium)隶属于兰科(Orchidaceae)树兰亚科(Epidendroideae)石斛兰族(Dendrobiinae),是兰科最大的属之一,终生附生于树上或岩石上。石斛属很多种类具有很高的药用价值与观赏价值。由于人为过度采挖和野生生境的破坏,使得野生石斛资源濒临灭绝。石斛属植物为典型的兰科菌根植物,在自然条件下需要与真菌共生,才能完成生活史。菌根真菌对于石斛属植物的种子萌发和植株生长具有重要的作用。对石斛属植物菌根的形成、菌根真菌的作用、菌根真菌多样性及菌根技术在石斛属植物中的应用做了评述,并对今后的研究内容和重点提出了一些思路。     

Genus Pseudonocardia: What we know about its biological properties,abilities and current application in biotechnology

The genus Pseudonocardia belongs to a group of Actinomycetes, and is a member of the family Pseudonocardiacea. The members of this genus are aerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile bacteria that are commonly found in soil, plant and environment. Although this genus has a low clinical significance; however, it has an important role in biotechnology due to the production of secondary metabolites, some of which have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-tumour effects. The use of phenotypic tests, such as gelatinase activity, starch hydrolysis, catalase and oxidase tests, as well as molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, are necessary for Pseudonocardia identification at the genus and species levels.     

Phylogenetics and evolution of the Macaronesian members of the genus Aichryson (Crassulaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequence data

Aichryson is a genus of annual or perennial herbs, comprising approximately 13 species. The genus is nearly endemic to Macaronesia, with the center of diversity on the Canary Islands. Previous studies indicate that Aichryson is monophyletic and sister to a clade comprising two other genera, Monanthes and Aeonium. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus have yet to be investigated. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated for Aichryson using DNA sequence data from both the nuclear and chloroplast genome. Parsimony analyses were conducted using separate nuclear and chloroplast data sets, as well as a combined data set. These combined analyses provide a well-resolved topology that is used to investigate patterns of evolution within the genus. For example, although typically herbaceous in habit, two members display a woody growth form. Our analyses indicate that woodiness is a derived feature in Aichryson that has arisen once. Furthermore, the data presented suggest that the Aichryson pachycaulon group, a group of five subspecies, are in fact not monophyletic and that a reexamination of classification is necessary. The present study indicates that the biogeographical patterns exhibited by Aichryson appear to be rare, occurring in only one other known genus.The authors would like to thank Susana Fontinha of the Madeiran Botanical Garden for plant material of Madeiran Aichryson; Drs. D. Crawford and J. Archibald, as well as two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments; Eastern Illinois Undergraduate Honors Research Fund, and University of Kansas Plant Biology Research Award. Additional financial support for this work was provided by the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Museum of Natural History and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas and a Kansas NSF EPSCoR First Award (NSF 32171) to MEM.     

The use of secondary metabolite profiling in chemotaxonomy of filamentous fungi

A secondary metabolite is a chemical compound produced by a limited number of fungal species in a genus, an order, or even phylum. A profile of secondary metabolites consists of all the different compounds a fungus can produce on a given substratum and includes toxins, antibiotics and other outward-directed compounds. Chemotaxonomy is traditionally restricted to comprise fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, or secondary metabolites, but has sometimes been defined so broadly that it also includes DNA sequences. It is not yet possible to use secondary metabolites in phylogeny, because of the inconsistent distribution throughout the fungal kingdom. However, this is the very quality that makes secondary metabolites so useful in classification and identification. Four groups of organisms are particularly good producers of secondary metabolites: plants, fungi, lichen fungi, and actinomycetes, whereas yeasts, protozoa, and animals are less efficient producers. Therefore, secondary metabolites have mostly been used in plant and fungal taxonomy, whereas chemotaxonomy has been neglected in bacteriology. Lichen chemotaxonomy has been based on few biosynthetic families (chemosyndromes), whereas filamentous fungi have been analysed for a wide array of terpenes, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and combinations of these. Fungal chemotaxonomy based on secondary metabolites has been used successfully in large ascomycete genera such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Hypoxylon, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Xylaria and in few basidiomycete genera, but not in Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.     

凝胶电泳与共头霉分类

对于共头霉的唯一已知种总状共头霉Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex Schroet.(S 1)和新发现的具单孢孢子囊的新种单孢共头霉下的三个变种,原变种S.monosporum Zheng et al. var. monosporum( S7, S8, S9),冠囊变种var. cristatum Zheng et al. (S10, S11)及多重生变种var. pluriproliferum Zheng et al.(S12) 6株菌的蛋白和酯酶进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的研究.这4个分类群的蛋白图谱和酯酶酶谱互不相同,而同一分类群内各个菌株之间则有很高的相似性.从计算出的相似性百分数来看,3个新变种相互之间有较为密切的关系,而和S. racemosum虽然较疏远,但也有相当程度的亲缘关系.这些结果被认为支持了根据形态鉴定而定这三个新变种属于同一新种内并将其和S. racemosum一并归属于一个属内.由此可见,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳是共头霉分类的有用的辅助手段.