一株产乙酰酯酶细菌筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

【目的】利用筛选培养基,从肉牛瘤胃液中分离筛选产乙酰酯酶的细菌菌株,并研究菌株的产酶特征。【方法】利用厌氧培养技术,以木质素为唯一碳源,筛选并驯化所得菌株。根据菌株16S rDNA序列分析、革兰氏染色、伊红美蓝培养基培养、甲基红试验和柠檬酸盐利用试验,鉴定菌株。采用对-硝基苯乙酯测定酶活力。【结果】筛选得到产乙酰酯酶活力较高细菌菌株RB1,初步鉴定为Escherichia coli。菌株RB1的生长曲线表明,0 42 h为菌株的延迟期,42 60 h为菌株的对数期,60 66 h为菌株的稳定期,66 86 h为菌株的衰亡期。菌株所产乙酰酯酶最适温度为40°C,最适pH为8.0,在最适温度与pH条件下,培养基中添加玉米秸秆粉,乙酰酯酶最高酶活力达到0.52 U/mL。【结论】筛选获得产乙酰酯酶的细菌菌株RB1,其乙酰酯酶活力高于已报道的菌株,是一株具有研究和应用潜力的产乙酰酯酶的菌株。     

一株产右旋糖酐酶青霉的分离及酶的纯化和性质

[目的]从土壤中筛选到一株新的产右旋糖酐酶的真菌F1001,为酶法制备药用级右旋糖酐提供新的右旋糖酐酶产生菌株.[方法]通过形态特征和ITS rDNA序列分析方法鉴定菌株.利用硫酸铵盐析、Sepharose 6B凝胶柱纯化,得到纯度较高的酶蛋白.以右旋糖酐70 kDa为底物,对右旋糖酐酶酶学性质及催化机理进行研究.[结...     

淡紫拟青霉右旋糖酐酶的形成条件

比较了各种碳水化合物对淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)右旋糖酐酶形成的影响,右旋糖酐是最好的碳源,也是最佳诱导物。不同分子量(17．2—1000kD)的右旋糖酐对酶形成的诱导作用不同,酶的产生随右旋糖酐分子量的增大而增加。用分子量为1000kD的右旋糖酐作碳源时比用17.2kD的右旋糖酐作碳源时的产酶量高40％以上。用右旋糖酐和其它糖的混合物作碳源时,酶的形成受到不同程度的抑制。右旋糖酐酶形成的其它适宜条件：氮源为牛肉蛋白胨,培养基初始pH6．0—7.0.种龄为48小时,在250ml三角瓶中装50ml培养基,于28℃在200r／min摇床上培养6天。     

右旋糖酐酶产生菌的筛选及其酶学性质的比较研究

从3162株真菌中筛出具有右旋糖酐酶话力的菌株528株,其中黄柄白曲霉(Asp. Flavi-pes)、蠕形青霉(Pen. Vermiculatum)、产黄青霉(Pen. Chrysogerum)和构巢曲霉(Asp. Nid-ulans)也产该酶,这在文献中尚未见报道。通过复筛,从中选出5株,它们分属黄柄白曲霉(Asp. Flavipe、二株)、肉色曲霉(Asp.carneus)、焦曲霉(Asp. Ustus)和淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)(各一株)。对它们的产酶特性作了一系列比较研究,发现所有酶的最适温度皆为50--55℃,最适作用PH为5.0—5.5,酶解最终产物是异麦芽塘、异麦芽三糖及少量葡萄糖,故它们皆属内切型右旋糖酐酶。此外它们在温度和PH稳定性、其它酶活力存在的情况、对不同底物作用的情况、凝胶电泳模式、金属离子和一些蛋白质变性剂的影响等方面都有一些差异。通过比较发现,由淡紫拟青霉8523菌产生的右旋糖酐酶具有较好的酶学性质：它在50"0保温24小时和60℃保温1小时,剩余话力分别为95％和90％,在pH 3．5—1 0．5很宽的范围内是稳定的,此外它对SDS和脲的耐受性也较其它菌株的酶好。     

产高温纤维素酶木霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

从稻草堆肥中筛选得到一株产高温纤维素酶的霉菌M1,通过形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定,确定其为木霉属(Trichoderma)。在稻草液体发酵培养基中,木霉M1的CMC酶(carboxymethyl cellulase,CMCase)合成模式为同步合成型。酶学性质研究表明,此CMC酶的最适反应pH为4.4,在pH 4.0～6.0保温4h仍可保持95%以上的酶活力;其最适反应温度为75℃,在50℃下保温4h,可保持87%的酶活力;60℃下保温4h,可保持65%的酶活力,具有较好的热稳定性。     

一株产碱性蛋白酶菌株的筛选鉴定及酶学特性研究

【目的】从丝茅草中筛选得到产蛋白酶菌株并研究驯化过程中微生物群落结构,以及探究该菌株的生长特性和蛋白酶的酶学特性。【方法】通过高通量测序探究来源于丝茅草的菌株在不同培养条件下细菌种类及丰度,通过选择性培养基来筛选能够分解酪素并产生蛋白酶的菌株,通过单因素试验方法确定环境因子对菌株生长和蛋白酶活性的影响。【结果】微生物群落结构在基础培养基和牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基中不同。通过含酪素的选择性培养基里筛选到1株产蛋白酶菌株H-16,经生理生化试验和16S r DNA鉴定知该菌株属于Escherichia marmotae,菌株H-16能产生分子量为70 k Da左右的单亚基蛋白酶。胰蛋白胨、蔗糖、30°C或35°C、p H 7分别为菌株生长的最适氮源、碳源、温度和p H。菌株H-16分泌的蛋白酶最适p H为6–8,在50°C及6%盐度以下酶活性几乎不受影响。此外,Cu(II)和Ag(I)等金属离子能够抑制蛋白酶的活性。【结论】该菌株H-16为嗜中温菌株,能够产生碱性蛋白酶。     

一株产卡拉胶酶细菌的分离鉴定及其酶学性质

【目的】从红树林土壤腐叶中分离出能够产生卡拉胶酶的菌株,对其进行鉴定,并研究其酶学性质。【方法】利用以卡拉胶为唯一碳源的培养基,分离出产卡拉胶酶的菌株;通过形态学观察、16S r DNA序列分析对其进行种属鉴定;对该菌株所产卡拉胶酶进行纯化并采用DNS测酶活的方法测定酶学性质。【结果】从红树林土壤腐叶中分离出1株高产κ-卡拉胶酶的菌株ASY5,经鉴定该菌株为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas sp.ASY5)。纯化得到的κ-卡拉胶酶的分子量约为30 k Da;酶学性质试验表明,其最适反应温度和p H分别为60℃和7.5,在50℃以下酶的稳定性较好,在p H 7.0-9.0范围内酶活力较稳定,对κ-卡拉胶具有良好的底物特异性,以κ-卡拉胶为底物时Km值和Vmax值分别为2.28 mg/m L和147.06μmol/(min·mg),Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Al3+等对酶活有显著的促进作用,而Ag+、Zn2+、Cd2+及SDS对酶活有强烈的抑制作用。【结论】分离到的细菌假交替单胞菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.ASY5产生的κ-卡拉胶酶在较高的温度和碱性条件下均具有较高的酶活性,为利用卡拉胶水解酶产生卡拉寡糖的研究和应用奠定了基础。     

一株产透明质酸酶的菌株鉴定及酶学性质研究

透明质酸酶可用于药物渗透剂、动物皮革松散及低分子量的透明质酸制备.实验室前期筛选了一株具有较高透明质酸降解能力的菌株,本研究对其进行了 16S rRNA基因和生理生化反应鉴定,鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,但弗氏柠檬酸杆菌来源的透明质酸酶的功能还未见报道.因而,以透明质酸为底物研究其酶学性质,结果表明:该酶最适pH值为5.5,在pH值4.0～8.0下处理1 h可以保持60％以上酶活力;最适温度为50℃,在50℃和60℃下处理1h后剩余60％以上的酶活力.该酶和人源透明质酸酶最适pH相似,但其耐热性更高.因此,本研究挖掘到了新颖的透明质酸酶的资源,并为其开发利用提供了参考价值.     

一株产纤维素酶真菌的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质初步研究

经过初筛和复筛从土样中分离出1株高产纤维素酶真菌SNB9,经形态学和ITS序列分析。鉴定为黑曲霉（Aspergu Uusniger）。生长条件的测定显示该菌生长范围偏酸。发酵后纤维素酶的最适作用pH在4．0—5．0,最适作用温度在45—55℃。滤纸酶活为9．29U／mL,C,酶活为23．69U／mL,CMCase酶活为38．23U／mL,β-葡萄糖苷酶活为65．52U／mL。发酵液中除了纤维素酶,还发现有辅助酶,包括木聚糖酶、淀粉酶、果胶酶、蛋白酶。     

一株产木聚糖酶菌株的分离、鉴定及其酶学特性研究

以木聚糖为唯一碳源,采用平板水解圈筛选和摇瓶发酵相结合的方法,从土壤中分离、筛选到一株产木聚糖酶的细菌xy-7,根据其形态和生理、生化特性,并结合16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为坎皮纳斯类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus campinasensis)。经测定,xy-7所产木聚糖酶的最适作用温度为60℃,最适作用pH为7.0。该酶热稳定性较好,60℃时保温2h酶活保持为原来的73%。此外,该酶的pH作用范围较广,pH 9.0时酶活仍能保持68%,属于耐碱性木聚糖酶。这些性质表明,该酶在制浆造纸等行业具有较好的应用前景。     

Purification and characterization of Paecilomyces lilacinus dextranase

Two dextranase isoenzymes [endo-(1,6)-α-d-glucan-6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.11] have been isolated from a crude enzyme powder prepared from the culture supernatant of Paecilomyces lilacinus. Purification was achieved by means of a two-stage ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Dextranase I was recovered with a 35.3-fold increase in specific activity and a yield of 16%; dextranase II was purified 19-fold with a yield of 4%. The characteristics of the isoenzymes were very similar; both exhibited maximum hydrolytic activity at pH 4.5 and 55°C. Activation energies for thermal inactivation were 402 and 330 kJ mol^?1 for dextranase I and II, respectively. The dextranases were not inhibited by EDTA or N-ethylmaleimide.     

等离子体法诱变淡紫拟青霉产几丁质酶菌种的筛选

采用菌株诱变技术,提高生防用淡紫拟青霉菌株产几丁质酶的能力。通过常温常压等离子体诱变技术(MPMS)对淡紫拟青霉进行诱变育种处理,对处理的菌种先采用透明圈法进行初筛,然后采用发酵方法进行复筛。采用MPMS法诱变淡紫拟青霉产几丁质酶菌种时,温度25℃,处理时间30 s,样品处理量60μL,诱变菌的致死率为30.33%时,正突变率为14%。采用摇瓶分批发酵培养,诱变菌种的几丁质酶活为0.17 U/mL。结果表明,经过对淡紫拟青霉的诱变处理,获得高活性几丁质酶产生菌株,几丁质酶酶活提高180%。     

Toluene gas phase biofiltration by Paecilomyces lilacinus and isolation and identification of a hydrophobin protein produced thereof

Paecilomyces lilacinus consumed toluene as the sole carbon source in a gas-phase biofilter packed with perlite obtaining an average elimination capacity of 50 g m(-3) h(-1), a removal efficiency of 53%, and a final biomass of 31.6 mg biomass g dry support(-1). Hydrophobin proteins from the mycelium produced in the biofilter were purified by formic acid extraction and precipitated by electrobubbling, and the molecular weight was found to be 10.6 +/- 0.3 kDa. The peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of the purified hydrophobin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight resulted in the identification of two peptides that presented high homology with sequences of class I hydrophobin proteins from other ascomycetous fungi when compared against the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The yield of hydrophobin (PLHYD) from P. lilacinus was 1.1 mg PLHYD g biomass(-1). These proteins modified the hydrophobicity of Teflon by lowering the contact angle from 130.1 (+/-2) degrees to 57.0 (+/-5) degrees supporting hot sodium dodecyl sulfate washing. This work is the first report about biodegradation of toluene by the nematophagous fungus P. lilacinus in a gas-phase biofilter and the identification of its hydrophobin protein.     

麂子源蜂房哈夫尼亚菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性

【背景】蜂房哈夫尼亚菌是革兰阴性杆菌,是一种机会致病菌、腐生菌,常见于人和动物肠道、污水、土壤和乳制品中,能引起人和动物败血症,而且具有潜在的致腹泻作用。【目的】为对昆明轿子雪山自然保护区内死亡麂子体内潜在的致病菌进行分离鉴定及生物学特性分析。【方法】无菌采集死亡麂子的部分肠道组织进行细菌的分离培养和鉴定,并对分离获得的菌株进行药物敏感性试验及动物回归试验。【结果】鉴定分离菌株为蜂房哈夫尼亚菌,编号KMJZXS0312。药敏试验结果表明,该菌对青霉素、头孢噻吩等7种抗生素耐药,对氟苯尼考、卡那霉素、呋喃唑酮、阿莫西林中介,对恩诺沙星、复方新诺明等13种抗生素敏感。动物回归试验表明,该菌能致小鼠死亡,引起小鼠胃和肠道胀气,肠道薄而透亮,肝脏点状出血,肺脏有针尖大小出血点,肝脏病理切片显示,肝细胞轻度水样变性,肝细胞肿胀,胞质疏松淡染。【结论】本实验从麂子肠组织分离到一株具有致病性的蜂房哈夫尼亚菌,对其致病机制进行了分析,并进行了药物敏感试验,提供了菌株新的生物学信息,具有重要的公共卫生学意义。     

右旋糖酐酶产生菌的筛选及分类鉴定

从土壤中筛选出一株右旋糖酐酶产生菌（D5）,可水解右旋糖酐产生单一产物——异麦芽三糖,为外切型异麦芽三糖水解酶产生菌。经分生孢子、分生孢子梗、菌落形态,色素颜色等形态学观察,分析其为黄绿青霉。对菌株的ITS rDNA序列进行克隆测序,与GenBank中已知菌的ITS rDNA比对,用Neighbor-joining方法构建聚类分析树状图,并用Bootstrap法对其评估,结果表明ITS序列的分子鉴定支持了基于形态特征的鉴定结果。该菌株的ITS与Penicillium daleae,Penicillium janthinellum菌株的ITS rDNA序列同源性最高。     

Purification and biochemical characterization of a thermostable extracellular glucoamylase produced by the thermotolerant fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paecilomyces variotii</Emphasis>

An extracellular glucoamylase produced by Paecilomyces variotii was purified using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The purified protein migrated as a single band in 7% PAGE and 8% SDS-PAGE. The estimated molecular mass was 86.5 kDa (SDS-PAGE). Optima of temperature and pH were 55 °C and 5.0, respectively. In the absence of substrate the purified glucoamylase was stable for 1 h at 50 and 55 °C, with a t ₅₀ of 45 min at 60 °C. The substrate contributed to protect the enzyme against thermal denaturation. The enzyme was mainly activated by manganese metal ions. The glucoamylase produced by P. variotii preferentially hydrolyzed amylopectin, glycogen and starch, and to a lesser extent malto-oligossacarides and amylose. Sucrose, p-nitrophenyl α-d-maltoside, methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside, pullulan, α- and β-cyclodextrin, and trehalose were not hydrolyzed. After 24 h, the products of starch hydrolysis, analyzed by thin layer chromatography, showed only glucose. The circular dichroism spectrum showed a protein rich in α-helix. The sequence of amino acids of the purified enzyme VVTDSFR appears similar to glucoamylases purified from Talaromyces emersonii and with the precursor of the glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae. These results suggested the character of the enzyme studied as a glucoamylase (1,4-α-d-glucan glucohydrolase).     

Nematophagous fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paecilomyces lilacinus</Emphasis> (Thom) Samson is also a biological agent for control of greenhouse insects and mite pests

Pathogenicity of nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson in control of the most destructive greenhouse pests such as: greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, glasshouse red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis was examined in laboratory and pot experiments. The fungus showed the greatest efficacy in controlling winged and wingless forms of the cotton aphid. The cotton aphid’s population was almost totally eliminated. In controlling the greenhouse whitefly, P. lilacinus was most successful when applied against nymphal growth stages (L₃-L₄). Control of the western flower thrips was most efficient against prepupal and pupal stages when the fungus was applied as a water spore suspension to the soil. When the fungus was applied at temperatures below 10 °C, it was able to reduce a glasshouse red spider mite population by 60%.     

Nucleotide sequence and molecular characterization of a dextranase gene from Streptococcus downei

DNA fragments encoding the Streptococcus downei dextranase were amplified by PCR and inverse PCR based on a comparison of the dextranase gene (dex) sequences from S. sobrinus, S. mutans, and S. salivarius, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the S. downei dex was determined. An open reading frame (ORF) of dex was 3,891 bp long. It encoded a dextranase protein (Dex) consisting of 1,297 amino acids with a molecular mass of 139,743 Da and an isoelectric point of 4.49. The deduced amino acid sequence of S. downei Dex had homology to those of S. sobrinus, S. mutans and S. salivanus Dex in the conserved region (made of about 540 amino acid residues). DNA hybridization analysis showed that a dex DNA probe of S. downei hybridized to the chromosomal DNA of S. sobrinus as well as that of S. downei, but did not to other species of mutans streptococci. The C terminus of the S. downei Dex had a membrane-anchor region which has been reported as a common structure of C termini of both the S. mutans and S. sobrinus Dex. The recombinant plasmid which harbored the dex ORF of S. downei produced a recombinant Dex enzyme in Escherichia coli cells. The analysis of the recombinant enzyme on SDS-PAGE containing blue dextran showed multiple active forms as well as dextranases of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius.     

Feather degradation with a thermotolerant Streptomyces graminofaciens strain

A thermotolerant Streptomyces graminofaciens was isolated which could digest chicken feather at 40 C very efficiently. The majority of the fragments produced during feather digestion was in the range of colloid particles or even smaller. The maximum amount of feather in the medium which could be digested in 1 week in submerged culture was 10%. The procedure did not require previous mechanical disruption of the feather which makes the application fast and easy.     

Molecular characterization of dextranase from Streptococcus rattus

The complete nucleotide sequence of the dextranase gene of Streptococcus rattus ATCC19645 was determined. An open reading frame of the dextranase gene was 2,760 bp long and encoded a dextranase protein consisting of 920 amino acids with a molecular weight of 100,163 Da and an isoelectric point of 4.67. The S. rattus dextranase purified from recombinant Escherichia coli cells showed dextran-hydrolyzing activity with optimal pH (5.0) and temperature (40 C) similar to those of dextranases from Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the S. rattus dextranase revealed that the dextranase molecule consists of two variable regions and a conserved region. The variable regions contained an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal cell wall sorting signal; the conserved region contained two functional domains, catalytic and dextran-binding sites. This structural feature of the S. rattus dextranase is quite similar to that of other cariogenic species such as S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Streptococcus downei.